Ministry of Education

Colegio laboral particular de Oriente

English work

Belonging to:

Sergio Mendoza

Teacher:

Group
6B

School year
2018
 index

introduction

content

 Solar system
 Origin of the Solar System
 How is it formed?
 A new star neighbor?
 How can other planets be discovered outside the solar system?
 Giant planets

conclusion

bibliography
 Introduction

The Solar System is one of the most studied subjects in the history of mankind.

Since ancient times, man has expressed concern and interest in knowing his environment, and the
Universe is not exempt from that curiosity and desire for research.

Already in the third century BC , Aristarchus de Samos presented the heliocentric theory of the origin
of the Solar System, which lasted until the second century, when Ptolemy proposed his famous
Geocentric Theory, which held that the earth was the center of the Universe. They had to spend a
couple of centuries, so that in the XVI, Nicolaus Copernicus again proposed the heliocentric theory,
which this time is accepted universally.

Since then, there has been a great interest in knowing the solar system, research from which great
theories emerge, from Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation to calculations that indicate that there
will be more than one hundred billion stars in the Milky Way, galaxy to which our solar system
belongs.

This interest has led man to carry out large operations, those that have transcended borders, that
is how in 1957 Sputnik I, the first vehicle that comes out of Earth's orbit, was launched into space.
In 1958, the USSR launches into space a rocket with two bitches: the first living beings to leave the
terrestrial globe. The first astronaut was Yuri Gagarin, aboard the Bostok I. On March 18, 1965 the
first spacewalk was made: the Russian A. Leonov floated in space for 10 minutes, converted into a
"man - satellite".
 The solar system

It is the planetary system in which are the Earth and other astronomical objects that spin directly or
indirectly in an orbit around a single star known as the Sun.

The star concentrates 99.75% of the mass of the solar system, and most of the rest of the mass is
concentrated in eight planets whose orbits are practically circular and pass through an almost flat
disk called the ecliptic plane. The four closest planets, considerably smaller Mercury, Venus, Earth
and Mars, also known as the terrestrial planets, are composed mainly of rock and metal. While the
four most remote, called gas giants or "Jovian planets", more massive than terrestrial, are composed
of ice and gases. The two largest, Jupiter and Saturn, are composed mainly of helium and hydrogen.
Uranus and Neptune, called frozen giants, are mostly made up of frozen water, ammonia and
methane.

Artistic conception of a protoplanetary disk.

The Sun is the only celestial body in the solar system that emits its own light, due to the
thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen and its transformation into helium in its nucleus.10 The solar
system was formed about 4600 million years ago111213 from the collapse of a cloud molecular. The
residual material originated a protoplanetary circumstellar disk in which the physical processes that
led to the formation of the planets occurred. The solar system is currently located in the Interstellar
Local cloud that is in the Local Bubble of the Orion arm, of the Milky Way spiral galaxy, about 28,000
light years from the center of it.

Artistic conception of the solar system and the orbits of its planets.

The solar system is also home to several regions composed of small objects. The asteroid belt,
located between Mars and Jupiter, is similar to the terrestrial planets since it is constituted mainly
by rock and metal. In this belt is the dwarf planet Ceres. Beyond the orbit of Neptune are the Kuiper
belt, the dispersed disk and the Oort cloud, which include transneptunian objects consisting mainly
of water, ammonia and methane. In this place
there are four dwarf planets: Haumea,
Makemake, Eris and Pluto, which was
considered the ninth planet of the solar system
until 2006. This type of celestial bodies located
beyond the orbit of Neptune are also called
plutoids, which together to Ceres, they have
enough size to be rounded by the effects of
their gravity, but they differ mainly from the
planets because they have not emptied their
orbit of neighboring bodies.
Origin of the Solar System

We ask ourselves, how was the Sun formed?

Obviously, there was nobody there who left written what happened. However, there are billions of
stars that we can observe. These are in different stages of their development, so we can see all the
steps, compose them one after another, use statistical methods to classify them and propose and
check theories about their birth. For all this, the formation of a star is a well-known phenomenon,
quite the opposite of the formation of the planets (we have already said that we do not have other
planetary systems with which to compare).

It all started in a huge cloud of gas that abounds in our galaxy. That cloud, in certain conditions, and
due to the gravitational attraction of its parts, can collapse, that is, fall on itself, concentrating in a
smaller and smaller place. This collapse of a cloud is the initial phase of the long process of formation
of all the stars, including our Sun. Even in small clouds a star can be formed. In this case, the cloud
tends not to collapse, but to the disintegration due to the pressure of the gas (as in a steam boiler),
but if the cloud penetrates a spiral arm of a galaxy, where there are many stars, some of these can
gravitationally induce collapse. Also an explosion of a supernova near the cloud can trigger the
collapse. This explosion produces quantities of heavy metallic elements (only hydrogen and some
helium and lithium were formed in the original explosion or big-bang) that are introduced into the
cloud. Due to the presence in our Sun and the planets of heavy elements it seems that the collapse
of the Sun was initiated by a supernova.

Once the collapse begins, the temperature of the cloud increases, especially in the central region.
At the same time, the rotating cloud splits into different rings or spiral arms (as it once did with the
galaxy, but on a smaller scale in this case). When passing the cloud of having about 2 billion
kilometers in diameter to only about 200 million, its central temperature reaches 5000 K. In the case
of a cloud with a mass like our sun, it can reach a temperature of 10 millions of degrees in the center
if the contraction continues for 10 million years.
 How is it formed?

In addition to the Sun, which is a star, astronomers classify the planets and other bodies of our
Solar System into three categories:

• First category: A solar planet is a celestial body that is in orbit around the Sun, with sufficient
mass to have gravity and maintain hydrostatic equilibrium. The planets have a round shape and
have cleared the vicinity of their orbit. Our Solar System has four terrestrial or inner planets
(Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) and four outer gaseous giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune). From Earth on, all planets have satellites orbiting around them.

 Second category: A dwarf planet is a celestial body in orbit around the Sun, with enough
mass to have a spherical shape, but not enough to have cleared the vicinity of its orbit. They
are: Pluto (until recently cataloged as a planet), Ceres (previously considered the largest of the
asteroids), Makemake, Eris and Haumea. At the moment

• Third category: All other objects that orbit around the Sun are collectively considered as "small
bodies of the Solar System". Included in this category are the asteroids (with irregular shapes,
most in the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter), the objects of the Kuiper belt (Sedna,
Quaoar), the icy comets of the Oort cloud and the meteoroids, that are less than 50 meters in
diameter.

In addition, the Solar System contains small solid particles that form the so-called cosmic dust
and gases.
A new star neighbor?

In early June 1998, a team of scientists astonished astronomers by unveiling a beautiful

Immediately, the team elaborated a hypothesis: it would be a planet, the first outside the Solar
System that has been registered by a human instrument. Not all scientists agree with this idea, and
the explanations are very diverse. There are still no data that can confirm any theory over others.

In the Universe there are millions of stars. If only some of them had, like our Sun, a planetary
system orbiting around them, it would not be difficult for there to be hundreds of planets out
there somewhere in the vast star space. At least, that's what the scientists think.

But the fact is that, although every year dozens of corners of the cosmos are photographed, a
planet outside the Solar System has never been photographed. Never ... until now.

In August 1997, Susan Terebey, of the Extrasolar Research Corporation (California, United States),
was studying some images captured by an instrument of the Hubble Space Telescope. They
showed a pair of young stars from the constellation of Taurus, located in an area of star formation
of the Milky Way, about 450 light years from Earth. But what attracted Susan and her team were
not the stars, but a very long and strange filament of light that emerged from them, at the end of
which a luminous object could be clearly distinguished.

First of all, what we see in the image can only be an optical illusion. The possible planet seems to
be close to the stars, but in reality it could be light years away from them, much further back ... or
later. In this case, the angle in which the photograph was taken would be crucial to see a
relationship that, in reality, might not exist.

Second, the object might not be a planet but a brown dwarf: star with a compact mass of
hydrogen that did not have enough gravity to begin its nuclear fusion process.

Third, if the object is indeed a planet, it would not be a rocky type, like Earth, but a gaseous one.
We could not think then that there is life in it, at least as we know it until now.
How can other planets be discovered outside the solar system?

The Greeks discovered the planets of the Solar System, realizing that some "stars" seemed to circle
through space, without any relation to the rest of the other stars (with highly predictable
"routes"). A few millennia later, at the beginning of the Renaissance, Nicolaus Copernicus
discovered that planets (including Earth) orbited the Sun. Over the years, astronomers discovered
the nine planets in our system, ending in 1930 with the discovery of the cold Pluto.

But there were no credible reports about planets orbiting other stars. Maybe because there were
no other planets? Or maybe because the planets are very difficult to see, immersed as they are in
the luminosity of the stars (which are up to a billion times brighter)?

Astronomers have proposed two "indirect" methods, and one possibly direct, to find planets:

Deviations in the movement of the star (astrometry). This technique requires very accurate
measurements, since the smallest error could lead to false conclusions. But, as it can be applied to
old photographs, it allows astronomers to examine ancient records that can reveal changes in the
orbits.

When a planet orbits around a star, in reality both objects orbit around the center of the entire
planetary system. Since stars have more mass than planets, planets record the greatest
movement. But with very sensitive instruments you can detect the movements of the stars.

Although only the planet seems to be moving, both stars orbit around a point called the center of
mass, represented by the X. In this system of a planet, the star and the planet are always on
opposite sides of the center of mass. If the measurements show a periodic movement in the star,
there is indirect evidence that something is orbiting around it.
 Giant planets

They belong to this group Jupiter and Saturn those that have a size several times superior to the
Earth, the first 12 times and the second 10 times.

Outer planets

Uranus, Neptune and Pluto belong to this classification.

Asteroids

The Asteroids, also called "planetitas", are pieces of rocks that orbit around the Sun, between
Mars and Jupiter in a wide belt called just "Asteroid Belt". There are other Asteroids that follow
different orbits. So far, more than 5,000 million Asteroids have been identified. It is thought that
the two satellites of Mars: Phobos and Deimos are Asteroids that were trapped by the force of
gravity of the planet. Other Asteroids such as Gaspra, Ida and Dactyl were photographed by the
Galileo spacecraft on their trip to Jupiter. The size varies from 975 Kms. Ceres, 525 Kms. Vesta.

Sun

The Sun is a star composed of more than 70 different elements, among which we can mention
Hydrogen (81.76%), Helium (18.17%), Oxygen, Iron, Magnesium, among others that come to
represent 0, 07% remaining. It is a gaseous body although some consider it within the plasma state
due to the high temperature it is at (on the surface the temperature reaches 6.050º C and in the
center it is estimated that it can reach 5'000,000º C). It is 150 million kilometers from Earth, its
diameter is approximately 1'400,000 kilometers and it has a mass equivalent to 332,000 times that
of the earth.
 Conclusión

The universe has literally changed its appearance since the second half of this century.

Until the fifties, everything we knew about space came through the information contained in the
light of the stars, and therefore, only from observations with microscopes.

Peering into what astronomers call the "optical window" of our atmosphere, that corridor through
which the visible radiations of the electromagnetic space pass, it was already possible to obtain a
grandiose and disconcerting panorama.

Today seems to have established the moment when the universe was born. A gigantic explosion,
called "Big Bang", 15 billion years ago, expands in all directions, leaving in its wake masses of stars
and gases ... and in one of those masses, a galaxy called the Milky Way, is found our Solar System.

There is not much that can be concluded from an investigation of the solar system, except that it is
so great, that its investigation has managed to remain in history, advancing along with the history
of humanity.

And such research will continue advanced, discovering new planets, knowing in terrains those
already discovered, looking for ways of life in our system and the rest of the universe.
Bibliography

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