E&CE 222

Lab Tutorial 1
Hand Assembling

Prepared by: Peter Tysowski, T.A.

E-mail: pktysows@[Link]
May 18, 2010
Spring 2010 term

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 Lab 1 Tutorial Outline

  Objectives of Lab 1
  Program Operation and Loading

  Explanation of I/O Subroutines

  Modifying the Code

  Hand Assembling Operation

  Post Lab Subroutines

  Deliverables and Marking Scheme

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 Objectives of Lab 1
  Familiarize yourself with hand assembly of
Motorola 68000 instructions (ISA_A)
  Familiarize with simple instructions
  e.g. and, bsr, cmp, jmp, jsr, lea, move, rts, suba, trap

  Use different Effective Addressing modes

  Absolute, Immediate, Register Direct, Register Indirect

  Perform offset calculations

  e.g. beq, bne, bra

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 Objectives of Lab 1
  Use common assembler directives
  e.g. equ, org, dc

  Handle monitor operations

  Trap #15 vectors

  Familiarize with input/output operations

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 Program Operation

  Print message asking for input

  Call “Read String” subroutine
  Read input characters into buffer
  Allocate a second buffer
  Reverse the string into the second buffer
  Call “Output String” subroutine
  Exit to the Monitor

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 I/O Subroutines
  Out-Character
  Store parameter D0 on the stack
  Output the register D1 (in ASCII)
  Restore D0 from the stack

  In-Character
  Store parameter D0 on the stack
  Capture the input into D1 (in ASCII)
  Select the first byte
  Display the character
  Restore D0 from the stack 6
 Modify the Program
lea BUFFER,A1 ;point to start of buffer
bsr.w in_string ;read string and
bsr.w out_crlf ;go to next line

* Scan for end of string.

move.l #BUFFER,A0 ;point to start of buffer

bloop1 tst.b (A0)+ ;see if we found the NULL yet.

bne bloop1 ;nope, keep looping

suba.l #1,A0 ;ignore the NULL

Hand assemble
movea.l #BUFFER+1024,A2 ;set up another buffer for result

Insert the necessary instructions

here - approximately 5 lines.

bsr.w out_string ;print the string

bsr.w out_crlf ;and go to new line
* Exit
move.l #$0000,d0
TRAP #15 7
end ;optional, marking end of assembly
 Program Operation
  Reverse string order Buffer L A1
  Determines end of the string A
B
  Defines new buffer
1
  Stores the reversed string in new buffer
A0 NULL
  Displays the reversed string

Buffer + 1024
1 A2
B

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 Program Loading

  Using Motorola S-record Format

  Produced by assemblers and compilers
  Encapsulates opcodes with addresses and checksums

  Using Text File (for Lab 1)

  Load the program through the terminal using text files
([Link])‫‏‬

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[Link]
mm 10210000
5468
6973
2070
726f
6772
616d
2077
696c
6c20
7072
696e
7420
6f75
7420
6120
7374
7269
6e67
2069
6e20
7468
6520 10
…etc
 Hand Assembling of “Move”‫‏‬
  Move.L #100,D2
  0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

  Size Field
–  00 Byte Operation
–  01 Word Operation
–  10 Long Word Operation
–  11 Reserved

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 Hand Assembling (Move)
Translate: Move.L #100,D2
  0010 0100 0011 1100 0000 0064

  2 4 3 C 0000 0064

Enter code:
 mm.w
10200000
 243c
 0
 64 12
 During Your Lab

  Download the codes to the board

  Manually add on the rest of the program
  Enter your hand-assembled program
(including the new instructions required to complete it)
  Run the program
  Debugging techniques: breakpoint, trace, disassemble
  Test the program
  Print out the reverse of the input string

  Finish assembly and test before demo day

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 Post Lab Subroutines

  DEC2BIN
  Converts a decimal ASCII string to a binary number
  Reads null-terminated string from A1 (doesn’t modify A1)
  Converts ASCII bytes to decimal using Horner’s equation
  Decimal: 3210 = (((3) * 10 + 2) * 10 + 1) * 10 + 0

  Store result in D1
  Write as subroutine (save registers to stack, use rts)
  Hint: use a loop, multiply instruction, and accumulator
  Hint: use data registers to hold temporary values
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  No error checking on input required
 Post Lab Subroutines

  BIN2DEC
  Converts binary number to decimal ASCII string
  Reads word-sized binary number from D1 (doesn’t modify it)
  Writes null-terminated string at location in A2
  Horner’s equation requires a divide subroutine
  Hex: 3210 = (((3) * A + 2) * A + 1) * A + 0

  Size is 16-bit positive number (one word)

  No error checking on input required
  Hint: use division and remainder instructions in loop 1
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  Hint: output the decimal string then reverse it in loop 2
 Post Lab Subroutines

Decimal ASCII String Binary Number

(stored in Big Endian)
6980 0x36
0x39 0x1B44
0x38
0x30

16 bit positive number ranges from 0x0000 to 0xFFFF

or
0 to 65535

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 Deliverables

  The Grade Form

  Access from ACE and print it for the lab

  Code for string-reverse program

  Full machine code listing (original program + additions)
  Lines added in assembly code, with comments

  Post-lab: DEC2BIN and BIN2DEC subroutines

  In assembly language, with comments
  No hand assembly required
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 Marking Scheme

  LAB demo
  3 marks – Lab completion (program must work 100%)
  2 marks – Questions answered during lab demo
  Individual mark
  May be asked about the program and/or asked to hand assemble

  Post lab
  2 marks per subroutine (DEC2BIN & BIN2DEC)

  Final Reports due 48 hours after demo, on ACE

  20% late penalty per day

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Marking Scheme

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