Protection

SIPROTEC
Introduction Motor Protection

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015 siemens.com/energy-automation-products

Agenda

 General Introduction
 Theory of induction motors
 Equivalent network
 Motor starting
 Influence of negative sequence current
 Operating modes
 Motor faults
 Motor Protection functions

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015.

Page 2 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
 Motors are used in different applications

Rolling-Mill Motor used for

Offshore
 Fans, Blowers
 Pumps, Compressors
 Grinders, Chippers
 Conveyors, Shredders
Oil & Gas  Crushers, Mixers
Power  Cranes, Extruders
plants  Refiners, Chillers

Note:
Electricity consumption by
Chemical Mining motors in manufacturing
industry sector is 70%. In oil, gas and
industries mining industries around
90%.
Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015
Page 3 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Two Types of Motors
Asynchronous (induction) and synchronous motors

 AC power supplied to motor’s stator creates a rotating magnetic field

 A synchronous motor turns with the same rate as the stator field. For operation the rotor must be
separately excited (DC current, ).
 The rotor of the induction motor rotates with a slower speed than the stator field. The difference is
the slip, which various from 0,5 % to 5 %.
 The design of an induction motor is simpler (lower costs, robust (lifetime), less maintenance,… )
 The synchronous motor allows a better control (stable speed at different load and synchronous
condenser operation)
Synchronous speed: Slip:
Depends on the rotation of stator’s magnetic field and on the number of Differences between the synchronous and operating speed
the pole pairs
60 ⋅ f [Hz] 60 ⋅ 50 Hz ns - nr 1500 - 1450
ns [RPM] = , e. g. f = 50 Hz , p = 2 → ns = = 1500 RPM s= 100% = 100% = 3,33 %
p 2 ns 1500

Generator operation Motor operation

Most of the installed motors are induction motors

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015

Page 4 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
 Motor Protection
Principle design of an asynchronous (induction) motor

Terminal Board Terminal Box The principle of a

Laminated stator core asynchronous motor is
Fan
Stator winding based on the appearance
of a rotating magnetic
field by triple phase
Rolling current winding.
bearing

Direction of
magnet filed Direction of
Rotor Shaft current flow
Direction of
movement

Short-circuiting
Laminated rotor core
ring
with cage bars
Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015.
Page 5 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Motor Protection
Kind of rotors

Asynchronous motor with cage rotor (AMCR) Asynchronous motor with Slip ring rotor (AMSR)

Stator terminals

Cage with crosswise bars

Rotor terminals

Resistors connected on the rotor terminals

reduces the starting current of the rotor

Cage with crosswise bars Staggered-slot cage

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015.

Page 6 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Equivalent Network of an Induction Motor
(Transformer model is used)

Transformation of rotor values

2
W 
R 'r =  S  R r
Stator part Rotor part  Wr 
IS WS Stator windings
RS jωS LS jωR L’r Wr Rotor windings
s slip
Im Ir
Note:
R’r • At a running motor is ωS ≈ ωr
US U’r
Um RFe jωS Lm s • Slip is very small  R’r is large
• Frequency of the rotor current is
very low

During motor start the rotor part

Um Um US dominates
IS = I m + I r = + ' ≈
'

jωS L m R r
s
+ jω r L r R S +
' R 'r
s
(
+ j X S + X 'r ) s 1 means a high rotor current

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015

Page 7 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Motor starting

Um R 'r
Ir =
'
cosϕ r = s
R 'r
+ jω r L' r
2
 R 'r 
s   + X 'r ( ) 2

 s 

3 U S2 1
M=
S
(
ωS R 2 + X S + X 'r 2 ) s+
R 'r
+ 2 RS
MSt staring torque
R 'r s
(pull-up torque) R 'r
MN rated torque s pull =
Mpull pull-out torque R S2 + ( X S + X 'r ) 2
npull pull-out speed
nsyn speed of stator’ 3 U S2 1
M pull =
( )
rotating field
nN rated speed 2 ωS R S2 + X S + X 'r
2
+ RS
spull pull-out slip
sN rated slip
Pull-out torque or
Simplification of equations: RS  0
Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015 Breakdown torque
Page 8 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Motor bar design influences the starting current and breakdown torque

tapered deep-bar
Current
slip (s1), rotor current
tapered deep-bar flows on surface
deep-bar Large surface, higher
deep-bar thermal capacity
lower breakdown torque

round bar round bar

round bar

rotor with slip rings

Inserted
winding

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015

Page 9 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Theoretical starting current course (envelope curve)

ih – starting current

1. Transient starting current

conditions
2. Quasi-steady starting
current
3. Transient decay starting
current

rated slip

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015

Page 10 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Measured starting current of a large asynchronous motor

Feed-water
pump
12,5 MW

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015

Page 11 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Voltage determines the starting and restarting possibility

n pull 1,1 M N Umin ≈ (0,55 …. 0,7 ) UN,M

U min = U N, M with UN,M rated motor voltage
nN M pull

Equivalent circuit for voltage estimation

Z
Netz
Grid U 2N, M
Z M = Z M (cosϕ r + jsinϕ r ) mit ZM =
k st SN, M
M

kst = Ist/IN;M (starting factor: 3 …6…..10)

ZN ZT ZK ZM

UN UM

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015

Page 12 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Influence of the negative sequence current

Reason for a negative sequence current:

• Broken conductor (phase) or blown fuse in one phase
• Negative sequence voltage (influence on motor current: 1% U2 (5%-6%) I2; NEMA experiences)
Positive sequence Negative sequence
I1 j XS I2 j XS
RS j X’r RS j X’r

Im,1 Ir,1 Im,2 Ir,2

U1 R’r U2 R’r Rotor resistance is

j Xm s j Xm 2-s strong effective
(e.g. s =0,05)

Negative sequence current leads to a thermal stress of the rotor:

• Negative rotating field leads to a AC current in the rotor (100 Hz relative velocity) in opposite
direction of rotation
• Due to the skin effect (current flows on surface of rotor bar larger rotor resistance) the rotor
is heating up (temperature rise)
Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015
Page 13 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Simulated motor current and voltage
(phase failure on HV side of power plant)

GRID

One phase is interrupted

110kV

10kV

10kV/√3/100V/√3
400A/1A

5,65 MVA
M
(326A)

Motor load at pre-fault: 88%

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015

Page 14 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Motor operating modes

S1 Continuous running duty

S2 Short-time duty (e.g. S2: 60 min)
S3 Intermittent periodic duty
(operation with similar loading cycles)
S4 Intermittent periodic duty with starting
S5 Intermittent periodic duty with electric
braking
S6 Continuous operation periodic duty
S7 Continuous operation periodic duty with
electric braking
S8 Continuous operation periodic duty with
related load/ speed changes
S9 Duty with non-periodic load/ speed variations
S10 Duty with discrete constant loads and speeds

S1 is in 90% of the application the used operating mode

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015

Page 15 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Possible causes of faults and fault types in a motor

Statistics of fault causes taken from the Internet

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015

Page 16 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
 Motor faults in detail and protection functions

Faults Protection Functions

 Thermal overload of the stator  Stator thermal overload protection 49
during operation (with or without memory)
 Thermal overload of the rotor
Thermal

 Two protection principles for the

during start rotor overload protection
 too long or blocked  Motor starting time supervision 48
 too frequent  Restart inhibit 66, 49R
 Loss of phase, voltage unbalance  Negative seq. protection (I2/IN) 46
 Earth-fault  Earth-fault protection 50G, 64G, 67G
 Short-circuit (2 or 3 phase)  Short-circuit protection (I>, Idiff>) 51, 87
 Bearing overload  Temperature sensors (RTD‘s) 38
 Overheating of plant on unloaded  Undercurrent protection; 37
drives (Pumps, compressors) Active power protection (P<) 32U
 Undervoltage  Undervoltage protection 27
(Starting torque not reached
M ≈ U2 or start too long
 Asynchronous operation  Underexcitation protection 40
Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015
(of a synchronous motor)
Page 17 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
 Motor Protection
Monitoring Devices

Shaft Vibration Leakage-Water Stator Winding Temperature (PT100)

Optional measurement
in the motor protection

Bearing Anti-condensation Warm Air Cold Air Bearing Oil

Temperature (PT100) heater Temperatur Temperatur Flow
(PT100) (PT100)
Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015
Page 18 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Motor Protection –
Optimizing Motor's Service Life

Thermal overloading Field failure with

of rotor synchronous motors
(ANSI 48, 66, 49R) (ANSI 40)

Asynchronous running
Thermal overloading with synchronous motors
of stator (ANSI 40)
(ANSI 49S)
Ground fault
(ANSI 51Ns, 67N)
Undervoltage
(ANSI 27)
Overstressing of drives
running with no load
(ANSI 37, 32U)
Short-circuit
Overheating
(ANSI 50, 51, 87M)
of bearings
(ANSI 38)

Mechanical faults Voltage unbalance,

in the process phase failure
(ANSI 50L) (ANSI 46)

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015.

Page 19 January 2015 Energy Automation Products
Motor Protection
Interaction of protection functions

I
Blocked rotor I>>>

Definite time-overcurrent protection I>>

I>>>

Startup time monitoring

I>>
IStart = IStrt
Inverse time-overcurrent protection Ip>
Starting current
Overload protection (stator)

IStrt>
1.5 IN,M
1.1 IN,M
IOperation = IM
Differential protection

TI>> tStart = tStrt t

Motor protection zone
Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015
Page 20 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Motor Protection
Device selection

Classification Preferred Alternatives Options Application

Small SIPROTEC 7SK82:
(100kW – 500 kW) Higher number of binary
inputs and outputs,
graphical display, more
communication interfaces

SIPROTEC 7SK80 SIPROTEC 7SK82

Medium SIPROTEC 7SK85:
(500kW – 2 MW Higher number of binary
inputs and outputs,
graphical display, remote
control unit, more
communication interfaces
SIPROTEC 7SK82 SIPROTEC 7SK85
Large SIPROTEC 7UM85
(> 2 MW for synchrous motors

Synchronous motors
SIPROTEC 7SK85 SIPROTEC 7UM85
Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015
Page 21 4-Jan-16 Dr. Herrmann / EM DG PRO LM PR
Motor Protection

Dr. Hans-Joachim Herrmann

Principal Key Expert Protection
(Product Management)
EM DG PRO LM PR
Humboldt Street 59
91459 Nuremberg
Phone: +49 (911) 433 8266
Fax: +49 (911) 433 8301
Mobile: +49 (172) 3265902
E-mail:
hans-joachim.herrmann@siemens.com

siemens.com/answers

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2015

Page 22