School; JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
School; JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Name; BELIDAH MWENDE SIMBA
Reg no; SCP212-0031/2018
Title; DEMONSTRATION OF HESS LAW
OF CONSTANT HEAT SUMMATION
Lecturer; DR ANAM
Unit code; SPH2102
Unit name; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ONE
Date; 19-10-2018
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Name; BELIDAH MWENDE SIMBA
Reg no; SCP212-0031/2018
Title; DEMONSTRATION OF HESS LAW
OF CONSTANT HEAT SUMMATION
Lecturer; DR ANAM
Unit code; SPH2100
Unit name; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ONE
Date; 19-10-2018
Objectives of the experiment;
i) To determine Hess law
ii) To calculate the enthalpy change (∆H) for a
reaction which cannot be measured directly
iii) To determine the heat of reaction (∆H) for
NaOH
iv) To determine heat absorbed by the solution
v) To determine the moles of NaOH which took
part in the reaction
Theoretical review;
The purpose of the experiment is to determine Hess
law which states that the heat change that
accompoanies a chemical reaction is the same
whether it takes place in one or several stages in
that the total enthalpy change of the reaction is the
sum of all the changes.
The Hess law of constant heat summation is said to
be an expression of the principle of conservation of
energy and the first law of thermodynamics.
The principle of conservation of energy states that
the total energy of an isolated system remains
constant, it is said to be conserved over time which
means that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed rather it can be transformed or
transferred from one form to another’
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the
law of conservation of energy adapted from
thermodynamic systems. This law manifests that
enthalpy is a state function which depends on the
state of the reactants and state of the products but
not the intermediate steps.
In this experiment, Hess law is used to determine
the overall enthalpy change of a reaction from the
experimentally determined enthalpy change of
other reactions. If the reaction of interest is
enthalpy could be determined. Then Hess law
would be proven to be accurate.
It is evident that from the experiment Germaine
Hess used basic algebraic expressions based on
chemical equations of reactions to achieve the basis
of this law.
It therefore came up with the following conclusions;
i) That the change of enthalpy of a chemical
equation is the same whether the reaction
occurs in subsequent stages or has one
occurrence.
Reactants ∆H1 products
∆H2 ∆H3
Intermediate products
Where ∆H1=∆H2+∆H3
ii) The enthalpy of a chemical process is
independent of the path taken from the initial
to the final state
iii) The individual enthalpy changes e.g. ∆H2 and
∆H3 can be summed up to give the overall
change for the reaction where the enthalpies
are added up
Application if Hess law of constant heat summation
is useful in determination of enthalpies of the
following; heat of slow reactions, heat of unstable
intermediates like CO and NO.
It could also be used to solve problems on heat of
formation, transition and hydration.
Apparatus;
i) Erlenmeyer flask, 250cm3
ii) Beaker
iii) Measuring cylinder, 100cm3
iv) Thermometer
Reagents;
i) 0.5M sodium hydroxide
ii) 0.5M hydrochloric acid
iii) 2g sodium hydroxide
iv) 0.25M hydrochloric acid
Procedure;
Ran 1a)
A clean 250cm Erlenmeyer’s flask was weighed
using a weighing balance and the mass was
accurately determined and recorded. 200cm of
0.25M hydrochloric acid was then measured using
a measuring cylinder and then poured directly
through a funnel into the Erlenmeyer’s flask. A
thermometer was then dipped into the solution
to determine the initial temperature of
hydrochloric acid. 2g of dry sodium hydroxide
pellets were weighed and added into the
Erlenmeyer’s flask containing the HCl. The
contents were swirled to dissolved the sodium
hydroxide pellets. As the swirling continued the
temperature change was observed until a
constant temperature was reached. The weight of
the solution was measured using a weighing
balance and noted down.
Reaction 1b)
The Erlenmeyer’s flask used in reaction 1a) was
rinsed with distilled water. 200cm of distilled
water was then measured using a measuring
cylinder and poured into the flask. A
thermometer was then dipped into the flask to
determine the initial temperature of water and
the value was noted down.2.0g of NaOH pellets
were weighed and added. The contents were
swirled to dissolve NaOH, as the swirling
continued the temperature change was observed
until a constant temp was reached and noted
down. The weight of the solution was measured
using a weighing balance and noted down.
Reaction 2
The Erlenmeyer’s flask used in reaction 1b) was
rinsed with distilled water .100cm of 0.5M HCL
was measured using a measuring cylinder and
poured into the flask. The initial temperature was
determined using the thermometer and recorded.
The measuring cylinder and used to measure
100cm of 0.5M NaOH and was poured into a
beaker and the temperature was recorded. when
the temperature of both HCL and NaOH were
equal,100cm of 0.5M NaOH was poured directly
into the Erlenmeyer flask containing HCl. The
thermometer was dipped into the solution and
swirled until a constant temperature was
observed and recorded. The thermometer was
removed and the Erlenmeyer flask with the
contents was placed on the weighing machine to
measure the weight and was recorded.
Results;
Reaction 1a)
Weight of Erlenmeyer flask=108.5g
Temperature of 0.25M HCl=24.0◦c
HCl + NaOH tempmax=29.0
Weight of solution=307.7-108.5=199.2g
Reaction 1b)
Weight of Erlenmeyer flask=108.5g
Temperature of H2O=24◦c
Temperaturemax=27.0◦c
Weight of solution=308.9-108.5=200.4g
Reaction 2:
Temperature HCl+NaOH=24.0◦c
Temperaturemax =27.0◦c
Weight of solution=307.9-108.5=199.4g
Result analysis;
(Assume the specific heat capacity of glass=0.85kJ
and that of the solution to be 4.18kJ for each
reaction)
1. Calculate the change in temperature
Rxn 1a)
T = Tf- Ti
= (29.0-24.0)
=5.0◦c or 5K
Rxn 1b)
T = Tf – Ti
= (27.0-24.0)
=3.0◦c or 3K
Rxn 2
T = T f – Ti
= (27.0-24.0)
=3.0◦c or 3K
2. Calculate the heat absorbed by the solution
H(s)=M(S)×C×θ
Reaction 1a) MCθ=H
199.2/1000 × 4.18 × 5 = 4.163kJ
Reaction 1b) MCθ
200.4/1000 × 4.18 × 3 = 2.513kJ
Reaction 2
199.4/1000 × 4.18 × 3 = 2.5kJ
3. Calculate the heat absorbed by the flask
H(f) = M(f) × T × 0.85kJ
1a) 108.5/1000 × 5 × 0.85 = 0.4611kJ
1b) 108.5/1000 × 3 × 0.85 = 0.2767kJ
Rxn 2 108.5/1000 × 3 × 0.85 = 0.2767kJ
4. Calculate the total heat absorbed
H = H(s) + H(F)
1a) 4.163 + 0.4611 = 4.6241kJ
b) 2.513 + 0.2767 = 2.7897kJ
2) 2.5 + 0.2767 = 2.7767kJ
5. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in the
reaction
0.5moles 1000cm3
? × 100cm3
100×0.5 = 0.05moles
100
6. Heat evolved per mole of NaOH
Conclusion;
According to Hess law of summation we can
determine the overall energy required for a
chemical reaction which can be divided into
synthetic steps that get it easier to work with.
When a reaction is endothermic, there is heat
absorption and the surrounding gets cooled or
reduced in temperature hence a drop in
temperature while when a reaction is exothermic,
the heat is released causing rise in temperature of
the immediate environment.
For reaction one where NaOH pellets are reacted
with HCl there is a rise in temperature from 24.0◦c
to 29.0◦c showing a rise in temperature. This means
that this reaction is exothermic where the reaction
was
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
In reaction 1b) the temperature changed from
24.0◦c to 27.0◦c showing a rise in temperature, this
means there was heat released making the reaction
exothermic.
NaOH + H2O NaOH
In reaction 2, the temperature change was from
24.0◦c to 27.0◦c showing a rise in temperature
which means the reaction was exothermic.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Sources of error;
1. Parallax error in reading the values on the
thermometer
2. Precision of apparatus affecting values recorded
3. Use of contaminated apparatus without rinsing
4. Heat loss to the environment
References
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