10-1 PAINT

Paints are commonly called "surface coating". It is defined as a coating applied ta a surface or
substrate to decorate, to protect, or to perform some other specialized functions
The ingredients of paint are:
1. Vehicle
2. Solvents
3. Pigments
4. Additives
Vehicle - Is that substance in the paint which gives a film continuity and provides adhesion to the
surface or substrate. The vehicle contains the film former which is the combination of;
a. Resins
b. Plasticizer
c. Drying oil
The vehicle is divided into:
1. Solid Thermoplastic film formers - The solid resin is melted for application and solidifies after
application.
2. Lacquer type film formers - The vehicle dries by solvent evaporation.
3. Room temperature catalyzed film formers - Chemical agents blended into the coating before
application cause cross-linking into a solid polymer at room temperature
4. Oxidizing film formers - Oxygen from the air enters the film and cross-links it to form a solid
gel
5. Heat-cured film formers - Heat causes cross inking of the film former or activates a catalyst
that is not active until heat has been applied
6. Emulsion-type film formers - The solvent evaporation and the droplets of plastic film former
floating in it flows together to form a film.
Solvents - are low viscosity volatile liquid used in coating to improve application properties.
Pigment - paint pigments are solid grains or particles of uniform and controlled size that is generally
insoluble in the vehicle of the coating. It contributes to the following properties:
a) For the decoration function, it contributes opacity, color and gloss control
b) For the protective function - it contributes specific properties such as hardness, resistance to
corrosion, resistance to rapid weathering, abrasion, and improved adhesion.
c) It serves as in ease of sanding, flame retardance and electrical conductivity.
d) Pigments are also used to fill space in paint films
Additives - are ingredients formulated into the paint to modify the properties of either the vehicles
or the pigmentation or both
A good quality paint must have the following essential and specific properties.
1. Adhesion - coating must stick to the surface or substrate to bring other properties into work.
2. Ease of Application - paint must be easy to apply
3. Film Integrity - the cured or dried film of paint must have all the film properties as claimed by
the manufacturer.
4. Consistent Quality - paints must be consistent in quality from can to can, batch by batch,
shipment to shipment, color, viscosity, application properties and durability.
5. Specific properties should be considered for the particular use. For example:
a) Kitchen enamel - must resist grease, heat and repeated cleaning.
b) Stucco or latex paint - must resist water, alkali, sunlight and permit passage of water vapor.
c) Swimming pool paints - must have a specific chlorine, water and sunlight.

10-2 PAINT FAILURE

The primary cause of paint failure is “Moisture" which is considered as a menace to the best of
paint jobs.
The elements of a good painting job are
1. Correct surface preparation: The primary essential property of paint is Adhesion. Good
adhesion demands proper surface preparation.
2. Choice of the proper paint system. Apply the right paint on the right surface
3. Good application with the right technique and tools.
a) Uniform wet and dry film thickness
b) Correct number of sequence of application according to the manufacturer's specifications
c) The right tools and their use.
4. Correct drying cycle - The final properties of the dried coating develops during the drying
cycle.
5. Protection against water - water is the hidden enemy of paint. It is a pervasive element of
deterioration and it causes:
a) Rusting and other corrosion
b) Paint peeling
c) Masonry efflorescence and spalling
 d) Wood rot
e) Corrosive water solution (staining sea water)

10-3 SURFACE PREPARATION

General Specifications
Preparation - All surfaces shall be in proper condition to receive the finish. Woodwork shall be hand-
sandpapered and dusted clean. All knotholes, pitch pockets, or sappy portions shall be shellacked or
sealed with knot-sealer. Nail holes, cracks, or defects shall be carefully puttied after the first coat
Interior woodwork - finishes shall be sandpapered between coats. Cracks, holes or imperfections in
plaster shall be filled with patching plaster and smoothed off to match adjoining surfaces.
Plaster or masonry - shall be dry before any sealer or paint is applied. After the primer-sealer coat is
dry, all visible suction spots shall be toughed up before succeeding coats are applied. In the presence
of high alkali conditions, surfaces should be washed to neutralize the alkali.
Metals. Metals shall be clean, dry, and free from mill scale and rust. Remove all grease and oil from
surfaces. Wash unprimed galvanized metal with metal etching solution and allow it to dry
Concrete and brick surfaces. These surfaces shall be wire brushed clean. Surfaces which are glazed or
have traces of patching compound on them shall be sandblasted or acid-etched.
Cleaning Methods
Sandblasting. There are three general methods of sandability
Conventional dry sandblasting. The sand is not recycled Dust respirators and other safety
precautions are taken.
Vacuum sandblasting. This method reduces health hazards and recovers the sand. It is more
costly and less efficient than dry blasting
Wet sandblasting. This method reduce the dust hazard and may be required by legal restrictions.
The wet sand and paint residues accumulate on ledges and other flat areas, necessitating a rinsing
operation
Wire-brushing and scraping. Power and hand wire-brushing are used mainly on small jobs, in
cleaning small areas after sandblasting, and on surfaces for which sandblasting is not feasible.
Power tools. Power tools such as rotary. Wire and disc tools, rotary impact chippers, and needle
sealers may be used if sandblasting is not feasible.
Water blasting. Water blasting is a clean and effective method for the removal of old paint from
masonry surfaces.
Chemical methods
Acid-etching, an acid solution, with or without a detergent, to roughen dense, glazed surfaces.
Paint removers, both conventional solvent-based and water rinsable types maybe used to remove old
paint.
Steam cleaning, Steam cleaning with or without detergents is frequently used in food-packing plants.
Low-pressure steam cleaners are available for use on walls in homes and offices
Alkali cleaning, Alkali cleaners should not be used on masonry surfaces adjacent to aluminum,
stainless steel or galvanized metal. A thoroughly clean water rinse is essential, for residual alkali and
detergents can cause greater damage if they are not removed completely.

10-4 KINDS OF PAINT, USES AND AREA COVERAGE

The area coverage of paint per 4 liters can as specified by the manufacturer depends upon the
porosity of the surface. Surface porosity could be classified into three categories:
1. Fine surface
2. Semi Rough surface
3. Rough surface
Generally, the average area coverage per can of 4 liters paint ranges from 30 to 40 square meters
depending upon the condition of the surface to receive paint. Under such condition the first thing to
be considered by the estimator is to examine the surface to be painted. Is it concrete, wood, and
metal?
Verify this condition of the surface and know under what category it fails, only then is the time to
select the right kind of paint for the right surface. There are instances wherein due to financial
constraint, the owner requires his painter to expand the coverage of the paint contrary to the label
specifications and the effects are:
1. Over thinning reduces the viscosity of the paint
2. The required film of dried paint could not be attained
3. The quality and durability of the paint is sacrificed

10-5 ESTIMATING YOUR PAINT

Illustration 10-1
A concrete fire wall of a building measures 30 meters long and 12 meters high. Find the
number of 4 liters can latex paint required if the wall is:
1. Wooden Trovelled finish (rough surface)
2. Paper finished (semi-rough surface)
Solution:
A. Wooden Travelled Finished
 1. Solve for the wall area
A = 30 m. × 12 m.

A = 360 m2

2. Solve for the concrete neutralizer

360
= 12 gallons water
30

Where 30 m2 area coverage per gallon of water.

If one pint of neutralizer is mixed to 22 gallons of water

Divide:
12
= 4.8 say 5 pints concrete neutralizer
2.5
30 m2
3. Solve for acrylic latex paint @ 4 liters

360 m2
= 12 cans
30 m2

For Second Coat

12 cans × 2: 24 cans @ 4 liters

Add 10%: 2.4 cans

Order: 26.4 cans, say 27 cans @ 4 liters.
B. Paper-Finished Wall

360 m2
1. Area = 35 m2

= 10.28 cans @ 4 liters

Where: 35 m2 = area coverage per 4 liters

2. Second Coat multiply by 2

10.28 × 2 = 20.56 cans

3. Add 10% allowance = 2.0 cans

Total: 22.56 cans @ 4 liters

Order: 23 cans @ 4 liters

Illustration 10-2

A 10-class room two-story building has a T & G lumber flooring resting on a 50 mm x 200
mm (2" x 8") dressed floor joist without a ceiling. The president of the school requires the bill of
materials for the painting of the joists and the T & G underflooring.

Solution:

1. After inspection, the recommendation is to use flat wall enamel paint.

2. Solve for the area of one classroom ceiling.
a) Area of the T & G surface:
23 strips × .25 m × 9.00 m = 51.76 m2
b) Area of the floor joist:
Surfaces = .45 m
23 pcs × .45 × 9.00 m = 93.15 m2
Total: 144.91 m2 therefore, 145 m2 per classroom
3. Multiply by 10 rooms:
145 m2 × 10 = 1,450 m2
4. Divide by the area coverage of Flat wall enamel paint:
1,450
= 36.25 cans @ 4 liters
40
5. For Second Coat:
36.25 × 2: 72.5 cans
Add 10%: 7.25 cans
Total: 79.75 cans, say 80
6. Solve for the paint thinner:
1
The manufacturer specifies liters per 4 liters of paint
2

Therefore:
1
80 cans × 2 liters/can = 40 liters

Add 10%: 4 liters

Order: 44 liters 4 cans @ 4 liters

10-6 PAINT FAILURE

1. Blistering or Peeling – occurs when the moisture trapped in the siding evaporates from the
wood when exposed to sun pushes the paint out the surface.
2. Chalking – means that your paint was too thin without the required paint film.
 3. Flaking – the result of inadequate or poor surface preparation. The paint flakes off in "scales"
or powders" or powders and chalk off.
4. Cracking and Alligatoring – means that paint was applied in several heavy coats not observing
the sufficient drying time between coats.
5. Checking and Flaking – caused by expansion or contraction of wood.
6. Peeling or Cracking of Paint on Galvanized Sheet – Indicates the use of improper metal primer
or no primer a tall. The paint film has no adhesion.
7. Fading – is normal but if fading is fast and excessive that means you used poor kind of paint.
8. Bleeding – It is caused by inadequate sealing at the first paint application.
9. Mildew – thrives on a high humidity and temperature. The fungus is stimulated and grows on
the paint film.
10. Staining – caused by wood preservatives of rust of nails.

10-7 WALL PAPERING

The term "wallpaper" refers not only to paper substances that are pasted on walls and
ceiling but also includes vinyl, cork, fabrics, grass cloth, foils and many other surface covering
materials which are available in the market.
In estimating your wall paper always provide extra rolls in anticipation of the following:
1. Replacement of ruined or damaged material in handling or working.
2. Additional area which are not included in the original plan.
3. For future repair which might be so necessary that needs the original batch for color
and design matching.
4. The size of the wall paper to cover the surface depends not only on the area of the
surface but also on the wall paper pattern.
5. Trim can be used as a decorative boarder and it is sold by the yard or meter.

Vinyl wallpaper has three kinds, they are:

1. Vinyl laminated to paper
2. Vinyl laminated to cloth
3. Vinyl impregnated cloth on paper backing, which is extremely durable, easy to clean
and resistance to damage.
Caution in buying vinyl wallpaper:
 Examine the label if it is vinyl coated only. These are not wear resistant, grease
resistant, or washable. Never confuse them with vinyl wallpaper.
  In hanging your vinyl wallpaper always use and specify vinyl mildew resistant
adhesive only.
 Vinyl wallpaper stretches if pulled, hairline cracks will appear at seams as wallpaper
shrinks when it dries, hence, avoid stretching your vinyl wallpaper.

Estimating procedure
1. Determine the area of the surface to receive wall paper.
2. Subtract the area opening such as doors, windows, etc.
3. Divide the net wall area by the effective covering of the wallpaper size as selected from
Table 10-1 to get the number of roll.
4. Add 5 to 10% allowance depending upon the design pattern
5. Multiply the number of rolls by the corresponding value of adhesive, the result is the
number of box as required.