Computer Programming
(CS F111)
Strings and Dynamic memory
BITS Pilani Dr. Lov Kumar, Dr. Sudeepta Mishra, Mr. Abhishek Thakur
Hyderabad Campus
Department of CSIS
Note:
1. Some parts are important from placements perspective as
multiple questions are asked on Strings.
2. Dynamic memory is more from the perspective of handling
structures and linked list – at exposure level only.
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Spot the errors / warnings
1. int my_array[2][3] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
2. int my_array[2][3] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
3. int arr[2][]= { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
4. int arr[][] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
5. int someFunc(int i) {
6. int i=2;
7. int 4x=i*4;
8. return 5*i;
9. }
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CS F111 Second Semester 2011-12
Strings
• String is a sequence of characters
• Contains a special character ‘\0’ (NULL)
• ‘\0’ marks the end of string.
Ex1 : "India is Great" is a string
Ex2 : "The result is: %d\n" in printf("The result is: %d\n",
result);
• string is represented in C as an array of type char
• Declaration of strings:
• char str[30];
• char line[80];
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Initialization
char str1[17] = {'C', 'o', 'm', 'p', 'u', 't', 'e', 'r' , ' ' , 'P', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm' , '\0'};
char str2[17] = "Computer Program"; //with size
char str3[]= "Computer Program"; //without size
char name[ ] = “BITS PILANI”;
char name[15] = “BITS PILANI”;
B I T S P I L A N I \0 \0 \0 \0
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String Initialization
char str[9] = “I like C”;
same as
char str[9]={‘I’,‘ ‘,’l’,‘i’,’k’,’e’,‘ ‘,’C’,’\0’};
Q. Is there any difference between following Initialization?
char str[]=“BITS”;
char str[4]= “BITS”;
Ans: Yes, in second declaration there is no null character
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Read & Display String
char name [30];
scanf (“%s”, name ); /* there is no “&” before the string
variable name */
Note : Reading will stop as soon as the first whitespace
character (blank, tab, return) is encountered.
printf (“%s”, name );
Note : A string is printed up to the NULL(‘\0’) character.
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Display String : Character by
Character
Idea : You can display character unless you
encounter ‘\0’ character
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Reading a String : Using scanf()
char text[30];
printf(“Enter a string: ”);
scanf(“%s”,text);
printf(“The string is : %s”,text);
Sample output:
Enter a string: hello
The string is: hello
Enter a string: hello how are you
The string is: hello
Note: scanf() takes string without blank space by default
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Reading a String of specific
kind
• Read string only containing alphabets a-z
• Use format specifier : %[a-z]s
• The moment it encounters any character apart from a-z, it will stop
scanning further characters.
• Read string only containing a,b,c,d
• Use format specifier : %[abcd]s
• The moment it encounters any character apart from a,b,c,d, it will stop
scanning further characters.
• Read a string until newline
• Use format specifier : %[^\n]s
• The moment it encounters newline, it will stop scanning further characters.
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Reading a String : Containing only alphabets
char text[30];
printf(“Enter a string: ”);
scanf(“%[a-z]s”,text);
printf(“The string is : %s”,text);
Sample output:
Enter a string: hello
The string is: hello
Enter a string: hello123pla
The string is: hello
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Reading a String : containing only a, b,
c, d
char text[30];
printf(“Enter a string: ”);
scanf(“%[abcd]s”,text);
printf(“The string is : %s”,text);
Sample output:
Enter a string: abbcddsence
The string is: abbcdd
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Reading a String : till newline
char name[20];
printf(“Enter your name: ”);
scanf(“%[^\n]s”,name);
printf(“The string is : %s\n”,name);
Sample output:
Enter a string: hello
The string is: hello
Enter a string: BITS PILANI
The string is: BITS PILANI
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Reading a String : till newline
• fgets() : It accepts 3 parameters array, max_size,
input stream (here it’s : stdin since we want to read
input from keyboard)
char str[100];
fgets(str, 100, stdin);
Note : it reads 99 characters, white space is also
counted as a characters
Even if you enter more than 99 characters, only the
first 99 are taken.
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Writing a String : fputs
• fputs() : print to output stream
fputs(str, stdout);
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More I/O functions
• gets()
• puts()
• unsafe library functions – specially gets – use fgets instead
• can take more no. of characters as input than the
size of the character array
• results in abnormal program behavior/termination
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Printing a string
char str[30]={'a','b','\0','c','d'};
printf("\n%s",str); prints only ab
printf("\n%c",'\0'); no character is printed on console
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Common Mistakes
• char name[10] = “BITS PILANI” Not sufficient space
• char name[ ]; Array size missing
• char
name [12];
name = “BITS PILANI”; Incompatible types in
assignment
• charstr1[6] = “Hello”;
char str2[6];
str2 = str1; Name of string is a pointer
const that cannot be used
as a lvalue
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String Library
Header file : string.h
Important Library functions:
• strlen(str)
• strcat(str1, str2) safe option strncat()
char *strncat(char *dest, const char *src, size_t n);
• strcpy(str1, str2) safe option strncpy()
char *strncpy(char *dest, const char *src, size_t n);
• strcmp(str1, str2) or strncmp() and strncmpi()
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strlen(str)
• returns the size as long int
• does not count ‘\0’
• counts whitespaces
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strcat(str1, str2)
• appends name2 to the end of the name1
• name1 should be large enough
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strcpy(str1, str2)
• name2 is copied into name1
• if name1 contains any previous string, it is overwritten
• name2 should be large enough
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strcpy(str1, str2)
int main()
{
char name1[15] = "ooooooooo";
char name2[8] = "pppppp";
strcpy(name1, name2);
printf("%s\n",name1);
OUTPUT:
pppppp
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strcpy(str1, str2)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char name1[15] = "abcd";
char name2[8] = "xyzw";
strcat(name1,strcpy(name1, name2));
printf("%s\n",name1);
OUTPUT:
xyzwxyzw
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strcmp(str1, str2)
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Substring search
Exposure only
char *strstr(const char *haystack, const char *needle);
char *strcasestr(const char *haystack, const char *needle);
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Few outputs
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char name1[15]="abcefgh";
char name2[]="xyz";
char name3[]="efg";
strcpy(name1,name2);
printf("\n%s\n%c",name1,name1[5]);
}
Output---
xyz
g
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Few outputs
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char name1[15]="abcefgh";
char name2[]="xyz";
printf(“\n %d”,strcmp(name1,name2));
}
Output ---
-23 //(name1 - name2)
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Variants to compare strings
• strncmp(str1, str2, n)
• compares at most the first n characters of str1 and str2
• strcmpi(str1, str2)
• compares str1 and str2 by ignoring case
• strncmpi(str1, str2, n)
• compares at most the first n characters of str1 and str2 by
ignoring case
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How to pass string in a function ?
• You need to mention only one argument which is sufficient
to represent your string.
• Optional to pass length as special property of string is that it
has NULL character at the end (unless updating the array to
larger size).
return-type functionName(char str[]);
or
return-type functionName(char str[], int len);
• Use character array name while calling the function
functionName(str); or functionName(str, len);
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Arrays in function
data-type fnName(char *str);
fnName(str); // function Call
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String constant as a Pointer
• Text enclosed in double quote characters (such as "example") is a string
constant
• Produces a block of storage whose type is array of char, and whose value is
the sequence of characters between the double quotes, with a null character
(ASCII code 0) automatically added at the end
• All the escape sequences for character constants work here too.
• Sometimes string constant behaves as a pointer
Example 1: char *pmessage = “now is the time”;
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What’s the Difference ???
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Predict Output
Output : YES Output : NO
Explanation: msg1 and Explanation : msg1 and
msg2 will point to string msg2 are array hence are
literal “Hello World” allocated separate space.
So they are unequal , will
give warning (Remember :
array name is pointer )
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Array of pointers
Exposure only
• How to declare it :
data-type *arrayName[SIZE];
• Each cell can store address
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Array of pointers
Exposure only
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Array of Pointers
Example usage
int main()
{
char *month[] = {"January", "February", "March", "April",
"May", "June", "July", "August" };
int i, j;
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
printf("\n%s",month[i]);
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
for(j = 0; month[i][j] != '\0'; j++)
printf("\n%c", month[i][j]);
return 0;
}
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Command line Argument in main()
Exposure ONLY
• We can pass command line argument when we execute
our program $ ./a.out arg1 arg2 arg3
• We have main() accepting 2 argument argc and argv
• argc : number of command line argument.
• argv : is a pointer to an array of character strings that contain the
argument, one per string . Note: argv[0] is the exectutable name
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Command line Argument in main()
Exposure ONLY
• ./a.out > log only 1 command line argument
• int main(float argc, char *argv[]) gives warning
• int main(int argc, char *argv[], float a) might generate error
• int main(char *argv[]) now if you want to use argc inside
main() error is generated
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Problem 1 : Count vowels in string
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Problem 2 : check if a string is
palindrome or not ?
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Problem 3 : Hamming Distance
Hamming distance between two strings of equal length is
the number of positions for which the corresponding
symbols are different. Put another way, it measures the
number of substitutions required to change one into the
other, or the number of errors that transformed one string
into the other
For example
String 1 : “123454321”
String 2 : “128454351”
the Hamming distance is 2.
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Problem 3 : Hamming Distance
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Problem 4 : Anagram
Given two string s1, s2 (in lowercase). Determine
whether they are anagram of each other or not ?
For example :
s1 : “australia”
s2 : “utsralaai”
yes they are anagram.
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Problem 4 : Anagram
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Another Approach : Anagram
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Problems : String Manipulations
Problems to be solved without using library functions
1.Copy a string s1 to string s2
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2.Concatenate a string s1 with s2
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3. Compare two string s1, s2 and check if s1 is equal,
greater or smaller than s2.
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2D character array
• To store list of strings / words we require to use 2D
array
• Each row of the table(2D array) can store a string.
• Make sure that number of columns in 2D array is
large enough to store the longest string
• Declaration :
char words[50][30];
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Display 2D array
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Sorting the list of names
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Tokenizing a sentence into words
Example problem
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Dynamic Memory
Management
• Library Functions
• malloc
• calloc
• free
• realloc
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Dynamic Memory Allocation
Header File : stdlib.h
Function for allocating memory
•malloc()
•calloc()
Function for de-allocating memory
•free()
Function for re-sizing the memory
•realloc()
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malloc() : allocation
; // function declaration
• returns the base address
• Uninitialized memory
can also write *(a + i) = some
value for initialization
size_t unsigned integer type
used to represent the sizes of
objects. The result of the sizeof
operator is of this type
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calloc(): allocation
; // declaration
• returns the base address
• memory initialized to 0
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free() : deallocation
; // function declaration
• data might or might not be erased
• if you print after free, you might get
0 or garbage value
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realloc() : resize memory
; // declaration
• Changes the size
• If new size > old size then new space is allocated
• previous contents are copied
• remaining are uninitialized (may be 0 or garbage
value)
• If request cannot be satisfied then p does not change
• If new size < old size, same space is reallocated
• returns pointer to the new space
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realloc() : resize memory
if you write free(a)
here, prog. will
abort
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realloc() : resize memory
If you write
int * a = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
a = realloc(a, 0);
it is as if you are freeing memory
values present in old block will become uninitialized (0 or
garbage values)
After statement a = realloc(a, 0);
if you try to access the elements as pointed to by a, you may
get a segmentation fault.
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Dynamically allocate 2D array
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Free 2D array
int main()
{
int **a, i;
a = (int **)malloc(4*sizeof(int));
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
a[i] = (int *)malloc(5*sizeof(int));
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
free(a[i]);
}
free(a);
return 0;
}
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Few outputs
int main() OUTPUT
{ The elements are:
int *a,n = 5,i; 1
a = (int *)malloc(n*sizeof(int)); 2
for(i=0;i<n;i++) 3
a[i] = i+1; 4
printf("\n The elements are:"); 5
for(i = 0; i <n;i++) Segmentation fault(core dumped)
printf("\n%d",a[i]);
a = realloc(a,0);
for(i = 0; i <n;i++)
printf("\n%d",a[i]);
return 0;
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Few outputs
int main() OUTPUT
{ The elements are:
int *a,n = 5,i; 1
a = (int *)malloc(n*sizeof(int)); 2
for(i=0;i<n;i++) 3
a[i] = i+1; 4
printf("\n The elements are:"); 5
for(i = 0; i <n;i++) 0 might also give
printf("\n%d",a[i]); 2 garbage value in
int *b = realloc(a,0); 3 place of this
for(i = 0; i <n;i++) 4
printf("\n%d",a[i]); 5
return 0;
}
But if you try to print b[i] inside the loop, you will get
segmentation fault
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Few outputs
int main() OUTPUT
{ The elements are:
int *a,n = 5,i; 1
a = (int *)malloc(n*sizeof(int)); 2
for(i=0;i<n;i++) 3
a[i] = i+1; 4
printf("\n The elements are:"); 5
for(i = 0; i <n;i++) 0 might also give
printf("\n%d",a[i]); 2 garbage value in
int *b = a; 3 place of this
a = realloc(a,0); 4
for(i = 0; i <n;i++) 5
printf("\n%d",b[i]);
return 0;
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Few outputs
int main() OUTPUT
{ 1.000000 0x886f008
int n = 6, i; 2.000000 0x886f010
double *a; 3.000000 0x886f018
a = (double *)malloc(n*sizeof(int)); 0.000000 0x886f020
for(i = 0; i < n; i++) 0.000000 0x886f028
a[i] = i + 1; 0.000000 0x886f030
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf(“\n%lf %p”, a[i], &a[i]); But might be compiler dependent
return 0; also
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THANK YOU
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