Republic of the Philippines

University of Southeastern Philippines

MINIATURE POWER SYSTEM SUBSTATION

Submitted by:
Bancale, John Khristian
Banguis, Wendylyn
Bantolinao, Johnno
Bartolare, Jaymark
Bumanlag, Anthony
Calaque, Jevan
Cuarto, Albert
Guarin, Jay Wilfred
Paule, Jason
Villarte, Merilee
Floirendo G. Pana
Submitted to:
Engr. Johnrey P. llana
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1-Introduction

Chapter 2-Review and Related Literature

Chapter 3-Methodology

Chapter 4- Presentation, Analysis & Interpretation of Data

Chapter 5-Conclusions and Recommendations

INTRODUCTION

I. Background of the Study

Electrical networks, machines and equipments are often subjected to various types

of faults while they are in operation. When a fault occurs, the characteristic values (such

as impedance) of the machines may change from existing values to different values till the

fault is cleared.

There may be lot of probabilities of faults to appear in the power system network,

including lighting, wind, tree falling on lines, apparatus failure, etc. A fault in an electric

power system can be defined as , any abnormal condition of the system that involves the

electrical failure of the equipment, such as , transformers, generators, busbars, etc. The

fault inception also involves in insulation failures and conducting path failures which

results short circuit and open circuit of conductors.

Under normal or safe operating conditions, the electric equipments in a power

system network operate at normal voltage and current ratings. Once the fault takes place in

a circuit or device, voltage and current values deviates from their nominal ranges. The

faults in power system causes over current, under voltage, unbalance of the phases,

reversed power and high voltage surges. This results in the interruption of the normal

operation of the network, failure of equipments, electrical fires, etc.

equipments such as circuit breakers and relays in order to limit the loss of service due to

the electrical failures.

Electrical faults in three-phase power system mainly classified into two types,

namely open and short circuit faults. Further, these faults can be symmetrical or

unsymmetrical faults. Let us discuss these faults in detail. These faults occur due to the

failure of one or more conductors. The figure below illustrates the open circuit faults for

single, two and three phases (or conductors) open condition. The most common causes of

these faults include joint failures of cables and overhead lines, and failure of one or more

phase of circuit breaker and also due to melting of a fuse or conductor in one or more

phases. Open circuit faults are also called as series faults. These are unsymmetrical or

unbalanced type of faults except three phase open fault.

II. Statement of the Problem

This Research have the following problems;

1. Does your research really applicable to real life situation?

2. Does your project will stand able during real-life disaster phenomena?

3. What are the materials used in your project, is it expensive or alternative?

III. Significance of the Study

This research is significant through this following;

1. It will help society to their daily lives, a sort of awareness

greater power losses.

IV. Purpose of the Study

The goal of this study is to;

1. Overcome the difficulty of having poor protective devices, especially in the

field of power distribution.

2. Discovers a new idea of protective devices

V. Scope and Limitations

This research is limited and has a scope as the following;

1. The Location /Areas are only here in Bislig City

2. It is a miniature design, only a representation of the actual design

3. This project is only reliable to specific power supply

VI. Definition of Terms

Faults- is an abnormal condition, caused by equipment failures such as transformers and

rotating machines.

Power- is the rate of doing work or transferring heat, the amount of energy transferred or

converted per unit time

Cut-off- is a boundary in a system's frequency response at which energy flowing through

the system.

Distribution- is the final stage in the delivery of electricpower; it carries electricity from

the transmission system to individual consumers

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

At the present time, along with the development of the Internet, automation

becomes a very interesting theme to debate. This paper discusses the development

of automation system for residential electricity cut off using network based embedded

controller. Nowadays, various type of device for home residential electricity works

dependently on human to control signals to reset the state of input. Based on this

situation, it becomes an extrinsic motivation to develop an automated system for

residential electricity device. The system consists of an embedded device to control

power supply main switch and update the data into data centre. The users able to view

updated power consumption as well as billing information in the provider web services.

Cut-off warning message is send to users via email and short message services. The

system helps the electricity provider to reduce the operation cost as the system could

cut off electricity automatically when the usage limit is exceeded. ( 2012 International

Conference on Computer & Information Science (ICCIS))

Droop control method has been widely applied to achieve equal power sharing

among distributed generations in microgrids. In practice, low-pass filters are usually

required to mitigate the harmonics and noises in the calculated instantaneous power

and obtain the average power used for the generation of frequency and voltage

references. Unfortunately, the design of low-pass filters has not been studied

systematically in the existing research. This paper, by proposing a small-signal model

of the droop controlled system, analyzes the effects of the low-pass filters on system

stability and provides a design method for an optimal cutoff frequency. The
effectiveness of the proposed design method is verified by simulations. ( 2017 IEEE

3rd International Future Energy Electronics Conference and ECCE Asia (IFEEC 2017

- ECCE Asia))

The transmission grid is often already described as "smart" because, among other

things, it is operated with the extensive use of continuous monitoring and control

mechanisms. In contrast, there is little or no monitoring of load or power flow in the low

voltage part of the system, and grid operators have only limited opportunity to adapt the

grid to prevailing conditions in real time. Consequently, the transition to so-called "Smart

Grids" is much more demanding for the distribution grid system. Nevertheless, it is here

that the changes are taking place and where the greater part of the infrastructure exists.

(SINTEF, 2017)
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This research is an experimental type of research. The purpose of this research is

proposal for the improvement of the power control system and protective measurements

here in Philippines. This chapter is all about Methodology states the process we

conducted to make this research valid and reliable.

I. Instrumentations/Materials

Relay

12 DC Volts power supply

9 volts battery

Copper Wires

PCB Generic

Resistors

II. Procedures

1. Preparations of materials needed for the design.

2. Sold the electronics components to the circuit.

3. Test the device if its working

4. Finished Products.
III. Assumptions

This research paper has the following assumptions;

1. The Materials are alternatives and components used was not enough to

protect the system at certain power level.

2. This Design is just a miniature design of what researcher’s design for actual

situation.

3. Common protective devices are usually improve to higher levels

IV. Locale of the Study

This research is conducted, experimented and tested here in Bislig City. Materials

and Components was been purchased also here in Bislig City.

V. Block Diagram
 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

I. Presentation of Data

Researchers gathered the following data and presented as shown in the Table1

(Shown Below).

VOLTAGE LEVELS RESPONSE (LED)

3V CUTOFF YES

6V CUTOFF YES

9V CUTOFF YES

12V CUTOFF YES

II. Interpretation of Data

The cutoff of system at any voltage level will help the system to maintain protective

but still has a feedback that is the light Emitting Diode Still Responsing Even the power is

cutoff.
III. Analysis of Data

The system is made up of resistor, power supply, Relay LED. The Relay detects

the current passing by and sent them to the system back again (Feedback System) which

later reacts the whole system to cut off but still there is a certain outputs.
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

I. Summary

This research is all about power system automatic cutoff designed to determine the

protect the whole system at unnecessary power level. Relay as the main protective devices

reacts and send feedback to the system to cutoff.

II. Conclusions

This research is really applicable to real-life situation. This project may not be a

stand-able during real-life d phenomena but is represents the whole or the most actual

design applicable for it. This project only uses less expensive and alternatives materials

that makes it more reliable.

III. Recommendations

We Researchers have more recommendations for the further improvement of this

project, we recommended

Researchers, to Research more about this Power system automatic cutoff project

for a further improvement of this research.

Teachers, to have this project as part of their syllabus. As a learning profit for their

students.

Students, to have an advance research of this project. That will help for further

improvement