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Introduction to
Automobile Engineering
Evaluation Scheme
Event Marks
EST 45
MST 30
Quiz 1 5
Quiz 2 5
Lab (Hira Motor, Viva, File) 15 (5,5,5)
Total 100
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Credits
4.0
Definitions : Motor Vehicle
• Motor vehicle: includes car, truck, bus, motorcycle, or any
other self-propelled vehicle designed for running on land but
not on rails.
• Generally defined as “on wheel”.
• Propulsion: by internal combustion engine - using
conventional (petroleum based) or non-conventional
(alternative) sources of energy (not only petroleum)
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Definitions : Automobile
• The term automobile is derived from the Greek word autos,
which means self, and the French word mobile, which
means moving.
• Self-propelled vehicle that travels on land but not on rails;
usually has 4 wheel, and primary meant for personal
(human) transportation
• Hence, “automobile” is a type of “motor vehicles”; but not all
“motor vehicles” are “automobiles”
Definitions : Automobile
• Automobile is defined as a
– wheeled vehicle
– driven by its own motive power unit
– that runs on ground
– and is used for transporting passengers or goods.
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Historical Background
Event Marks
1876 The OTTO four-stroke cycle engine was developed
by a German engineer, Nikolaus Otto.
1885 The first automobile was powered by an OTTO
cycle gasoline engine designed by Karl Friedrick
Benz
1892 Rudolf Diesel received a patent for a compression
ignition engine. The first diesel engine was built in
1897.
1896 Henry Ford built his first car, called the Quadricycle
The 1885 Benz Patent Motor Wagen, one of the
first automobiles made.
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The Ford Quadricycle : 1896
Historical Background
Event Marks
1900 About 4,200 total automobiles were sold, including:
40% were steam powered
38% were battery/electric powered
22% were gasoline engine powered
1902 Oldsmobile, founded by Ransom E. Olds, produced
the first large-scale, affordable vehicle.
1908 William Durant formed General Motors.
1908 The Ford Model T was introduced.
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Ford Model T : 1908
Historical Background
Event Marks
1912 The electric starter was invented by Charles F.
Kettering of Dayton, Ohio, first used on a Cadillac.
The starter was produced by a new company called
Delco, which stood for Dayton Electric Laboratories
Company.
1914 First car with a 100% steel body was made by the
Budd Corporation for Dodge. Before 1914, all car
bodies had wood components in them.
1922 The first vehicle to have four-wheel hydraulically
operated brakes was a Duesenberg built in
Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Historical Background
Event Marks
1940 The first fully automatic transmission was
introduced by Oldsmobile.
1973 Airbags were offered as an option on some General
Motors vehicles.
1985 Lincoln offers the first four-wheel antilock braking
system.
1997 The first vehicle with electronic stability control was
offered by Cadillac.
Major Parts of a Vehicle
The body
The chassis
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Components of an Automobile
Automobile%
Superstructure% The body!
Basic%Structure%
Power%Unit%
Transmission%System% The chassis!
Controls%
Auxiliaries%
Major Parts of a Vehicle
The body%
The chassis%
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The Body
• The body: The vehicle body provides a protective outer hull,
or “skin,” around the outside of an automobile.
• The body is an attractive, colourful covering over the other
parts.
• Body parts may also contribute to the structural integrity
(safety and strength) of the vehicle.
• The vehicle body can be made from steel, aluminium,
fibreglass, plastic, or composite (a combination of materials
like carbon fibre).
• The body is normally painted to give the vehicle its
appealing, shiny colour and appearance.
The Chassis
Automobile%
Superstructure%
Basic%Structure% Basic%Structure%
Power%Unit%
Transmission%System% Frame%
Controls%
Auxiliaries%
Suspension%System%
Axles%
Wheels%
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The Chassis
Automobile%
Superstructure%
Basic%Structure%
Power%Unit%
Transmission%System%
Controls% Controls%
Auxiliaries%
Steering%System%
Braking%System%
Components of an Automobile
Automobile%
Power%Unit%
Transmission%System%
Basic%Structure%
Controls%
Auxiliaries%
Superstructure%
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Components of an Automobile
Automobile%
Power%Unit% Power
Plant%
Transmission%System%
Basic%Structure%
Controls%
Auxiliaries%
Superstructure%
Components of an Automobile
Automobile%
Power%Unit% Power
Plant%
Transmission%System%
Basic%Structure% Running
Gear%
Controls%
Auxiliaries%
Superstructure%
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Components of an Automobile
Automobile%
Power%Unit% Power
Plant%
Transmission%System%
Basic%Structure% Running
Controls% Gear%
Auxiliaries%
Superstructure%
Components of an Automobile
Automobile% Propels the vehicle%
Power%Unit% Power
Plant%
Transmission%System%
Basic%Structure% Running
Controls% Gear%
Auxiliaries% Controls the vehicle%
Superstructure%
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The Chassis
Automobile%
Power%Unit% Power Framework
Plant%
Transmission%System% Or
Basic%Structure%
Automobile
Running Chassis%
Controls% Gear%
Auxiliaries%
Superstructure%
• Automobile chassis is defined as the internal framework which
consists of a frame supporting the vehicle and all the major units
responsible for propelling and controlling of the vehicle.
The Chassis
Power%Unit%
Engine%
• The engine provides the energy to propel (move) the
vehicle and operate the other systems.
• Most engines consume gasoline or diesel fuel.
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The Chassis
Transmission%System%
• Transmission is the mechanism which is used to transfer
the power developed by engine to the wheels of an
automobile.
• Often transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses
gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque
conversions from a rotating power source to another device.
The Chassis
Controls%
Steering%system%
• The steering system allows the driver to control vehicle
direction by turning the wheels right or left.
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The Chassis
Controls%
Braking%System%
• The brake system produces friction to slow or stop the
vehicle.
The Chassis
Basic%Structure%
Frame%
• The frame is the strong metal structure that provides a
mounting place for the other parts of the vehicle.
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The Chassis
Basic%Structure%
Frame%
FuncKons%of%Frame%
• The frame holds the engine, transmission, suspension, and
other assemblies in position.
• Allows the vehicle to support its total weight.
• Allows the vehicle to absorb stress when driving on rough
road surfaces.
• Enables the vehicle to absorb torque from the engine and
drive train.
The Chassis
Basic%Structure%
Suspension%System%
• The suspension system allows the vehicle’s wheels and
tires to move up and down with little effect on body
movement.
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The Chassis
Basic%Structure%
Suspension%System%
FuncKons%of%Suspension%System%
• It is responsible for preventing the road shocks from being
transmitted to the vehicle.
• Safeguarding the passengers from road shocks.
• Preserving the stability of vehicle during pitching and
rolling.
The Chassis
Basic%Structure%
Axles%
• An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear.
• Usually of two types : Live/Drive Axle and Dead Axle.
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The Chassis
Basic%Structure%
Axles%
FuncKons%of%Axles%
• Live Axle- Transmits the torque received from the engine, to
the driving wheels.
• Dead Axle- Just connects the wheel to the frame but does
not transmit any power.
The Chassis
Basic%Structure%
Wheels%
Rim! Tyre! Wheel!
• A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on
an axial bearing.
• A tyre is a rubber covering, typically inflated or surrounding
an inflated inner tube, placed round a wheel to form a soft
contact with the road.
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The Chassis
The Chassis
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The Chassis
Often, these chassis are so complete that they could be
driven without a body
Drive Train Design
• Drive line configuration refers to how power is transmitted
from the engine to the drive wheels.
FrontMengine%
MidMengine%
RearMengine%
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Drive Line Configuration
(Rear wheel Drive)
Drive Line Configuration
(4 wheel Drive)
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Drive Line Configuration
(Front wheel Drive)
Drive Line Configuration
• A transverse engine mounts sideways in the engine
compartment.
• Its crankshaft center line extends toward the right and left of
the body.
• Both front-engine and rear engine vehicles use this
configuration
• A longitudinal engine mounts the crankshaft center line
front to rear when viewed from the top.
• Front-engine, rear-wheel drive vehicles use this type of
engine mounting
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Front-engine, front-wheel drive
(transverse engine)
Front-engine, front-wheel drive
(longitudinal engine)
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Front-engine, rear-wheel drive
(longitudinal engine)
Mid-engine, rear-wheel drive
(transverse engine)
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Drive Line Configuration
FWD%Transverse% RWD%Transverse% FWD%longitudinal% RWD%longitudinal%
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