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Simplex Method Iterative Improvement

The document discusses iterative improvement and the simplex method for solving linear programming problems. It begins by explaining iterative improvement as starting with a feasible solution and repeatedly changing the solution to improve the objective function until no further improvements can be found. Simplex method is given as a classic example that uses this approach. The document then provides details on linear programming problems and their standard form. It explains how the simplex method works by generating a sequence of adjacent feasible solutions with improving objective values through identifying entering and exiting variables at each iteration until reaching an optimal solution.

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444 views7 pages

Simplex Method Iterative Improvement

The document discusses iterative improvement and the simplex method for solving linear programming problems. It begins by explaining iterative improvement as starting with a feasible solution and repeatedly changing the solution to improve the objective function until no further improvements can be found. Simplex method is given as a classic example that uses this approach. The document then provides details on linear programming problems and their standard form. It explains how the simplex method works by generating a sequence of adjacent feasible solutions with improving objective values through identifying entering and exiting variables at each iteration until reaching an optimal solution.

Uploaded by

kalai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Iterative Improvement of Simplex Method

What is Iterative Improvement?


Iterative improvement is an algorithm design technique for solving optimization problems.
 Start with a feasible solution
 Repeat the following step until no improvement can be found:
o change the current feasible solution to a feasible solution with a better value of the
objective function
 Return the last feasible solution as optimal

Note: Typically, a change in a current solution is “small” (local search)


Major difficulty: Local optimum vs. global optimum

Examples:

1. Simplex method:
2. Ford-Fulkerson algorithm for maximum flow problem
3. Maximum matching of graph vertices
4. Gale-Shapley algorithm for the stable marriage problem

What is Linear Programming ?

Linear programming (LP) problem is to optimize a linear function of several variables subject to linear
constraints:

Geometric solution is given below:


Feasible region is the set of points defined by the constraints Optimal solution: x = 3, y = 1

Extreme Point Theorem:


Any LP problem with a nonempty bounded feasible region has an optimal solution; moreover, an
optimal solution can always be found at an extreme point of the problem's feasible region.

Here there are three possible/feasible outcomes / solutions, among which one is selected as optimal
solution, that is x=3 and y=1.
3. The Simplex Method
 Simplex method is the classic method for solving LP problems,
 Based on the iterative improvement idea:
Generates a sequence of adjacent points of the problem’s feasible region with improving
values of the objective function until no further improvement is possible Operation

3. 1. Standard form of LP problem


 must be a maximization problem
 all constraints (except the non-negativity constraints) must be in the form of linear equations
 all the variables must be required to be nonnegative

Thus, the general linear programming problem in standard form with m constraints
and n unknowns (n >=m) is

Every LP problem can be represented in such form

Variables u and v, transforming inequality constraints into equality constrains, are called slack
variables, x and y are basic variables.
3. 2. Basic feasible solutions
 A basic solution to a system of m linear equations in n³
m) is obtained by setting n – m variables to 0 and solving the resulting system to get the values
of the other m variables.
 The variables set to 0 are called non basic; the variables obtained by solving the system are
called basic.
 A basic solution is called feasible if all its (basic) variables are nonnegative.

There is a 1-1 correspondence between extreme points of LP’s feasible region


and its basic feasible solutions.
Finding Entering variable, Exiting Variable and Pivot variable:

Calculating the Theta Ratio and Departing Variable:


First Iteration
1. Calculating Row-new for Pivot-Row:

2. Calculating Row-new for Row 1 and Row 3 in our example:

Now, replace all the rows with their new respective rows in order to make the new tableau. The Entering
Variable Y took the place of departing variable V. But… We cannot finish here, because the objective
row has still a negative value. We have to eliminate it by doing further iterations.

Second Iteration: (repeat all the above steps):


In the second Iteration Tableau we can see that the last row has no negative value left. We can safely stop
our iterations here.

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