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Brick Manufacturing
• The basic principles of brickmaking have never changed.
• It has always been necessary to obtain clay from the ground,
and then for it to be prepared, shaped, dried and fired.
• Originally, the manufacture of bricks was carried out as near to
the building site as possible
Architecture and Town Planning • Developments in machinery in the mid-nineteenth century
meant that production was concentrated in the brickfield,
Class of 18Batch
• and the finished product was distributed by road, rail or canal.
Architectural Materials
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Brick-laying art
• The bricklayer's skill is the final factor which determines the
appearance of brickwork.
• The basic requirements of brick laying
keeping work vertical,
maintaining a proper gauge and
a correct bond and
obtaining the proper horizontal line of each course,
• A good bricklayer will have developed an intuitive skill in
handling the materials.
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Brick-laying art Flemish Bond
• Three types of brick bonds are commonly, i.e.,
English Bond
Stretcher Bond
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Brick-laying art
• Traditionally the bricklayer's skills included the shaping and
carving of-bricks, as well as the production of gauged work.
• These skills are still available but they are declining, primarily
because demand is low and there is lack of opportunity for
practice.
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Historical use of Brick
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Brick-laying art
• The Colosseum Huge piers support three levels of arcades
which form walkways
• A combination of materials was used:
tufa and brick for supporting walls,
lava for foundations,
pumice for vaults:
• All in conjunction with pozzolana, the Roman form of concrete
• Where bricks were used to face walls,
• the structural core was concrete
Marble was used for decoration and seating
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Iron and Steel
• iron and steel were very different from the materials that
builders had used before.
• Iron and steel are much stronger and more expensive than
older materials,
• and so it became logical to use them as linear members, first as
tie bars, then as columns and finally as complete frames,
• It introduces an entire new way of architectural design and
construction fashion
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Iron and Steel
• The advantages of iron and steel are that they are very strong
and easy to work, but these materials also have serious
drawbacks.
• In their most common form, they rust and decay after
prolonged exposure in a damp atmosphere.
• Even worse, they do not behave well in a fire, for iron will
shatter and steel will lose its strength.
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Iron and Steel Iron and Steel - Characteristics
• For these reasons, although steel will build a skyscraper, the • Iron is the second most common metal and the fourth most
material itself must be carefully covered up to protect it from common of the elements that make up the earth.
the atmosphere and from fire.
• Although iron is an element, but in commercial usage small
• This has presented designers of steel buildings with something quantities of other materials are always present.
of a challenge.
• It is the varying amount of these other elements, principally
• the expression of a material and how it Joined and supported carbon, that gives us cast-iron, wrought-iron or steel.
was one of the touchstones of architecture,
• Cast-iron is the most resistant to corrosion and the easiest to
• but it is difficult to express a material that must be covered up. make, so its major use in building which predates steel;
• wrought-iron is the easiest o work; steel is the strongest, but
unfortunately the quickest to corrode.
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Iron and Steel - Characteristics Iron and Steel - Characteristics
• The nature of steel is determined by heat treatment after it is • Examples
made, and
• Manganese steel stands repeated knocks,
• by the presence of very small quantities of other materials.
• Tungsten steel stands high temperatures,
• These materials affect the cost the behavior of steel
• Chromium does not rust,
• Addition of theses materials results in many types of different
• Nickel steel is very tough
steel alloys, most suitable for variety of tasks
• Copper steel forms a layer of rust that adhere to the surface
and so on.
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Iron and Steel - Characteristics
• Mild steel is the most frequently used for building construction,
because, as its name implies, it has none of the extreme
qualities of the special steels.
• Steel is made from iron, and iron is made by converting ores in
a furnace. The End of the lecture
• These ores are found in most areas of the world, with two-
thirds of the known reserves in the Americas.
• The continued demand in steel has resulted in depleting
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