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A Systematic Review on Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete
Article · April 2017
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Manoj Kumar Rajak Lal Bahadur Roy
Bureau Of Indian Standards (BIS) National Institute of Technology Patna
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International Journal of Advanced Research in ISSN: 2278-6252
Engineering and Applied Sciences Impact Factor: 7.358
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON POLYPROPYLENE FIBER REINFORCED
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
Manoj Kumar Rajak, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Patna, India
Dr. L.B. Roy, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna, India
Dr. Baboo Rai, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna,
India
Abstract: As the construction development rapidly grows around the world, the consumption
for Ordinary Portland Cement growing exponentially. As a matter of fact that the creation of
one ton concrete discharges around one ton of CO2 to the environment because of the
calcinations of lime stone and the energy required for ignition. The generation of cement
based binder is consuming high amount of energy and limited natural resources. The
alternative of cement based binder may be the binders that created by polymeric reaction of
alkaline fluid with alumino-silicate materials, which is commonly known as geopolymer
based binder. Constituent of Geopolymeris same as the conventional concrete in view of fine
and coarse aggregate and it produced a strong bond with these aggregate. As a secondary
reinforcement the use of polypropylene fiberis a good option to improve the physical
property of geopolymer concrete. This paper presents a systematic review on different
research works done in the region of polypropylene fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete.
Keywords: Geopolymer concrete, polypropylene fiber
1. GENERAL
The massive requirement of concrete for infrastructure development increases the demand
of ordinary Portland cement exponentially. The effect on environment due to production of
ordinary Portland cement is very severe, as all we know that production of one ton concrete
discharges around one ton of CO2 to the environment because of the calcinations of lime
stone and the energy required for ignition [11].The generation of cement based binder is
consuming high amount of energy and limited natural resources. To lessen these issues, it is
important to discover an optional material for bonding of constituent of mortar or concrete.
As the research is going on to find an alternative material for ordinary Portland cement,
Partial substitution of ordinary Portland cement is presented by the material having bonding
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International Journal of Advanced Research in ISSN: 2278-6252
Engineering and Applied Sciences Impact Factor: 7.358
properties[9], [10]. In 1978, Davidovits recommended that the alternative of cement based
binder can be the binders that created by polymeric reaction of alkaline fluid with alumino-
silicate materials, and term these binders as geopolymer based binder. As the geopolymers
consumer the minimum natural resource and its mainly utilize the industrial byproducts,
which can cause negative impact on the environment when its directly discharged to the
environment system, as based on its basic row material the geopolymer binder have get
attention as a green material for the construction industries and given weighted as a
alternative of ordinary Portland cement. Due to its special property of harden after few hour
of placing and other properties over ordinary Portland cement like superior corrosion
resistivity, low shrinkage and capacity to resist freeze and thawing effect, given the cutting
edge to the geopolymer as a alternative of ordinary Portland cement. The mix design
available currently is not suitable for the design of geopolymer concrete due to its special
inherent property, so due to this currently mix design for required strength and workability
of geopoymer concrete is done by the trial and error method based on the experience and
validate by the experimental data available. Geopolymer concrete have advantage over
ordinaryportandcment in respect of sustainable material and other high value properties
like shrinkage, corrosion resistivity etc, but as the same time it has the requirement to
improve the tensile and flexure strength as like in the ordinary Portland cement[11]. The use
of polypropylene fiber as a secondary reinforcement is a good option to improve the
physical property, ductility, fatigue and impact etc of geopolymer concrete [11], [14].
2. CONCRETE AND ENVIRONMENT
In the 1978 when the devidovits first find the material have the bonding capacity like
ordinary porland cement, which is manufactured by the use of any material having the
higher alumino-slicate in its constitution and able to form a inorganic molecules network in
the alkaline environment. Geopolymers are synthesized by the reaction of a
solidaluminosilicate powder with alkali hydroxide/alkali silicate. Under highly alkaline
conditions, polymerisation takes place when reactive aluminosilicates are rapidly dissolved
and free [SiO4]_and [AlO4]tetrahedral units are released in solution. The tetrahedral units
are alternatively linked to polymeric precursor by sharing oxygen atom, thus forming
polymeric Si–O–Al–O bonds. The following reactions occur during geopolymerisation. The
reaction takes place in the geopolymerisation process is given in Fig.1.
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International Journal of Advanced Research in ISSN: 2278-6252
Engineering and Applied Sciences Impact Factor: 7.358
Figure 1: Schematic Formation of Geopolymer Concrete [1]
In view of the carbon credit point and the urgent need of the sustainable development the
scope of the geopolymer binder is increase significantly, because it use the minimum natural
resources and consume the byproducts of the industries which cause deterioration to the
environment if discharge to the environment system without process. Geopolymer gives the
benefit in two ways first by using minimum natural resources and secondly by utilizing the
industrial waste so this technology gives the benefit in the carbon credit system[10].There
are two fundamental constituents of geopolymers, to be specific the base material and the
alkaline fluids. The base material for geopolymers in view of alumina-silicate ought to be
rich in silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al). These could be characteristic minerals, for example,
kaolinite, clay, and so forth. On the other hand, waste materials which is produced as a
byproduct of some industrial process, for example, red mud, slag, fly ash, rice-husk ash,
silica fume and so on could be utilized as base material. The decision of the base material for
making geopolymers relies on upon components, for example, accessibility, cost, sort of use,
and particular request of the end clients. Zeng s et al. [18] demonstrated that comparative
concoction piece in the base material did not create comparative compressive quality and
high substance of calcium did not generally prompt high compressive quality. The basic
fluids are from dissolvable soluble base metals that are generally sodium or potassium
based. The most well-known soluble fluid utilized as a part of geopolymerization is a mix of
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium silicate or potassium
silicate [10]. The polymerization procedure includes a significantly quick concoction
response under antacid condition on Si-Al minerals that outcome in a three dimensional
polymeric chain and ring structure comprising of Si-O-Al-O bonds viz;
Mn [-(SiO2) z–AlO2] n. wH2O
where M is a monovalent cation, for example, potassium or Sodium, the image “–" is
represented the bond, n is the level of polycondensation or polymerization and z is 1, 2,3 or
higher [1].The electrical resistance of new geopolymers stays unaltered in the initial two
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International Journal of Advanced Research in ISSN: 2278-6252
Engineering and Applied Sciences Impact Factor: 7.358
hours of the postpone time which was proposed as the presentation time of
geopolymerization and significant segment of geopolymerization gets over inside a time of
24h [15]. Like hydration in Portland cement, the geopolymerization of fly ash remains based
geopolymer may take longer period on account of the moderate dispersion of receptive
particles from the fly slag after quick response period at the early age. Moderate
geopolymerization process can devour free particles and lessen porosity in the geopolymer
examples [15].
The synthetic response involves stap by step for, Dissolution of Si and Al iotas from the
source material through the activity of hydroxide particles, after that Orientation or buildup
of antecedent particles into monomers, and at the end Setting or polycondensation or
polymerization of monomers into polymeric structures[19].
3. GEOPOLYMER TECHNOLOGY AND ITS REACTION MECHANISM
The essential contrast between the geopolymerbinder and the ordinary Portland cement
binder is the binder. The silicon and aluminum oxides in the low-calcium fly ash make
polymerization in the presence of alkaline fluid and form a binder which binds the aggregate
present in the concrete composition including material other than the aggregate, whereas
binder presence in the ordinary Portland cement is bind aggregate and other particle
presence in the concrete due to its hydration mechanism which create a strong bond.
Rangan et al. [10] proposed the mix plan method for creation of fly ash based geopolymer
concrete while Anuradha et al. [4] had introduced changed rules for mix design of
geopolymer solid utilizing Indian standard code (IS 10262-2009).As on account of ordinary
concrete, the approximate weight of the aggregate in concrete is comprising of around
seventh five to eighty percentage, which is the deciding factor for density of concrete, it is
observed that density of normal concrete and the density of geopolymer concrete is more
an less same due the presence of same amount of aggregate in both of the system and the
property like grading, angularity etc is also consider same as in the normal concrete [10].
Studies carried out on fly ash based geopolymer concrete demonstrated that the
compressive strength and the workability of geopolymerbinder are affected by the extents
and properties of the constituent materials that make the geopolymerbinder.
Patankar et al. and Abhishek et al. [17], [2] proposed the guideline for designing of mix
proposition for geopolymer concrete with the guiding factor like water to geopolymer
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International Journal of Advanced Research in ISSN: 2278-6252
Engineering and Applied Sciences Impact Factor: 7.358
binder ratio, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio etc, according to the research water
to geopolymer binder ratio is taken as 0.40, with 13M concentration of sodium hydroxide
solution. Heat curing is done for this experiment. Outcome of the research have
demonstrated the, Higher fineness of fly ash remains brings about higher quality and
workability with early length of warming, Compressive strength grow with increment in
centralization of sodium hydroxide solution and Compressive strength decreases with
increment in water to geopolymer proportion[17].
4. GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH POLYPROPALINE FIBER
Incorporation of fiber into the cementations lattice can upgrade the flexural properties and
control the crack propagation and improve other properties including shrinkage [12].
Research with different type of fiber is going on to get desire result with binding matrix,
parameter are study with the variation of, amount of fiber, aspect ratio of fiber and
orientation of the fiber etc,
The physical parameters of fiber mix matrix are impacted by the extents and properties of
the constituent materials that make the composite [16]. Ilamvazhuthi et al. examined
essentially on the impacts of polypropylene and glass fiber on the mechanical properties of
geopolymercement [20].Polypropylene fiber have advantage over other fiber due to its low
cost and superior capacity to improve the tensile and flexure capacity including break
resistance [11].Due to the inherent hydrophobic property of the polypropylene the effect of
billing is minimize during the mixing. Venugopal et al. and Eswaramoorthi et al. [18], [6]
have study the effect of polypropylene fiber on the geopolymer matrix. In the study they
have tested geopolymer matrix with and without polypropylene fiber for the compressive
strength, split tensile strength and deflection test. Subbiah et al. [16] examined physical and
durability properties of geopolymermatrix with polypropylene fiber by mixing polypropylene
fiber ingeopolymermatrix and heat curing is applied. Outcome of the experiment state that
the workability thorough slump test and compressive strength slightly improvement due to
addition of the polypropylene fiber in the geopolymer matrix. Durability experiment is
conducted on that matrix and found that the resistance due to acid attack is resisted by the
matrix. Patil et al. [14] had done an exploratory program to decide mechanical properties of
polypropylene fiber strengthened geopolymer concrete. The impacts of consideration of
polypropylene strands on compressive strength, split tensile and flexural quality of solidified
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International Journal of Advanced Research in ISSN: 2278-6252
Engineering and Applied Sciences Impact Factor: 7.358
geopolymer solid composite were contemplated. Polypropylene fiber were added to the mix
in two distinct lengths of 12mm and 20mm and furthermore the hybridization of both
polypropylene fiber was mixed in volume of cement. In light of the test outcomes, it was
watched that the polypropylene fiber mixgeopolymer concrete had moderately higher
quality than GPC and OPC concrete.
Reed et al. [11] explored the impacts of polypropylene fiber in geopolymermatrix utilizing
0.05 and 0.15 % fiber (by weight) under surrounding curing. Compressive strength and
durability were dissected.
Ranjbar et al. [12] assessed the impacts of water absorption, and roughness property of
geopolymar with the addition of polypropylene and steel fiber. The fiber used in
geopolymermatrix was performed by 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4% of the aggregate volume of each
sort of filaments. Nisha et al [13] concentrated the impact of mix of steel fiber and
polypropylene fiber on the physical properties of geopolymerconcrete under surrounding
curing. The result acquired from different reviews demonstrated that the polypropylene and
glass fiber have huge impact on the pressure, split ductile and flexural quality. The
incorporation of strands not generally brought about an expansion in the quality parameter.
5. CONCLUSION
Based on this literature review, it is concluded that polypropylene fiber mix
geopolymermatrix has considerable potential to improve the physical properties of the
matrix specially the tensile and flexure strength property. The factor affecting the
polypropylene fiber mix geopolymermatrix is percentage of fiber added, orientation of fiber
and aspect ratio apart from that the concentration of alkaline fluid, curing condition, and fly
ash to alkaline fluid ratio also give impression on the polypropylene fiber mix
geopolymermatrix.
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