‫‪SECTION EIGHT‬‬

‫‪TYPICAL GAS‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎت اﻟﻐــﺎز اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳــــﺔ‬

‫‪PROCESSES‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴــــﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠــــﺔ ﻟﻠﻐــــﺎز اﻟﻐــــﺎز اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌـــــﻲ ‪Field processing of natural gas involves‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤـــﻦ ﻧـــﺰع اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧـــﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴـــﺔ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻐــــﺎز ‪removal of the following from the natural‬‬
‫‪gas stream:‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌــــﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪(i) water vapour‬‬
‫)‪ (i‬ﺑﺨــﺎر اﻟﻤـــﺎء‬
‫‪(ii) other non-hydrocarbon‬‬ ‫)‪ (ii‬اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻐﻴﺮ هﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ آﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ‬
‫‪constituents such as H2S, CO2, N2‬‬
‫اﻟــــﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ وﺛــــــﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴـــــﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـــــﻮن‬
‫واﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫‪(iii) hydrocarbon components heavier‬‬ ‫)‪ (iii‬اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧـــــﺎت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴـــــﺔ اﻷﺛﻘـــــــﻞ‬
‫‪than methane‬‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺜـــﺎن‬
‫‪The reasons for processing are:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ هﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪(i) it is operationally necessary‬‬ ‫)‪ (i‬أﻧﻬﺎ ﻻزﻣﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫‪(ii) it is commercially necessary, or‬‬
‫)‪ (ii‬أﻧﻬﺎ ﻻزﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫‪(iii) it is economically attractive‬‬
‫)‪ (iii‬أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺪﻳﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺎ‬
‫‪It may be necessary to process gas in‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺿﺮورﻳـﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ اﻟﻐـﺎز ﻓـﻲ‬
‫‪the field, even if it is to be used only‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮل اﻟﺒﺘﺮول ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨـﺪ اﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻴـﺎ آﻮﻗـﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪locally for fuel. The presence of free‬‬
‫وﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻐــﺎز ﻣﺜـﻼ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن‬
‫‪water in field gas lines, for example could‬‬
‫‪lead to corrosion if H2S or CO2 were‬‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ وﺟﻮد آﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ أو‬
‫‪present, hydrates could form plugging up‬‬ ‫ﺛـﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴـﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن‪ ،‬أو ﺗﻜـﻮن اﻟﺒﻠـﻮرات اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴــﺔ‬
‫‪lines and valves, etc.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻧﺴﺪاد اﻟﺨﻄﻮط واﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎت‪،‬اﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪If gas is to be sold to a gas distribution‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨــــﺪ ﺑﻴــــﻊ اﻟﻐــــﺎز إﻟــــــﻰ إﺣـــــﺪى ﺷـــــﺮآﺎت‬
‫‪company,‬‬ ‫‪certain‬‬ ‫‪gas‬‬ ‫‪quality‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮزﻳــــﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠــــﺐ أن ﻳﻜــــﻮن ﻟــــﻪ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔـــــﺎت‬
‫‪specifications will have to be met. As a‬‬
‫ﺟــﻮدة ﻣﻌﻴﻨــﺔ ﺗﺘــﺪرج ﻣــــﻦ ﻧـــﺰع ﺑﺨـــﺎر اﻟﻤـــﺎء‬
‫‪minimum water vapour removal will be‬‬
‫‪required and more elaborate treatment‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘــــﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠــــﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠــــﺔ اﻋﺘﻤــــــﺎدا ﻋﻠـــــﻲ‬
‫‪may be necessary depending on the‬‬ ‫اﻟـــــﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـــــﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐـــــــﺎز وﻣﻮاﺻﻔــــــﺎت‬
‫‪composition of the gas and the gas sales‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐــﺎز اﻟﻤﺒـــﺎع‪.‬‬
‫‪specifications.‬‬

‫‪Obaiyed Training Manual‬‬ ‫‪Section 8-Page 1‬‬

 ‫‪Typical Gas Processes‬‬

‫‪Gas Dehydration‬‬ ‫ﻧـﺰع ﻣﻴـﺎﻩ اﻟﻐـــﺎز‬

‫‪TEG Contactor‬‬ ‫ﺑــﺮج ﺗﻼﻣــﺲ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜــﻮل اﻟﺜﻼﺛــــﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻜــﻮن هــﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺑــﺮج ﺗﻼﻣــﺲ واﺣــــﺪ ‪This comprises a single contacting‬‬
‫ﺑـــــﻪ ﺻﻮاﻧـــــﻲ أو ﺣﺸـــــﻮ وﻣـــــﺰود ﺑﻤﺒﺨــــــﺮ ‪column with either trays or structured‬‬
‫‪packing and conventional fired reboiler‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴــﺪي وﻳﺘـــﻢ ﺣﻘـــﻦ ﻏـــﺎز اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳـــﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﺼـــﻮل‬
‫‪regeneration with stripping gas to‬‬
‫‪achieve‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪required‬‬ ‫‪dewpoint‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻲ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴــﺾ اﻟﻤﻄﻠــﻮب ﻟﻨﻘﻄــﺔ اﻟﻨــــﺪي‪.‬‬
‫‪depression.‬‬

‫‪Advantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤــــﻴﺰات‬
‫‪Well proven technology‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴــﺎ ﻣﻄﺒﻘــــﺔ ﺟﻴـــﺪا‬
‫‪Relatively low capex.‬‬
‫رأس ﻣــﺎل ﺻﻐــــﻴﺮ ﻧﺴـــﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫‪Disadvantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴـــﻮب‬
‫‪Some aromatics are absorbed and‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘـﻢ اﻣﺘﺼـﺎص ﺑﻌـــﺾ اﻟﻤــﻮاد اﻷروﻣﺎﺗﻴــﺔ‬
‫‪released in the vent. Methods are‬‬
‫وﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔـﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻨـﺔ‪ .‬هﻨـﺎك ﻃـﺮق ﻣﺘﺎﺣــﺔ‬
‫‪available to reduce the aromatics in‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻷروﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻨﺔ أو ﺣﺮﻗــﻬﺎ ‪the vent or incinerate, e.g., in a fired‬‬
‫‪reboiler‬‬ ‫)ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ ﻣﺜﻼ(‪.‬‬

‫‪Relatively‬‬ ‫‪high‬‬ ‫‪operator‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘـــــﺎج ﻟﻌـــــﺪد أآـــــﺒﺮ ﻧﺴـــــﺒﻴﺎ ﻣـــــــﻦ‬

‫‪requirements‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸــــﻐﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫‪Lower reliability than other options.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴــﻮب اﻟﺘﺸــــﻐﻴﻞ أآـــﺒﺮ ﻋـــﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـــﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺧـــﺮى‬

‫‪Obaiyed Training Manual‬‬ ‫‪Section 8-Page 2‬‬

 ‫‪Typical Gas Processes‬‬

‫‪Solid Bed Adsorbent‬‬ ‫اﻻدﻣﺼـــﺎص اﻟﺼﻠــــﺐ‬

‫‪Typically two or three vessels containing‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜـــــﻮن ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳـــــﺎ ﻣـــــﻦ وﻋـــــﺎءﻳﻦ أو ﺛﻼﺛــــــﺔ‬
‫‪solid adsorbent (molecular sieve, silica‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘــــﻮي ﻋﻠــــﻲ ﻣــــﺎدة اﻻدﻣﺼــــﺎص اﻟﺼﻠﺒـــــﺔ‬
‫‪gel or alumina) with vessels alternating‬‬
‫)اﻟﻤﻨﺨـــــﻞ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌـــــــﻲ أو اﻟﺴــــــﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﺟــــــﻞ أو‬
‫‪between adsorption and regeneration.‬‬
‫‪Regeneration is by hot gas at around‬‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨــــــﺎ( ﺣﻴــــــﺚ اﻷوﻋﻴــــــﺔ ﻣــــــﺎ ﺑﻴـــــــﻦ‬
‫‪220ºC. The regeneration gas can be‬‬ ‫اﻻدﻣﺼـــــﺎص واﻟﺘﻨﺸـــــﻴﻂ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻨﺸـــــﻴﻂ ﻳﻜـــــــﻮن‬
‫‪either a waste dry gas steam (if‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳـــﻄﺔ اﻟﻐـــﺎز اﻟﺴـــﺎﺧﻦ ﻋﻨـــﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟـــــﻲ ‪٢٢٠‬‬
‫‪available) or a slip stream (15%) of the‬‬ ‫درﺟــﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳــﺔ وﻳﻤﻜــــﻦ أن ﻳﻜـــﻮن ﻏـــﺎز ﺟـــﺎف‬
‫‪dry gas with a blower to return the wet‬‬ ‫ﻓـــﺎﻗﺪ )ﻓـــﻲ ﺣـــﺎل ﺗﻮاﻓـــــﺮﻩ( أو ﺗﻴــــﺎر ﺟــــﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
‫‪regeneration gas to the inlet.‬‬
‫)‪ (%١٥‬ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻐــــﺎز اﻟﺠـــﺎف‪.‬‬
‫‪Advantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤــــﻴﺰات‬
‫‪Environmentally‬‬ ‫‪cleaner than a‬‬ ‫أﻧﻈــــﻒ ﺑﻴﺌﻴــــﺎ ﻣــــﻦ وﺣــــــﺪة ﺗﻼﻣـــــﺲ‬
‫‪TEG unit‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜــــﻮل‬
‫‪Reliable.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﻤــﺎد ﻋﻠﻴــــﻬﺎ‬
‫‪Disadvantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴـــﻮب‬
‫‪Relatively high cost‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘــﺎج ﻟــﺮأس ﻣــﺎل ﻋــﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺴـــﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫‪Will achieve a far lower water‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨـــﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﺻـــــﻮل إﻟــــﻰ ﻧﻘﻄــــﺔ ﻧــــﺪي‬
‫‪dewpoint than is necessary.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤـﺎء أﻗـــﻞ ﺑﻜﺜــﻴﺮ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻤﻄﻠــﻮب‪.‬‬

‫‪Obaiyed Training Manual‬‬ ‫‪Section 8-Page 3‬‬

 ‫‪Typical Gas Processes‬‬

‫‪IFPEX-1‬‬ ‫اﻓﺒﻜــــﺲ‪١-‬‬
‫‪A relatively new process licensed by IFP,‬‬ ‫هــﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﺟﺪﻳــﺪة ﻧﺴــــﺒﻴﺎ ﺗﺴـــﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺜـــﺎﻧﻮل‬
‫‪using methanol in conjunction with a cold‬‬ ‫ﻣـــﻊ وﺣـــﺪة ﺑـــــﺎردة ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴــــﺾ ﻧﻘﻄــــﺔ اﻟﻨــــﺪي‬
‫‪hydrocarbon dewpoint unit to dehydrate‬‬
‫ﻟﻠــﻬﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮن ﻟــﻨﺰع اﻟﻤﻴــﺎﻩ ﻣــــﻦ اﻟﻐـــﺎز‪ .‬ﻳﺘـــﻢ‬
‫‪the gas. The aqueous methanol solution‬‬
‫‪is recovered in the low temperature‬‬ ‫اﺳــــﺘﺮﺟﺎع ﻣﺤﻠــــﻮل اﻟﻤﻴﺜــــﺎﻧﻮل اﻟﻤــــﺎﺋﻲ ﻓـــــﻲ‬
‫‪separator and is stripped by a slip stream‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔــــﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺒــــــﺎرد وﻳﺠـــــﺮد ﺑﻮاﺳـــــﻄﺔ ﺗﻴـــــﺎر‬
‫‪of warm wet feed gas. The methanol is‬‬ ‫ﺟــﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣــــﻦ اﻟﻐـــﺎز اﻟﻤﻐـــﺬي اﻟﺪاﻓـــﺊ اﻟﺮﻃـــﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪vaporised and carried overhead with the‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘـــﻢ ﺗﺒﺨـــﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺜـــﺎﻧﻮل وﻳﺤﻤـــــﻞ ﻣــــﻊ اﻟﻐــــﺎز‬
‫‪gas, leaving a pure water stream, which‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎرآــﺎ اﻟﻤــﺎء اﻟﻨﻘــﻲ اﻟــــﺬي ﻳﻤﻜـــﻦ ﺳـــﺤﺒﻪ ﻣـــﻦ‬
‫‪is drawn off the bottom of the contactor.‬‬
‫ﻗــﺎع اﻟﻮﻋــﺎء‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ ﻏﺴــــﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔـــﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻤـــﺎء‬
‫‪The condensate can be washed with‬‬
‫‪water to reduce methanol losses.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴــﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺜــﺎﻧﻮل اﻟﻤﻔﻘــــﻮد‪.‬‬

‫‪Advantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤــــﻴﺰات‬
‫‪Simple process with high reliability‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﺳــﻬﻠﺔ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﻤــﺎد ﻋﻠﻴــــﻬﺎ‬
‫‪and easy operation‬‬

‫‪competitive in terms of capex and‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜــﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻟــــﺘﺮآﻴﺐ واﻟﺘﺸـــﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟـــﺔ‬

‫‪opex‬‬

‫‪No hydrocarbon or aromatics‬‬

‫ﻟﻴــــﺲ ﻟــــﻬﺎ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛــــﺎت هﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴــــــﺔ‬
‫‪emission to atmosphere‬‬ ‫أو أروﻣﺎﺗﻴــﺔ ﻟﻠﺠــــﻮ‬

‫‪The water product from the‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺘــــﺞ ﻟـــﻪ درﺟـــﺔ ﻧﻘـــﺎء ﻋﺎﻟﻴـــﺔ‬
‫وﻳﻤﻜـــﻦ اﺳـــﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓـــﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـــــﺎت أﺧــــﺮى ‪contactor is of high purity and can be‬‬
‫‪used in other processes (e.g. amine‬‬ ‫)ﻣﺜــﻞ وﺣــﺪة اﻷﻣﻴـــﻦ(‪.‬‬
‫‪unit).‬‬

‫‪Disadvantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴـــﻮب‬
‫‪Requires constant methanol make-‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘــﺎج ﻟﺘﺰوﻳﺪهــــﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺜـــﺎﻧﻮل دورﻳـــﺎ‬
‫‪up‬‬
‫ﻓــﺎﻗﺪ آﺒــﻴﺮ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺜــﺎﻧﻮل ﻋﻨــــﺪ درﺟـــﺔ‬
‫‪Excessive methanol losses above‬‬ ‫ﺣـــﺮارة ‪ ١٠‬درﺟـــﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳـــﺔ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻔـــــﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫‪an LTS separator temperature of -‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒـــﺎرد‪.‬‬
‫‪10ºC (0ºC proposed).‬‬

‫‪Obaiyed Training Manual‬‬ ‫‪Section 8-Page 4‬‬

 ‫‪Typical Gas Processes‬‬

‫‪Membranes‬‬ ‫اﻷﻏﺸــــﻴﺔ‬
‫‪The use of membranes to separate‬‬ ‫اﺳــــﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻷﻏﺸــــﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺼــــﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧــــﺎت ﻣــــــﻦ‬
‫‪components of a feed stream into one or‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴــــﺎر اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳــــﺔ إﻟــــﻰ واﺣــــﺪ أو أآــــــﺜﺮ ﻣـــــﻦ‬
‫‪two resulting streams is a relatively new‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒـــﺎت ﻳﻌﺘـــﺒﺮ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـــﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺜـــــﺔ ﻧﺴــــﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪technology. The active membrane used‬‬
‫‪for separating gases is normally a non-‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺸـــــﺎء اﻟﻨﺸـــــﻂ اﻟﻤﺴـــــﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓـــــﻲ ﻓﺼـــــــﻞ‬
‫‪porous polymer in combination with‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐـــﺎزات ﻳﻜـــﻮن ﻋـــــﺎدة ﻏــــﻴﺮ ﻣﺴــــﺎﻣﻲ ﻣــــﻊ‬
‫‪porous support material. Solution and‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌـــﺾ اﻟﻤـــﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴـــﺎﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴـــــﺎﻋﺪة‪ .‬اﻟﺘﺴــــﻴﻞ‬
‫‪diffusion of the permeating gases‬‬ ‫واﻻﻧﺘﺸـــﺎر ﻟﻠﻐـــﺎزات اﻟﻨـــــﺎﻓﺬة ﺧــــﻼل اﻟﻐﺸــــﺎء‬
‫‪through the polymer govern the transport‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻜـــﻢ ﻓـــﻲ ﺁﻟﻴـــــﺔ اﻟﺤﺮآــــﺔ ﺧــــﻼل اﻟﻐﺸــــﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪mechanism through the membrane. The‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳـــﺔ واﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻳـــــﺔ هﻤــــﺎ ﻣــــﻦ ﺧﺼــــﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫‪permeability‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪selectivity‬‬ ‫‪are‬‬
‫‪characteristics of the polymer.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺸـــﺎء‪.‬‬

‫‪Advantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤــــﻴﺰات‬
‫‪Simple, no moving parts, hence‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴـــﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﻴـــﺲ ﺑـــــﻬﺎ أﺟــــﺰاء ﻣﺘﺤﺮآــــﺔ‬
‫‪low operator attention required‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘــﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺤﺘــﺎج ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒــﺔ أﻗـــﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪Likely to have high availability‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ دون ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ‪..‬‬
‫‪No losses‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴــﺲ هﻨــﺎك ﻓـــﺎﻗﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Environmentally clean‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﻔــﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴــــﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Expected to be flexible where‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻧـــﺔ ﻣـــﻦ ﺣﻴـــﺚ أﻧـــﻪ ﻳﻤﻜـــﻦ زﻳـــــﺎدة‬

‫‪incremental increases in capacity can‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣــﺪات ﺑﺴــــﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪be “bolted on”.‬‬

‫‪Disadvantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴـــﻮب‬
‫‪Unproven technology‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴــﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺜــﺔ ﻏــــﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺘـــﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪High equipment weight‬‬
‫وزن ﻣﻌـــﺪات آﺒـــــﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪The cost appears to be high‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘــﺎج ﻟــﺮأس ﻣــﺎل آﺒـــﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪Requires a sweep gas - if‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴــــﺘﻬﻠﻚ آﻤﻴــــﺔ آﺒــــﻴﺮة ﻣــــﻦ اﻟﻐــــــﺎز‬
‫‪dehydration membranes are not used‬‬
‫‪then a significant quantity of inert gas‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺴـــﺢ وإذا ﻟـــــﻢ ﺗﺴــــﺘﻌﻤﻞ آﻤﻴــــﺔ آﺒــــﻴﺮة‬
‫‪would be required.‬‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﻏــﺎز ﺧــﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪Obaiyed Training Manual‬‬ ‫‪Section 8-Page 5‬‬

 ‫‪Typical Gas Processes‬‬

‫‪Glycol Injection‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘــﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜــــﻮل‬

‫‪A solution of approximately 80 wt %‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘــــﻢ ﺣﻘــــﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜــــﻮل اﻷﺣــــﺎدي أو اﻟﺜﻨـــــﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪MEG or DEG is injected into the gas‬‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮآـــﻴﺰ ﺣﻮاﻟـــــﻲ ‪ %٨٠‬ﺑــــﺎﻟﻮزن ﻓــــﻲ ﺗﻴــــﺎر‬
‫‪stream on the inlet to the gas / gas‬‬
‫اﻟﻐـــﺎز ﻗﺒـــﻞ اﻟﻤﺒـــﺪل اﻟﺤـــﺮاري ﻟﻠﻐـــﺎز وﻗﺒـــــﻞ‬
‫‪exchanger and in the inlet to the turbo-‬‬
‫‪expander. The rate injected is sufficient‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤـــﺪد اﻟﺘﻮرﺑﻴﻨـــﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺠـــــﺐ أن ﻳﻜــــﻮن ﻣﻌــــﺪل‬
‫‪to give a solution concentration of 60 wt‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘــــﻦ آــــــﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﻌﻄـــــﻲ ﻣﺤﻠـــــﻮل ﺑﺘﺮآـــــﻴﺰ‬
‫‪% in the LTS. The NGL and MEG/DEG‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﻟـــﻲ ‪ %٦٠‬ﺑـــﺎﻟﻮزن ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻔـــﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺒــــﺎرد‪.‬‬
‫‪solution is heated to around 30ºC and the‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘـــﻢ ﺗﺴـــﺨﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔـــﺎت واﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜـــﻮل ﻟﺤﻮاﻟـــــﻲ‬
‫‪MEG/DEG solution separated by gravity‬‬ ‫‪ ٣٠‬درﺟـــﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳـــﺔ ﺛـــﻢ ﻳﺘـــﻢ ﻓﺼـــﻞ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜــــﻮل‬
‫‪in a vessel with 15-20 minutes residence‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴــﺔ ﻓــﻲ وﻋــــﺎء‪ .‬ﻳﺘـــﻢ اﻣـــﺮار اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔـــﺎت‬
‫‪time. A coalescer is provided on the‬‬
‫‪NGL stream to minimise losses of glycol‬‬ ‫ﻣـــﻦ ﺧـــﻼل ﺣﺰﻣـــﺔ أﻟـــﻮاح ﻟﻠﺤﺼـــــﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴــــﻞ‬
‫‪in the hydrocarbons. With a coalescer,‬‬ ‫ﻣـــﻦ ﻓـــﺎﻗﺪ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜـــﻮل ﻓـــــﻲ اﻟــــﻬﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪losses in the condensate will be similar‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳـــــﺘﻌﻤﺎل أﻟـــــﻮاح اﻟﺤﺼـــــﺮ ﻳﻜـــــﻮن ﻓــــــﺎﻗﺪ‬
‫‪to losses in the gas.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜـــﻮل ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔـــﺎت ﻣﺜـــﻞ اﻟﻔـــــﺎﻗﺪ ﻣــــﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻐـــﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘــــﻢ اﺳــــﺘﻌﺎدة ﻣﺤﻠــــﻮل اﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜــــﻮل ﺑﻮاﺳـــــﻄﺔ ‪The glycol solution is regenerated in a‬‬
‫ﻧﻈــــﺎم اﻻﺳــــﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴــــﺪي اﻟﻤﺘﻜــــﻮن ﻣـــــﻦ ‪conventional glycol regeneration system‬‬
‫‪comprising heat exchangers, flash drum,‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒــــﺪﻻت اﻟﺤﺮارﻳــــــﺔ‪ ،‬اﻷوﻋﻴـــــﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺒﺨـــــﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪reboiler, surge drum, pumps and filters.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨــﺎت وأوﻋﻴــــﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴـــﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Advantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬
‫‪Does not require a large contactor‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﺒﺮج ﺗﻼﻣﺲ آﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫‪column‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع أﻗﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫‪Lower regeneration temperature‬‬
‫‪would allow hot oil to be used‬‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ آﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ‬

‫‪Does not require stripping gas‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪ‬

‫‪Lower fuel consumption than TEG‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﻮﻗﻮد أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ‪.‬‬
‫‪contactor‬‬
‫ﻗﺪرة اﻣﺘﺼﺎص أﻗـﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒـﺎت اﻷروﻣﺎﺗﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪Substantially lower adsorption of‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻮل اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪BTEX compared to TEG.‬‬

‫‪Obaiyed Training Manual‬‬ ‫‪Section 8-Page 6‬‬

 ‫‪Typical Gas Processes‬‬

‫‪Disadvantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴـــﻮب‬
‫‪Requires‬‬ ‫‪large‬‬ ‫‪vessel‬‬ ‫‪for‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘــﺎج ﻟﻮﻋــــﺎء ﻓﺼـــﻞ آﺒـــﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﻴﻜـــﻮل‬
‫‪glycol/NGL separation and an NGL‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔــﺎت وﺣﺰﻣــﺔ أﻟــــﻮاح ﻟﻠﺤﺼـــﺮ‬
‫‪coalescer‬‬

‫‪Higher glycol losses than a TEG‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌــــﺪل ﻓﻘــــﺪ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﻴﻜــــﻮل أﻋﻠــــﻲ ﻣـــــﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘـــﺔ اﻟﺘﻼﻣـــﺲ ﺧﺎﺻـــﺔ ﻋﻨـــﺪ درﺟـــــﺎت ‪contactor, especially if the LTS‬‬
‫‪temperature is above 0ºC‬‬ ‫ﺣــﺮارة أﻋﻠــــﻲ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﺼﻔـــﺮ اﻟﻤﺌـــﻮي ﻓـــﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻔــﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺒـــﺎرد‪.‬‬

‫‪Obaiyed Training Manual‬‬ ‫‪Section 8-Page 7‬‬

 Typical Gas Processes

Gas Hydrocar.bon ‫ﺗﺨﻔﻴــﺾ ﻧﻘﻄــﺔ اﻟﻨــﺪي ﻟﻠﻐـــﺎز‬

Dewpointing
Joule Thomson Valve ‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺟﻮل ﻃﻮﻣﺴﻮن‬

Sales Gas to Compression

Dry, Sweet Gas

Low Temperature Separator (LTS)
Gas-gas exchanger

Liquid to condensate

Dry process gas flows through a gas/gas ‫ﻳﺘـــﻢ اﻣـــﺮار اﻟﻐـــــﺎز اﻟﺠــــﺎف ﺧــــﻼل اﻟﻤﺒــــﺪل‬
heat exchanger in which it is cooled and ‫اﻟﺤــﺮاري ﺣﻴــﺚ ﻳﺘــﻢ ﺗــﺒﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺛــﻢ ﻳﺘــﻢ ﺗﺨﻔﻴــــﺾ‬
then the gas pressure is reduced across
‫ ﻳﺘـــﻢ‬.‫ﺿﻐﻄــﻪ ﺧــﻼل ﺻﻤــﺎم ﺟــــﻮل ﻃﻮﻣﺴـــﻮن‬
a JT valve. Liquid and gas are separated
in a low temperature separator and the ‫ﻓﺼــــﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔــــــﺎت واﻟﻐـــــﺎز ﻓـــــﻲ اﻟﻔـــــﺎﺻﻞ‬
cold gas flows through the gas/gas heat ‫اﻟﺒـــﺎرد ﺛـــﻢ ﻳﻤـــﺮ اﻟﻐـــﺎز ﻓـــﻲ أﻧـــﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺒــــﺪل‬
exchanger where it cools incoming warm .‫اﻟﺤــﺮاري ﻟﺘــﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻐــﺎز اﻟﺪاﺧــــﻞ‬
gas.

Obaiyed Training Manual Section 8-Page 8

 Typical Gas Processes

Advantages ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬
This method is simple to operate and ‫هـﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺳـﻬﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺸـﻐﻴﻞ وﻻ ﺗﺤﺘـــﺎج ﻷﺟــﻬﺰة‬
would not require rotating machinery to
.‫دوارة ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﺪي اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
meet the dewpoint specification.

Disadvantages ‫اﻟﻌﻴـــﻮب‬
The pressure drop required to provide ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟـــﺔ إﻟـــﻰ ﻓـــﺮق ﺿﻐـــﻂ آﺒـــﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺼـــــﻮل‬
adequate cooling in the low temperature
‫ﻋﻠــﻲ اﻟﺘــﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻄﻠــــﻮب ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻔـــﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺒـــﺎرد‬
separator (LTS) is very high, this in turn
leads to a very large recompression ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘـــﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺟـــﺔ إﻟـــﻰ ﻃﺎﻗـــﺔ أآـــﺒﺮ ﻹﻋـــــﺎدة‬
power demand. .‫اﻟﻀﻐـــﻂ‬

Obaiyed Training Manual Section 8-Page 9

 Typical Gas Processes

Mechanical Refrigeration ‫اﻟﺘـــﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜــــﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬

Sales Gas to
Compression

Low Temperature
Dry, Separator (LTS)
Chiller
Sweet
Gas

Gas-Gas
Exchanger
Refrigerant
Condenser

Refrigerant
Compressor

Liquid to
Condensate
Stabilisation

Dry process gas flows through a gas/gas ‫ﻳﺘـــﻢ اﻣـــﺮار اﻟﻐـــــﺎز اﻟﺠــــﺎف ﺧــــﻼل اﻟﻤﺒــــﺪل‬
heat exchanger in which it is cooled. The ‫اﻟﺤــﺮاري ﺣﻴــﺚ ﻳﺘــﻢ ﺗــﺒﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺛــــﻢ ﻳﺘـــﻢ اﻣـــﺮارﻩ‬
cool gas flows through a chiller and is
‫ﺧــــﻼل اﻟﻤــــﺒﺮد ﺣﻴــــﺚ ﻳﺘــــﻢ ﺗــــﺒﺮﻳﺪﻩ أآــــــﺜﺮ‬
further cooled against a refrigerant
stream. Liquid and gas are separated in ‫ ﻳﺘــــﻢ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒـــﺎدل ﻣـــﻊ ﺗﻴـــﺎر ﻣـــﻦ وﺳـــﻂ ﺑـــــﺎرد‬
a low temperature separator and the cold ‫ﻓﺼــــﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔــــــﺎت واﻟﻐـــــﺎز ﻓـــــﻲ اﻟﻔـــــﺎﺻﻞ‬
gas flows through the gas/gas heat ‫اﻟﺒـــﺎرد ﺛـــﻢ ﻳﻤـــﺮ اﻟﻐـــﺎز ﻓـــﻲ أﻧـــﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺒــــﺪل‬
exchanger where it cools incoming warm .‫اﻟﺤــﺮاري ﻟﺘــﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻐــﺎز اﻟﺪاﺧــــﻞ‬
gas.

Obaiyed Training Manual Section 8-Page 10

 Typical Gas Processes

Advantages ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬
small pressure drop for the gas ‫ﻓﺮق ﺿﻐﻂ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز‬
stream
‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﺪات ﻣﻌﻘﺪة وﻻ أﺟـﺰاء ﻣﺘﺤﺮآـﺔ‬
no complex equipment and no
moving parts in the gas stream ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز‬

Disadvantages ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬
limited temperature drop ‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﺮق ﺣﺮارة آﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
achievable with propane which is the
‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺑﺎن وهﻮ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬
most common refrigerant

frequent requirement for make-up ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺰود ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺒﺮدة ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
due to losses through the compressor ‫ﻳﺘـﻢ ﻓﻘﺪهـــﺎ ﻣــﻦ ﺧــﻼل ﻣﻮاﻧــﻊ اﻟﺘﺴــﺮب ﻓــﻲ‬
seals ‫اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ‬
response to gas transients is low ‫اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮوف اﻟﻐﺎز‬
cannot be used if the gas pressure ‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن‬
is greater than the residue gas
‫ﺿﻐـﻂ اﻟﻐـﺎز أﻋﻠـﻲ ﻣـﻦ أﻋﻠـﻲ ﺿﻐـــﻂ ﻟﻠﻐــﺎز‬
cricondenbar
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‬

Obaiyed Training Manual Section 8-Page 11

 Typical Gas Processes

JT Valve Plus Mechanical ‫ﺻﻤـــﺎم ﺟـــﻮل ﻃﻮﻣﺴـــــﻮن ﻣــــﻊ اﻟﺘــــﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬

Refrigeration ‫اﻟﻤﻴﻜــــﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬

Sales Gas to
Compress ion

Low Temperature
Dry , Separator (LTS)
Chiller
Sweet
Gas J-T Valve

Gas -Gas
Exc hanger
Refrigerant
Condens er

Refrigerant
Compress or

Liqu id t o
C onden sat e
Stabilisation

Dry process gas flows through a gas/gas ‫ﻳﺘـــﻢ اﻣـــﺮار اﻟﻐـــــﺎز اﻟﺠــــﺎف ﺧــــﻼل اﻟﻤﺒــــﺪل‬
heat exchanger in which it is cooled. The ‫اﻟﺤــﺮاري ﺣﻴــﺚ ﻳﺘــﻢ ﺗــﺒﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺛــــﻢ ﻳﺘـــﻢ اﻣـــﺮارﻩ‬
cool gas flows through a chiller and is
‫ﺧــــﻼل اﻟﻤــــﺒﺮد ﺣﻴــــﺚ ﻳﺘــــﻢ ﺗــــﺒﺮﻳﺪﻩ أآــــــﺜﺮ‬
further cooled against a refrigerant
stream. The chilled gas pressure is ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒــﺎدل ﻣــﻊ ﺗﻴــﺎر ﻣــﻦ وﺳــــﻂ ﺑـــﺎرد ﺛـــﻢ ﻳﺘـــﻢ‬
reduced across a JT valve. Liquid and ‫ﺗﺨﻔﻴــــﺾ ﺿﻐــــﻂ اﻟﻐـــــﺎز اﻟﺒـــــﺎرد ﺑﻮاﺳـــــﻄﺔ‬
gas are separated in a low temperature ‫ ﻳﺘـــــﻢ ﻓﺼــــــﻞ‬.‫ﺻﻤـــــﺎم ﺟـــــﻮل ﻃﻮﻣﺴـــــﻮن‬
separator and the cold gas flows through ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔـــﺎت واﻟﻐـــﺎز ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻔـــﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺒـــﺎرد ﺛـــــﻢ‬
the gas/gas heat exchanger where it ‫ﻳﻤـــﺮ اﻟﻐـــﺎز ﻓـــﻲ أﻧـــﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺒـــــﺪل اﻟﺤــــﺮاري‬
cools incoming warm gas.
.‫ﻟﺘــﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻐــﺎز اﻟﺪاﺧـــﻞ‬

Obaiyed Training Manual Section 8-Page 12

 Typical Gas Processes

Advantages ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬
The recompression requirements ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أﻗــﻞ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
are smaller than for the option without
‫ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻣﺒﺮد ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜــﻮن اﻟﻀﻐـﻂ اﻟﺨـﺎرج‬
a chiller since the required J-T valve
outlet pressure is higher. .‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﻤﺎم ﺟﻮل ﻃﻮﻣﺴﻮن أﻋﻠﻲ‬

Disadvantages ‫اﻟﻌﻴـــﻮب‬
Additional equipment is required for the ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟــﺔ إﻟــﻰ ﻣﻌــﺪات إﺿﺎﻓﻴــــﺔ ﻣﻤـــﺎ ﻳﺴـــﺘﻮﺟﺐ‬
refrigeration system which imposes
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒــــﺎت ﻟﻠﺼﻴﺎﻧــــﺔ وﺗﺸــــﻐﻴﻞ أآــــﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴـــــﺪا‬
additional maintenance requirements
and greater operational complexity. ‫آﻤـــﺎ أن ﺗﺨﺰﻳـــﻦ اﻟﻤـــﺎدة اﻟﻤـــﺒﺮدة ﻳﺰﻳـــــﺪ ﻣــــﻦ‬
Storage of refrigerant may also increase .‫اﻟﺨﻄــﻮرة ﻓــﻲ ﺗﺴــﻬﻴﻼت اﻹﻧﺘــــﺎج‬
the hazard potential of the plant.

Obaiyed Training Manual Section 8-Page 13

 Typical Gas Processes

Turbo-Expansion ‫اﻟﻤﻤــﺪد اﻟﺘﻮرﺑﻴﻨــــﻲ‬

KO
D rum R ec ompressor
D ry,
Sw eet
Gas
Gas-Gas Expander Sales Gas to
Exc hanger C ompres sion

Low T emperature
Separator (LTS)

Liquid to
C ondensate
Stabilisation

Dry process gas flows through a gas/gas ‫ﻳﺘـــﻢ اﻣـــﺮار اﻟﻐـــــﺎز اﻟﺠــــﺎف ﺧــــﻼل اﻟﻤﺒــــﺪل‬
heat exchanger in which it is cooled. The ‫ ﻳﺘــــﻢ اﻣــــﺮار‬.‫اﻟﺤـــﺮاري ﺣﻴـــﺚ ﻳﺘـــﻢ ﺗـــــﺒﺮﻳﺪﻩ‬
cool gas flows through a knock- out drum
‫اﻟﻐــــﺎز اﻟﺒــــﺎرد ﻣــــﻦ ﺧــــﻼل وﻋــــﺎء ﻓﺼــــــﻞ‬
to remove condensed liquids and then
the gas flows through an expander ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔـــﺎت وﻳﻤـــﺮ اﻟﻐـــﺎز ﻣـــﻦ ﺧـــﻼل اﻟﻤﻤــــﺪد‬
turbine. Work is extracted from the gas ‫ ﻳﺘــــﻢ اﺳــــﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﺸــــــﻐﻞ ﻣـــــﻦ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻮرﺑﻴﻨــــﻲ‬
within the expander and the gas ‫اﻟﻐــﺎز ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻤﻤــــﺪد وﺗﻨﺨﻔـــﺾ درﺟـــﺔ ﺣـــﺮارة‬
pressure and temperature both ‫ ﻳﻤـــﺮ اﻟﻐـــــﺎز اﻟﺒــــﺎرد ﻋﻠــــﻲ‬.‫وﺿﻐـــﻂ اﻟﻐـــﺎز‬
decrease. The low pressure fluid flows ‫اﻟﻔـــﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺒـــــﺎرد ﺣﻴــــﺚ ﻳﺘــــﻢ ﻓﺼــــﻞ اﻟﻐــــﺎز‬
from the expander into the low
‫واﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔــــﺎت ﺛــــﻢ ﻳﻤــــﺮ اﻟﻐــــﺎز ﻓــــﻲ أﻧـــــﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬
temperature separator where liquids are
removed and then the cold gas flows ‫اﻟﻤﺒــﺪل اﻟﺤــﺮاري ﻟﺘــــﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻐـــﺎز اﻟﺪاﺧـــﻞ ﻗﺒـــﻞ‬
through the gas/gas exchanger, cooling ‫ ﻳﺘـــــﻢ اﺳـــــﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺸــــــﻐﻞ‬.‫إﻋـــــﺎدة ﺿﻐﻄـــــﻪ‬
incoming warm gas. The gas is then ‫اﻟﻤﺴــــﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣــــﻦ اﻟﻐــــﺎز ﺑﻮاﺳــــﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻤــــــﺪد‬
recompressed for export. The work .‫ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻴــﻞ ﻋﻤــﻮد اﻟﺤﺮآــــﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀـــﺎﻏﻂ‬
extracted from the gas by the expander
is used to drive the expander
recompressor.

Obaiyed Training Manual Section 8-Page 14

 Typical Gas Processes

Advantages ‫اﻟﻤﻤــــﻴﺰات‬
The availability of the equipment is ‫اﻟﻘــــــﺪرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴــــــﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻤــــــﺎد ﻋﻠـــــــﻲ‬
very high.
‫اﻟﻤﻌـــﺪات‬
The operation is largely unmanned
(except for periodic performance ‫ﻳﻤﻜـــﻦ اﻟﺘﺸـــﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﻮاﺳـــﻄﺔ ﻋـــــﺪد ﻗﻠﻴــــﻞ‬
monitoring requirements). ‫ﺟـﺪا ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻤﺸــﻐﻠﻴﻦ‬

The process is more energy ‫هـــﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـــﺔ ﻣﻮﻓـــــﺮة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗــــﺔ وﺗﻘﻠــــﻞ‬

efficient, reducing hydrocarbon losses ‫اﻟﻔـــﺎﻗﺪ ﻣـــــﻦ اﻟــــﻬﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت ﻻﺳــــﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬
to fuel required for power generation. .‫آﻮﻗـــﻮد‬

Obaiyed Training Manual Section 8-Page 15

 Typical Gas Processes

Condensate Stabilisation ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴــﺖ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔــــﺎت‬

Flash Stabilisation ‫اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

F lash G as
to C om press ion
Liquids let dow n
from high pres sure
H eatin g M edium
s ource s
Supply /Return

Sec ond Stag e

Separa tor
F lash G as
to C om press ion
Liq-liq
Ex cha nger

H eater

F lash D rum

C ondens ate
to s tora ge

Liquids from the high pressure sources ‫ﻳﺘـــﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴـــﻊ اﻟﺴـــﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻤﺼـــﺎدر ﻋﺎﻟﻴـــــﺔ‬
are collected and flashed in the second ‫اﻟﻀﻐــﻂ ﺛــــﻢ ﻳﺨﻔـــﺾ ﺿﻐﻄـــﻬﺎ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠـــﺔ‬
stage separator. The liquid from this
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴــــﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼــــﻞ ﺛــــﻢ ﻳﺘﺪﻓــــﻖ اﻟﺴــــــﺎﺋﻞ ﻣـــــﻦ‬
vessel then flows through a liquid/liquid
heat exchanger in which the incoming ‫اﻟﻔــــﺎﺻﻞ ﻣــــــﻦ ﺧـــــﻼل اﻟﻤﺒـــــﺪل اﻟﺤـــــﺮاري‬
liquid is heated. The warm liquid then .‫ﻟﻠﺴــﻮاﺋﻞ ﺣﻴــﺚ ﻳﺘــﻢ ﺗﺴــــﺨﻴﻦ اﻟﺴـــﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻐـــﺬي‬
flows through a heater, which further ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ ﺗﺴــﺨﻴﻦ اﻟﺴــــﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺪاﻓـــﺊ ﺑﻮاﺳـــﻄﺔ ﺳـــﺨﺎن‬
raises the liquid temperature and causes ‫ﻟﺮﻓـــــﻊ درﺟـــــﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗـــــﻪ ﺑﻐـــــﺮض ﻓﺼــــــﻞ‬
light components to flash off in a ‫ ﻳﺘــــﻢ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧـــﺎت اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔـــﺔ ﻓـــﻲ ﻓـــﺎﺻﻞ ﺁﺧـــــﺮ‬
downstream flash vessel. Flashed gas is
‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴــــﻊ اﻟﻐــــﺎز وﺿﻐﻄــــﻪ وإﻋﺎدﺗــــــﻪ ﻟﻨﻈـــــﺎم‬
recovered by compression and returned
to the gas processing system. The hot ‫ اﻟﺴـــــﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺴـــــﺎﺧﻦ ﻣـــــــﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠـــــﺔ اﻟﻐـــــﺎز‬
liquid from the flash vessel flows through ‫اﻟﻔــﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺜــﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺘـــﻢ ﺗـــﺒﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮاﺳـــﻄﺔ اﻟﺴـــﺎﺋﻞ‬
the liquid/liquid exchanger where it is ‫اﻟﻤﻐــﺬي ﻗﺒــﻞ ﺗﺪﻓﻘــﻪ إﻟــــﻰ ﻣﺴـــﺘﻮدﻋﺎت ﺗﺨﺰﻳـــﻦ‬
cooled against incoming cool liquid. .‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔــــﺎت‬
Cooled liquid flows to condensate
product storage.

Obaiyed Training Manual Section 8-Page 16

 Typical Gas Processes

Advantages ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬
Simplicity of operation and of equipment ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ وﻣﻌﺪات ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ آﺒﻴﺮة‬
with consequent low capital costs.

Disadvantages ‫اﻟﻌﻴـﻮب‬
Large recycle flows are required because ‫ﻓﺼـــﻞ ﻏــــﻴﺮ ﺗــــﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻮﻧــــﺎت اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔــــﺔ ﻣــــﻦ‬
the separation of light ends from the
.‫اﻟﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻤــﺎ ﻳﻨﺘــﺞ ﻋﻨــﻪ دورة ﺳــﺮﻳﺎن آﺒـــﻴﺮة‬
liquid is very coarse.

Obaiyed Training Manual Section 8-Page 17

 Typical Gas Processes

Column with External Reflux ‫ﺑــﺮج ﺗﺜﺒﻴــﺖ ﺑﺈﻋــﺎدة ﺧﺎرﺟﻴـــﺔ‬

Flash Gas to
Gas to Re-Compression
Re-Compression
Liquids Let-down

From high pressure

sources

LTS Liquids and

Reflux
Second Stage
Separator Column

Reboiler
Condensate to Heating Medium
Storage
Supply & Return
Cooler

Liquids from the high pressure sources ‫ﻳﺘـــﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴـــﻊ اﻟﺴـــﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻤﺼـــﺎدر ﻋﺎﻟﻴـــــﺔ‬
are collected and flashed in the second ‫اﻟﻀﻐــﻂ ﺛــــﻢ ﻳﺨﻔـــﺾ ﺿﻐﻄـــﻬﺎ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠـــﺔ‬
stage separator. The liquid from this
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴــــﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼــــﻞ ﺛــــﻢ ﻳﺘﺪﻓــــﻖ اﻟﺴــــــﺎﺋﻞ ﻣـــــﻦ‬
vessel then flows into a trayed column.
Liquid from the dewpoint unit low .‫اﻟﻔــﺎﺻﻞ إﻟــﻰ ﺑــﺮج ﻟﻠﺘﺜﺒﻴــــﺖ ﻣـــﺰود ﺑﺼﻮاﻧـــﻲ‬
temperature separator is used to provide ‫اﻟﺴـــﺎﺋﻞ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻔـــﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺒـــﺎرد ﻳﺘـــﻢ اﺳـــــﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬
a reflux stream to the column and ‫آﺘﻴـــﺎر إﻋـــﺎدة ﻟﻠـــﺒﺮج وﻳﺘـــﻢ ﺗﺴـــﺨﻴﻦ ﺳـــــﻮاﺋﻞ‬
bottoms liquid is heated in a reboiler to ‫اﻟﻘــــﺎع ﻓــــﻲ ﻣﺒﺨــــﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺼــــﻮل ﻋﻠــــﻲ ﺗﻴـــــﺎر‬
provide vapour flow up the column. ..‫اﻟﺒﺨــﺎر ﺑﺪاﺧــﻞ اﻟـــﺒﺮج‬

Obaiyed Training Manual Section 8-Page 18

 ‫‪Typical Gas Processes‬‬

‫‪Advantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤــــﻴﺰات‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜــﻢ اﻟﺠﻴــــﺪ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻀﻐـــﻂ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘـــﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺨـــﺎر ‪Good control over condensate TVP is‬‬
‫‪possible‬‬ ‫‪without‬‬ ‫‪high‬‬ ‫‪recycle‬‬
‫ﺑــﺪون اﻟﺤﺎﺟــﺔ اﻟــﻲ دورة آﺒــــﻴﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪requirements.‬‬

‫‪Disadvantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴـــﻮب‬
‫‪The light components which flash‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧـﺎت اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔـﺔ اﻟﺘـــﻲ ﻳﺘــﻢ ﻓﺼﻠــﻬﺎ ﻓــﻲ‬
‫‪off the LTS liquids in the top of the‬‬
‫اﻟﻔـﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺒـﺎرد ﻳﺘـﻢ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘـﻬﺎ إﻟـﻰ أﻋﻠـﻲ اﻟــﺒﺮج‬
‫‪column are mixed with the heavier‬‬
‫‪molecular weight‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘـــــﻰ ﺗﺨﺘﻠـــــــﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴــــــﺎرات ذات اﻷوزان ‪stream being‬‬
‫‪stripped from the condensate‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠـﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺰوﻋـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺜﻔـــﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪The use of LTS liquid to provide‬‬ ‫اﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺳـﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﻔـــﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺒــﺎرد آﺮاﺟــﻊ‬
‫‪column reflux links‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ راﺑﻄـﺔ ﺑﻴـــﻦ أﺟــﺰاء ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠــﺔ اﻟﺴــﻮاﺋﻞ ‪the liquid‬‬
‫وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ اﻟﻐـﺎزات ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﻌﻘـــﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎت ﺑﺪاﻳــﺔ ‪processing to the gas side processing‬‬
‫‪in a way which complicates start-up‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺸـﻐﻴﻞ واﻟﺘﺸــﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪and operation.‬‬

‫‪Obaiyed Training Manual‬‬ ‫‪Section 8-Page 19‬‬

 ‫‪Typical Gas Processes‬‬

‫ﺑــــﺮج ﺗﺜﺒﻴــــﺖ ﺑﺘﻐﺬﻳــــﺔ ﻋﻠــــﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴـــــﺔ ‪Column with Feed to the Top‬‬
‫‪Tray‬‬ ‫اﻷوﻟـــﻲ‬
‫‪Liquids from the high pressure sources‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘـــﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴـــﻊ اﻟﺴـــﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻤﺼـــﺎدر ﻋﺎﻟﻴـــــﺔ‬
‫‪are collected and flashed in the second‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐــﻂ ﺛــــﻢ ﻳﺨﻔـــﺾ ﺿﻐﻄـــﻬﺎ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠـــﺔ‬
‫‪stage separator. The liquid from this‬‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴــــﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼــــﻞ ﺛــــﻢ ﻳﺘﺪﻓــــﻖ اﻟﺴــــــﺎﺋﻞ ﻣـــــﻦ‬
‫‪vessel then flows to the top tray of a‬‬
‫‪column where vapour is flashed off and‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔـــﺎﺻﻞ إﻟـــﻰ ﺑـــﺮج ﻟﻠﺘﺜﺒﻴـــﺖ ﻋﻨــــﺪ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴــــﺔ‬
‫‪the remaining liquid flows down the‬‬ ‫اﻷوﻟــﻲ ﺣﻴــﺚ ﻳﻨﻔﺼــﻞ اﻟﻐــــﺎز وﻳﺘﺪﻓـــﻖ اﻟﺴـــﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫‪column. Column bottoms liquid is heated‬‬ ‫إﻟــﻰ أﺳــﻔﻞ‪ .‬اﻟﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻔــــﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺒـــﺎرد ﻳﺘـــﻢ‬
‫‪in a reboiler to provide vapour flow up‬‬ ‫اﺳــﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ آﺘﻴــﺎر إﻋــــﺎدة ﻟﻠـــﺒﺮج وﻳﺘـــﻢ ﺗﺴـــﺨﻴﻦ‬
‫‪the column. A side reboiler is provided‬‬ ‫ﺳـــﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﻘـــﺎع ﻓـــﻲ ﻣﺒﺨـــــﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺼــــﻮل ﻋﻠــــﻲ‬
‫‪to reduce overhead vapour flow and the‬‬
‫ﺗﻴــﺎر اﻟﺒﺨــﺎر ﺑﺪاﺧـــﻞ اﻟـــﺒﺮج‪.‬اﻟﻤﺒﺨـــﺮ اﻟﺠـــﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
‫‪reboiler duty.‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻠــﻞ ﻣــﻦ ﺳــﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﺒﺨــﺎر اﻟﻌﻠــﻮي ‪.‬‬
‫‪Advantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤــــﻴﺰات‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜـــﻢ اﻟﺠﻴـــﺪ ﻟﻠﻀﻐـــﻂ اﻟﺒﺨـــﺎري ﻣـــﻊ آﻤﻴــــﺔ ‪Good control over condensate TVP is‬‬
‫‪possible with lower off-gas recycle‬‬
‫أﻗـﻞ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻐــﺎز اﻟﺮاﺟــﻊ ﻣﻤــﺎ ﻳﻌﻨــﻲ ﻃﺎﻗــﺔ أﻗــﻞ‬
‫‪requirements and thus lower off-gas‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮاﻏـــﻂ‪ .‬اﻟـــﺒﺮج ﻏـــــﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺼــــﻞ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴــــﺎت ‪compression power consumption. The‬‬
‫‪operation of the column is disengaged‬‬ ‫أﺧـﺮي ﻓـــﻲ ﻣﺤﻄــﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠــﺔ اﻟﻐــﺎز‪.‬‬
‫‪from the operation of the gas processing‬‬
‫‪systems.‬‬

‫‪Disadvantages‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴـــﻮب‬
‫‪No significant disadvantages identified.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟــﺪ ﻋﻴــﻮب ﻇــــﺎهﺮة‪.‬‬

‫‪Obaiyed Training Manual‬‬ ‫‪Section 8-Page 20‬‬