Implementing OSPF

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) developed by the OSPF working
group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Designed expressly for IP networks, OSPF supports
IP subnetting and tagging of externally derived routing information. OSPF also allows packet authentication
and uses IP multicast when sending and receiving packets.
OSPF Version 3 (OSPFv3) expands on OSPF Version 2, providing support for IPv6 routing prefixes.
This module describes the concepts and tasks you need to implement both versions of OSPF on your
Cisco CRS Router . The term “OSPF" implies both versions of the routing protocol, unless otherwise noted.

Note For more information about OSPF on Cisco IOS XR software and complete descriptions of the OSPF
commands listed in this module, see the Related Documents, on page 93 section of this module. To locate
documentation for other commands that might appear during execution of a configuration task, search
online in the Cisco IOS XR Commands Master List for the Cisco CRS Router

Feature History for Implementing OSPF

Release Modification
Release 2.0 This feature was introduced.

Release 3.2.2 Support was added for OSPFv3 Graceful Restart.

Release 3.3.0 Support was added for the following features:

• Multicast-Intact for OSPFv2
• Interface Association to a VRF
• OSPF Provider Edge to Customer Edge (PE-CE) Protocol
• Multiple OSPF Instances (OSPF Process and a VRF)
• RPL-based Type 3 Filtering
• LSA Pacing

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Release Modification
Release 3.4.0 Support was added for the following features:
• OSPF Forwarding Adjacency
• OSPF SNMP Trap MIB

Release 3.4.1 Support was added for the multi-area adjacency feature.

Release 3.5.0 Support was added for the following features:

• Label Distribution Protocol IGP Auto-configuration for
OSPF
• OSPF Authentication Message Digest Management
• GTSM TTL Security Mechanism for OSPF
• Path Computation Element for OSPFv2
• OSPF Warm Standby

Release 3.6.0 Support was added for the following features:

• OSPFv2 Sham Link Support for MPLS VPN
• OSPFv2 nonstop routing (NSR)

Release 3.7.0 OSPFv2 Sham Link and Nonstop Routing for OSPFv2 were
added.

Release 3.8.0 Support was added for the following features:

• LSA refresh interval configuration
• OSPF queue tuning parameters
• OSPFv2 scale enhancements to improve event processing
and performance in a scaled configuration environment

Release 3.9.0 Support was added for the following features:

• OSPF Over Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnel
interfaces
• OSPFv2 SPF Prefix Prioritization.
• IP fast reroute loop-free alternates computation
• Warm Standby and Nonstop Routing for OSPF Version 3

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Prerequisites for Implementing OSPF

Release Modification
Release 4.2.0 Support was added for the following features:
• OSPFv2 Fast Re-route Per-Prefix Computation
• OSPFv3 Non-stop Routing (NSR)

Release 4.2.1 Support was added for the following features:

• OSPFv3 SPF Prefix Prioritization.
• Management Information Base (MIB) for OSPFv3

Release 5.3.0 Support was added for OSPFv2 Segment Routing Topology
Independent Fast Reroute

• Prerequisites for Implementing OSPF , page 3

• Information About Implementing OSPF , page 4
• How to Implement OSPF , page 27
• Configuring IP Fast Reroute Loop-free Alternate, page 82
• Configuration Examples for Implementing OSPF , page 85
• Where to Go Next, page 93
• Additional References, page 93

Prerequisites for Implementing OSPF

The following are prerequisites for implementing OSPF on Cisco IOS XR software:
• You must be in a user group associated with a task group that includes the proper task IDs. The command
reference guides include the task IDs required for each command. If you suspect user group assignment
is preventing you from using a command, contact your AAA administrator for assistance.
• Configuration tasks for OSPFv3 assume that you are familiar with IPv6 addressing and basic
configuration. See the Implementing Network Stack IPv4 and IPv6 on Cisco IOS XR Software module
of the Cisco IOS XR IP Addresses and Services Configuration Guide for the Cisco CRS Router for
information on IPv6 routing and addressing.
• Before you enable OSPFv3 on an interface, you must perform the following tasks:
◦Complete the OSPF network strategy and planning for your IPv6 network. For example, you must
decide whether multiple areas are required.
◦Enable IPv6 on the interface.

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• Configuring authentication (IP Security) is an optional task. If you choose to configure authentication,
you must first decide whether to configure plain text or Message Digest 5 (MD5) authentication, and
whether the authentication applies to an entire area or specific interfaces.

Information About Implementing OSPF

To implement OSPF you need to understand the following concepts:

OSPF Functional Overview

OSPF is a routing protocol for IP. It is a link-state protocol, as opposed to a distance-vector protocol. A
link-state protocol makes its routing decisions based on the states of the links that connect source and destination
machines. The state of the link is a description of that interface and its relationship to its neighboring networking
devices. The interface information includes the IP address of the interface, network mask, type of network to
which it is connected, routers connected to that network, and so on. This information is propagated in various
types of link-state advertisements (LSAs).
A router stores the collection of received LSA data in a link-state database. This database includes LSA data
for the links of the router. The contents of the database, when subjected to the Dijkstra algorithm, extract data
to create an OSPF routing table. The difference between the database and the routing table is that the database
contains a complete collection of raw data; the routing table contains a list of shortest paths to known
destinations through specific router interface ports.
OSPF is the IGP of choice because it scales to large networks. It uses areas to partition the network into more
manageable sizes and to introduce hierarchy in the network. A router is attached to one or more areas in a
network. All of the networking devices in an area maintain the same complete database information about the
link states in their area only. They do not know about all link states in the network. The agreement of the
database information among the routers in the area is called convergence.
At the intradomain level, OSPF can import routes learned using Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System
(IS-IS). OSPF routes can also be exported into IS-IS. At the interdomain level, OSPF can import routes learned
using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). OSPF routes can be exported into BGP.
Unlike Routing Information Protocol (RIP), OSPF does not provide periodic routing updates. On becoming
neighbors, OSPF routers establish an adjacency by exchanging and synchronizing their databases. After that,
only changed routing information is propagated. Every router in an area advertises the costs and states of its
links, sending this information in an LSA. This state information is sent to all OSPF neighbors one hop away.
All the OSPF neighbors, in turn, send the state information unchanged. This flooding process continues until
all devices in the area have the same link-state database.
To determine the best route to a destination, the software sums all of the costs of the links in a route to a
destination. After each router has received routing information from the other networking devices, it runs the
shortest path first (SPF) algorithm to calculate the best path to each destination network in the database.
The networking devices running OSPF detect topological changes in the network, flood link-state updates to
neighbors, and quickly converge on a new view of the topology. Each OSPF router in the network soon has
the same topological view again. OSPF allows multiple equal-cost paths to the same destination. Since all
link-state information is flooded and used in the SPF calculation, multiple equal cost paths can be computed
and used for routing.
On broadcast and nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) networks, the designated router (DR) or backup DR
performs the LSA flooding. On point-to-point networks, flooding simply exits an interface directly to a
neighbor.

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Key Features Supported in the Cisco IOS XR Software OSPF Implementation

OSPF runs directly on top of IP; it does not use TCP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP). OSPF performs its
own error correction by means of checksums in its packet header and LSAs.
In OSPFv3, the fundamental concepts are the same as OSPF Version 2, except that support is added for the
increased address size of IPv6. New LSA types are created to carry IPv6 addresses and prefixes, and the
protocol runs on an individual link basis rather than on an individual IP-subnet basis.
OSPF typically requires coordination among many internal routers: Area Border Routers (ABRs), which are
routers attached to multiple areas, and Autonomous System Border Routers (ASBRs) that export reroutes
from other sources (for example, IS-IS, BGP, or static routes) into the OSPF topology. At a minimum,
OSPF-based routers or access servers can be configured with all default parameter values, no authentication,
and interfaces assigned to areas. If you intend to customize your environment, you must ensure coordinated
configurations of all routers.

Key Features Supported in the Cisco IOS XR Software OSPF Implementation

The Cisco IOS XR Software implementation of OSPF conforms to the OSPF Version 2 and OSPF Version
3 specifications detailed in the Internet RFC 2328 and RFC 2740, respectively.
The following key features are supported in the Cisco IOS XR Software implementation:
• Hierarchy—CLI hierarchy is supported.
• Inheritance—CLI inheritance is supported.
• Stub areas—Definition of stub areas is supported.
• NSF—Nonstop forwarding is supported.
• SPF throttling—Shortest path first throttling feature is supported.
• LSA throttling—LSA throttling feature is supported.
• Fast convergence—SPF and LSA throttle timers are set, configuring fast convergence. The OSPF LSA
throttling feature provides a dynamic mechanism to slow down LSA updates in OSPF during network
instability. LSA throttling also allows faster OSPF convergence by providing LSA rate limiting in
milliseconds.
• Route redistribution—Routes learned using any IP routing protocol can be redistributed into any other
IP routing protocol.
• Authentication—Plain text and MD5 authentication among neighboring routers within an area is
supported.
• Routing interface parameters—Configurable parameters supported include interface output cost,
retransmission interval, interface transmit delay, router priority, router “dead” and hello intervals, and
authentication key.
• Virtual links—Virtual links are supported.
• Not-so-stubby area (NSSA)—RFC 1587 is supported.
• OSPF over demand circuit—RFC 1793 is supported.

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Comparison of Cisco IOS XR Software OSPFv3 and OSPFv2

Comparison of Cisco IOS XR Software OSPFv3 and OSPFv2

Much of the OSPFv3 protocol is the same as in OSPFv2. OSPFv3 is described in RFC 2740.
The key differences between the Cisco IOS XR Software OSPFv3 and OSPFv2 protocols are as follows:
• OSPFv3 expands on OSPFv2 to provide support for IPv6 routing prefixes and the larger size of IPv6
addresses.
• When using an NBMA interface in OSPFv3, users must manually configure the router with the list of
neighbors. Neighboring routers are identified by the link local address of the attached interface of the
neighbor.
• Unlike in OSPFv2, multiple OSPFv3 processes can be run on a link.
• LSAs in OSPFv3 are expressed as “prefix and prefix length” instead of “address and mask.”
• The router ID is a 32-bit number with no relationship to an IPv6 address.

OSPF Hierarchical CLI and CLI Inheritance

Cisco IOS XR Software introduces new OSPF configuration fundamentals consisting of hierarchical CLI and
CLI inheritance.
Hierarchical CLI is the grouping of related network component information at defined hierarchical levels such
as at the router, area, and interface levels. Hierarchical CLI allows for easier configuration, maintenance, and
troubleshooting of OSPF configurations. When configuration commands are displayed together in their
hierarchical context, visual inspections are simplified. Hierarchical CLI is intrinsic for CLI inheritance to be
supported.
With CLI inheritance support, you need not explicitly configure a parameter for an area or interface. In
Cisco IOS XR Software, the parameters of interfaces in the same area can be exclusively configured with a
single command, or parameter values can be inherited from a higher hierarchical level—such as from the area
configuration level or the router ospf configuration levels.
For example, the hello interval value for an interface is determined by this precedence “IF” statement:
If the hello interval command is configured at the interface configuration level, then use the interface configured
value, else
If the hello interval command is configured at the area configuration level, then use the area configured value,
else
If the hello interval command is configured at the router ospf configuration level, then use the router ospf
configured value, else
Use the default value of the command.

Tip Understanding hierarchical CLI and CLI inheritance saves you considerable configuration time. See
Configuring Authentication at Different Hierarchical Levels for OSPF Version 2, on page 36 to understand
how to implement these fundamentals. In addition, Cisco IOS XR Software examples are provided in
Configuration Examples for Implementing OSPF , on page 85.

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OSPF Routing Components

OSPF Routing Components

Before implementing OSPF, you must know what the routing components are and what purpose they serve.
They consist of the autonomous system, area types, interior routers, ABRs, and ASBRs.

This figure illustrates the routing components in an OSPF network topology.

Figure 1: OSPF Routing Components

Autonomous Systems
The autonomous system is a collection of networks, under the same administrative control, that share routing
information with each other. An autonomous system is also referred to as a routing domain. Figure 1: OSPF
Routing Components, on page 7 shows two autonomous systems: 109 and 65200. An autonomous system
can consist of one or more OSPF areas.

Areas
Areas allow the subdivision of an autonomous system into smaller, more manageable networks or sets of
adjacent networks. As shown in Figure 1: OSPF Routing Components, on page 7, autonomous system 109
consists of three areas: Area 0, Area 1, and Area 2.
OSPF hides the topology of an area from the rest of the autonomous system. The network topology for an
area is visible only to routers inside that area. When OSPF routing is within an area, it is called intra-area
routing. This routing limits the amount of link-state information flood into the network, reducing routing

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OSPF Routing Components

traffic. It also reduces the size of the topology information in each router, conserving processing and memory
requirements in each router.
Also, the routers within an area cannot see the detailed network topology outside the area. Because of this
restricted view of topological information, you can control traffic flow between areas and reduce routing
traffic when the entire autonomous system is a single routing domain.

Backbone Area
A backbone area is responsible for distributing routing information between multiple areas of an autonomous
system. OSPF routing occurring outside of an area is called interarea routing.
The backbone itself has all properties of an area. It consists of ABRs, routers, and networks only on the
backbone. As shown in Figure 1: OSPF Routing Components, on page 7, Area 0 is an OSPF backbone area.
Any OSPF backbone area has a reserved area ID of 0.0.0.0.

Stub Area
A stub area is an area that does not accept route advertisements or detailed network information external to
the area. A stub area typically has only one router that interfaces the area to the rest of the autonomous system.
The stub ABR advertises a single default route to external destinations into the stub area. Routers within a
stub area use this route for destinations outside the area and the autonomous system. This relationship conserves
LSA database space that would otherwise be used to store external LSAs flooded into the area. In Figure 1:
OSPF Routing Components, on page 7, Area 2 is a stub area that is reached only through ABR 2. Area 0
cannot be a stub area.

Not-so-Stubby Area
A Not-so-Stubby Area (NSSA) is similar to the stub area. NSSA does not flood Type 5 external LSAs from
the core into the area, but can import autonomous system external routes in a limited fashion within the area.
NSSA allows importing of Type 7 autonomous system external routes within an NSSA area by redistribution.
These Type 7 LSAs are translated into Type 5 LSAs by NSSA ABRs, which are flooded throughout the whole
routing domain. Summarization and filtering are supported during the translation.
Use NSSA to simplify administration if you are a network administrator that must connect a central site using
OSPF to a remote site that is using a different routing protocol.
Before NSSA, the connection between the corporate site border router and remote router could not be run as
an OSPF stub area because routes for the remote site could not be redistributed into a stub area, and two
routing protocols needed to be maintained. A simple protocol like RIP was usually run and handled the
redistribution. With NSSA, you can extend OSPF to cover the remote connection by defining the area between
the corporate router and remote router as an NSSA. Area 0 cannot be an NSSA.

Routers
The OSPF network is composed of ABRs, ASBRs, and interior routers.

Area Border Routers

An area border routers (ABR) is a router with multiple interfaces that connect directly to networks in two or
more areas. An ABR runs a separate copy of the OSPF algorithm and maintains separate routing data for each

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OSPF Process and Router ID

area that is attached to, including the backbone area. ABRs also send configuration summaries for their attached
areas to the backbone area, which then distributes this information to other OSPF areas in the autonomous
system. In Figure 1: OSPF Routing Components, on page 7, there are two ABRs. ABR 1 interfaces Area
1 to the backbone area. ABR 2 interfaces the backbone Area 0 to Area 2, a stub area.

Autonomous System Boundary Routers (ASBR)

An autonomous system boundary router (ASBR) provides connectivity from one autonomous system to
another system. ASBRs exchange their autonomous system routing information with boundary routers in
other autonomous systems. Every router inside an autonomous system knows how to reach the boundary
routers for its autonomous system.
ASBRs can import external routing information from other protocols like BGP and redistribute them as
AS-external (ASE) Type 5 LSAs to the OSPF network. If the Cisco IOS XR router is an ASBR, you can
configure it to advertise VIP addresses for content as autonomous system external routes. In this way, ASBRs
flood information about external networks to routers within the OSPF network.
ASBR routes can be advertised as a Type 1 or Type 2 ASE. The difference between Type 1 and Type 2 is
how the cost is calculated. For a Type 2 ASE, only the external cost (metric) is considered when multiple
paths to the same destination are compared. For a Type 1 ASE, the combination of the external cost and cost
to reach the ASBR is used. Type 2 external cost is the default and is always more costly than an OSPF route
and used only if no OSPF route exists.

Interior Routers
An interior router (such as R1 in Figure 1: OSPF Routing Components, on page 7) is attached to one area
(for example, all the interfaces reside in the same area).

OSPF Process and Router ID

An OSPF process is a logical routing entity running OSPF in a physical router. This logical routing entity
should not be confused with the logical routing feature that allows a system administrator (known as the
Cisco IOS XR Software Owner) to partition the physical box into separate routers.
A physical router can run multiple OSPF processes, although the only reason to do so would be to connect
two or more OSPF domains. Each process has its own link-state database. The routes in the routing table are
calculated from the link-state database. One OSPF process does not share routes with another OSPF process
unless the routes are redistributed.
Each OSPF process is identified by a router ID. The router ID must be unique across the entire routing domain.
OSPF obtains a router ID from the following sources, in order of decreasing preference:
• By default, when the OSPF process initializes, it checks if there is a router-id in the checkpointing
database.
• The 32-bit numeric value specified by the OSPF router-id command in router configuration mode. (This
value can be any 32-bit value. It is not restricted to the IPv4 addresses assigned to interfaces on this
router, and need not be a routable IPv4 address.)
• The ITAL selected router-id.
• The primary IPv4 address of an interface over which this OSPF process is running. The first interface
address in the OSPF interface is selected.

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Supported OSPF Network Types

We recommend that the router ID be set by the router-id command in router configuration mode. Separate
OSPF processes could share the same router ID, in which case they cannot reside in the same OSPF routing
domain.

Supported OSPF Network Types

OSPF classifies different media into the following types of networks:
• NBMA networks
• Point-to-point networks (POS)
• Broadcast networks (Gigabit Ethernet)
• Point-to-multipoint

You can configure your Cisco IOS XR network as either a broadcast or an NBMA network. Using this feature,
you can configure broadcast networks as NBMA networks when, for example, you have routers in your
network that do not support multicast addressing.

Route Authentication Methods for OSPF

OSPF Version 2 supports two types of authentication: plain text authentication and MD5 authentication. By
default, no authentication is enabled (referred to as null authentication in RFC 2178).
OSPV Version 3 supports all types of authentication except key rollover.

Plain Text Authentication

Plain text authentication (also known as Type 1 authentication) uses a password that travels on the physical
medium and is easily visible to someone that does not have access permission and could use the password to
infiltrate a network. Therefore, plain text authentication does not provide security. It might protect against a
faulty implementation of OSPF or a misconfigured OSPF interface trying to send erroneous OSPF packets.

MD5 Authentication
MD5 authentication provides a means of security. No password travels on the physical medium. Instead, the
router uses MD5 to produce a message digest of the OSPF packet plus the key, which is sent on the physical
medium. Using MD5 authentication prevents a router from accepting unauthorized or deliberately malicious
routing updates, which could compromise your network security by diverting your traffic.

Note MD5 authentication supports multiple keys, requiring that a key number be associated with a key.

See OSPF Authentication Message Digest Management, on page 24.

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Neighbors and Adjacency for OSPF

Authentication Strategies
Authentication can be specified for an entire process or area, or on an interface or a virtual link. An interface
or virtual link can be configured for only one type of authentication, not both. Authentication configured for
an interface or virtual link overrides authentication configured for the area or process.
If you intend for all interfaces in an area to use the same type of authentication, you can configure fewer
commands if you use the authentication command in the area configuration submode (and specify the
message-digest keyword if you want the entire area to use MD5 authentication). This strategy requires fewer
commands than specifying authentication for each interface.

Key Rollover
To support the changing of an MD5 key in an operational network without disrupting OSPF adjacencies (and
hence the topology), a key rollover mechanism is supported. As a network administrator configures the new
key into the multiple networking devices that communicate, some time exists when different devices are using
both a new key and an old key. If an interface is configured with a new key, the software sends two copies
of the same packet, each authenticated by the old key and new key. The software tracks which devices start
using the new key, and the software stops sending duplicate packets after it detects that all of its neighbors
are using the new key. The software then discards the old key. The network administrator must then remove
the old key from each the configuration file of each router.

Neighbors and Adjacency for OSPF

Routers that share a segment (Layer 2 link between two interfaces) become neighbors on that segment. OSPF
uses the hello protocol as a neighbor discovery and keep alive mechanism. The hello protocol involves receiving
and periodically sending hello packets out each interface. The hello packets list all known OSPF neighbors
on the interface. Routers become neighbors when they see themselves listed in the hello packet of the neighbor.
After two routers are neighbors, they may proceed to exchange and synchronize their databases, which creates
an adjacency. On broadcast and NBMA networks all neighboring routers have an adjacency.

Designated Router (DR) for OSPF

On point-to-point and point-to-multipoint networks, the Cisco IOS XR software floods routing updates to
immediate neighbors. No DR or backup DR (BDR) exists; all routing information is flooded to each router.
On broadcast or NBMA segments only, OSPF minimizes the amount of information being exchanged on a
segment by choosing one router to be a DR and one router to be a BDR. Thus, the routers on the segment
have a central point of contact for information exchange. Instead of each router exchanging routing updates
with every other router on the segment, each router exchanges information with the DR and BDR. The DR
and BDR relay the information to the other routers. On broadcast network segments the number of OSPF
packets is further reduced by the DR and BDR sending such OSPF updates to a multicast IP address that all
OSPF routers on the network segment are listening on.
The software looks at the priority of the routers on the segment to determine which routers are the DR and
BDR. The router with the highest priority is elected the DR. If there is a tie, then the router with the higher
router ID takes precedence. After the DR is elected, the BDR is elected the same way. A router with a router
priority set to zero is ineligible to become the DR or BDR.

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Default Route for OSPF

Default Route for OSPF

Type 5 (ASE) LSAs are generated and flooded to all areas except stub areas. For the routers in a stub area to
be able to route packets to destinations outside the stub area, a default route is injected by the ABR attached
to the stub area.
The cost of the default route is 1 (default) or is determined by the value specified in the default-cost command.

Link-State Advertisement Types for OSPF Version 2

Each of the following LSA types has a different purpose:
• Router LSA (Type 1)—Describes the links that the router has within a single area, and the cost of each
link. These LSAs are flooded within an area only. The LSA indicates if the router can compute paths
based on quality of service (QoS), whether it is an ABR or ASBR, and if it is one end of a virtual link.
Type 1 LSAs are also used to advertise stub networks.
• Network LSA (Type 2)—Describes the link state and cost information for all routers attached to a
multiaccess network segment. This LSA lists all the routers that have interfaces attached to the network
segment. It is the job of the designated router of a network segment to generate and track the contents
of this LSA.
• Summary LSA for ABRs (Type 3)—Advertises internal networks to routers in other areas (interarea
routes). Type 3 LSAs may represent a single network or a set of networks aggregated into one prefix.
Only ABRs generate summary LSAs.
• Summary LSA for ASBRs (Type 4)—Advertises an ASBR and the cost to reach it. Routers that are
trying to reach an external network use these advertisements to determine the best path to the next hop.
ABRs generate Type 4 LSAs.
• Autonomous system external LSA (Type 5)—Redistributes routes from another autonomous system,
usually from a different routing protocol into OSPF.
• Autonomous system external LSA (Type 7)—Provides for carrying external route information within
an NSSA. Type 7 LSAs may be originated by and advertised throughout an NSSA. NSSAs do not receive
or originate Type 5 LSAs. Type 7 LSAs are advertised only within a single NSSA. They are not flooded
into the backbone area or into any other area by border routers.
• Intra-area-prefix LSAs (Type 9)—A router can originate multiple intra-area-prefix LSAs for every router
or transit network, each with a unique link-state ID. The link-state ID for each intra-area-prefix LSA
describes its association to either the router LSA or network LSA and contains prefixes for stub and
transit networks.
• Area local scope (Type 10)—Opaque LSAs are not flooded past the borders of their associated area.
• Link-state (Type 11)—The LSA is flooded throughout the AS. The flooding scope of Type 11 LSAs
are equivalent to the flooding scope of AS-external (Type 5) LSAs. Similar to Type 5 LSAs, the LSA
is rejected if a Type 11 opaque LSA is received in a stub area from a neighboring router within the stub
area. Type 11 opaque LSAs have these attributes:
◦LSAs are flooded throughout all transit areas.
◦LSAs are not flooded into stub areas from the backbone.
◦LSAs are not originated by routers into their connected stub areas.

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Link-State Advertisement Types for OSPFv3

Link-State Advertisement Types for OSPFv3

Each of the following LSA types has a different purpose:
• Router LSA (Type 1)—Describes the link state and costs of a the router link to the area. These LSAs
are flooded within an area only. The LSA indicates whether the router is an ABR or ASBR and if it is
one end of a virtual link. Type 1 LSAs are also used to advertise stub networks. In OSPFv3, these LSAs
have no address information and are network protocol independent. In OSPFv3, router interface
information may be spread across multiple router LSAs. Receivers must concatenate all router LSAs
originated by a given router before running the SPF calculation.
• Network LSA (Type 2)—Describes the link state and cost information for all routers attached to a
multiaccess network segment. This LSA lists all OSPF routers that have interfaces attached to the network
segment. Only the elected designated router for the network segment can generate and track the network
LSA for the segment. In OSPFv3, network LSAs have no address information and are
network-protocol-independent.
• Interarea-prefix LSA for ABRs (Type 3)—Advertises internal networks to routers in other areas (interarea
routes). Type 3 LSAs may represent a single network or set of networks aggregated into one prefix.
Only ABRs generate Type 3 LSAs. In OSPFv3, addresses for these LSAs are expressed as “prefix and
prefix length” instead of “address and mask.” The default route is expressed as a prefix with length 0.
• Interarea-router LSA for ASBRs (Type 4)—Advertises an ASBR and the cost to reach it. Routers that
are trying to reach an external network use these advertisements to determine the best path to the next
hop. ABRs generate Type 4 LSAs.
• Autonomous system external LSA (Type 5)—Redistributes routes from another autonomous system,
usually from a different routing protocol into OSPF. In OSPFv3, addresses for these LSAs are expressed
as “prefix and prefix length” instead of “address and mask.” The default route is expressed as a prefix
with length 0.
• Autonomous system external LSA (Type 7)—Provides for carrying external route information within
an NSSA. Type 7 LSAs may be originated by and advertised throughout an NSSA. NSSAs do not receive
or originate Type 5 LSAs. Type 7 LSAs are advertised only within a single NSSA. They are not flooded
into the backbone area or into any other area by border routers.
• Link LSA (Type 8)—Has link-local flooding scope and is never flooded beyond the link with which it
is associated. Link LSAs provide the link-local address of the router to all other routers attached to the
link or network segment, inform other routers attached to the link of a list of IPv6 prefixes to associate
with the link, and allow the router to assert a collection of Options bits to associate with the network
LSA that is originated for the link.
• Intra-area-prefix LSAs (Type 9)—A router can originate multiple intra-area-prefix LSAs for every router
or transit network, each with a unique link-state ID. The link-state ID for each intra-area-prefix LSA
describes its association to either the router LSA or network LSA and contains prefixes for stub and
transit networks.

An address prefix occurs in almost all newly defined LSAs. The prefix is represented by three fields: Prefix
Length, Prefix Options, and Address Prefix. In OSPFv3, addresses for these LSAs are expressed as “prefix
and prefix length” instead of “address and mask.” The default route is expressed as a prefix with length 0.
Inter-area-prefix and intra-area-prefix LSAs carry all IPv6 prefix information that, in IPv4, is included in
router LSAs and network LSAs. The Options field in certain LSAs (router LSAs, network LSAs, interarea-router
LSAs, and link LSAs) has been expanded to 24 bits to provide support for OSPF in IPv6.

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Virtual Link and Transit Area for OSPF

In OSPFv3, the sole function of link-state ID in interarea-prefix LSAs, interarea-router LSAs, and autonomous
system external LSAs is to identify individual pieces of the link-state database. All addresses or router IDs
that are expressed by the link-state ID in OSPF Version 2 are carried in the body of the LSA in OSPFv3.

Virtual Link and Transit Area for OSPF

In OSPF, routing information from all areas is first summarized to the backbone area by ABRs. The same
ABRs, in turn, propagate such received information to their attached areas. Such hierarchical distribution of
routing information requires that all areas be connected to the backbone area (Area 0). Occasions might exist
for which an area must be defined, but it cannot be physically connected to Area 0. Examples of such an
occasion might be if your company makes a new acquisition that includes an OSPF area, or if Area 0 itself
is partitioned.
In the case in which an area cannot be connected to Area 0, you must configure a virtual link between that
area and Area 0. The two endpoints of a virtual link are ABRs, and the virtual link must be configured in both
routers. The common nonbackbone area to which the two routers belong is called a transit area. A virtual link
specifies the transit area and the router ID of the other virtual endpoint (the other ABR).
A virtual link cannot be configured through a stub area or NSSA.

This figure illustrates a virtual link from Area 3 to Area 0.

Figure 2: Virtual Link to Area 0

Passive Interface
Setting an interface as passive disables the sending of routing updates for the neighbors, hence adjacencies
will not be formed in OSPF. However, the particular subnet will continue to be advertised to OSPF neighbors.
Use the passive command in appropriate mode to suppress the sending of OSPF protocol operation on an
interface.

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OSPFv2 Sham Link Support for MPLS VPN

It is recommended to use passive configuration on interfaces that are connecting LAN segments with hosts
to the rest of the network, but are not meant to be transit links between routers.

OSPFv2 Sham Link Support for MPLS VPN

In an MPLS VPN environment, several VPN client sites can be connected in the same OSPF area. If these
sites are connected over a backdoor link (intra-area link) and connected over the VPN backbone, all traffic
passes over the backdoor link instead of over the VPN backbone, because provider edge routers advertise
OSPF routes learned over the VPN backbone as inter-area or external routes that are less preferred than
intra-area routes advertised over backdoor links.
To correct this default OSPF behavior in an MPLS VPN, configure a sham link between two provider edge
(PE) routers to connect the sites through the MPLS VPN backbone. A sham link represents an intra-area
(unnumbered point-to-point) connection between PE routers. All other routers in the area see the sham link
and use it to calculate intra-area shortest path first (SPF) routes to the remote site. A cost must be configured
with each sham link to determine whether traffic is sent over the backdoor link or sham link.
Configured source and destination addresses serve as the endpoints of the sham link. The source and destination
IP addresses must belong to the VRF and must be advertised by Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) as host
routes to remote PE routers. The sham-link endpoint addresses should not be advertised by OSPF.

Figure 3: Backdoor Paths Between OSPF Client Sites

For example, Figure 3: Backdoor Paths Between OSPF Client Sites , on page 15 shows three client sites,
each with backdoor links. Because each site runs OSPF within Area 1 configuration, all routing between the
sites follows the intra-area path across the backdoor links instead of over the MPLS VPN backbone.
If the backdoor links between the sites are used only for backup purposes, default route selection over the
backbone link is not acceptable as it creates undesirable traffic flow. To establish the desired path selection

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OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization

over the MPLS backbone, an additional OSPF intra-area (sham link) link between the ingress and egress
PErouters must be created.
A sham link is required between any two VPN sites that belong to the same OSPF area and share an OSPF
backdoor link. If no backdoor link exists between sites, no sham link is required.

Figure 4: Sham Link Between PE Routers to Connected OSPF Client Sites

Figure 4: Sham Link Between PE Routers to Connected OSPF Client Sites , on page 16 shows an MPLS
VPN topology where a sham link configuration is necessary. A VPN client has three sites, each with a backdoor
link. Two sham links are configured, one between PE-1 and PE-2 and another between PE-2 and PE-3. A
sham link is not required between PE-1 and PE-3, because there is no backdoor link between these sites.
When a sham link is configured between the PE routers, the PE routers can populate the virtual routing and
forwarding (VRF) table with the OSPF routes learned over the sham link. These OSPF routes have a larger
administrative distance than BGP routes. If BGP routes are available, they are preferred over these OSPF
routes with the high administrative distance.

OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization

The OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization feature enables an administrator to converge, in a faster mode, important
prefixes during route installation.
When a large number of prefixes must be installed in the Routing Information Base (RIB) and the Forwarding
Information Base (FIB), the update duration between the first and last prefix, during SPF, can be significant.
In networks where time-sensitive traffic (for example, VoIP) may transit to the same router along with other
traffic flows, it is important to prioritize RIB and FIB updates during SPF for these time-sensitive prefixes.
The OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization feature provides the administrator with the ability to prioritize important
prefixes to be installed, into the RIB during SPF calculations. Important prefixes converge faster among

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OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization

prefixes of the same route type per area. Before RIB and FIB installation, routes and prefixes are assigned to
various priority batch queues in the OSPF local RIB, based on specified route policy. The RIB priority batch
queues are classified as "critical," "high," "medium," and "low," in the order of decreasing priority.
When enabled, prefix alters the sequence of updating the RIB with this prefix priority:
Critical > High > Medium > Low
As soon as prefix priority is configured, /32 prefixes are no longer preferred by default; they are placed in the
low-priority queue, if they are not matched with higher-priority policies. Route policies must be devised to
retain /32s in the higher-priority queues (high-priority or medium-priority queues).
Priority is specified using route policy, which can be matched based on IP addresses or route tags. During
SPF, a prefix is checked against the specified route policy and is assigned to the appropriate RIB batch priority
queue.
These are examples of this scenario:
• If only high-priority route policy is specified, and no route policy is configured for a medium priority:
◦Permitted prefixes are assigned to a high-priority queue.
◦Unmatched prefixes, including /32s, are placed in a low-priority queue.

• If both high-priority and medium-priority route policies are specified, and no maps are specified for
critical priority:
◦Permitted prefixes matching high-priority route policy are assigned to a high-priority queue.
◦Permitted prefixes matching medium-priority route policy are placed in a medium-priority queue.
◦Unmatched prefixes, including /32s, are moved to a low-priority queue.

• If both critical-priority and high-priority route policies are specified, and no maps are specified for
medium priority:
◦Permitted prefixes matching critical-priority route policy are assigned to a critical-priority queue.
◦Permitted prefixes matching high-priority route policy are assigned to a high-priority queue.
◦Unmatched prefixes, including /32s, are placed in a low-priority queue.

• If only medium-priority route policy is specified and no maps are specified for high priority or critical
priority:
◦Permitted prefixes matching medium-priority route policy are assigned to a medium-priority queue.
◦Unmatched prefixes, including /32s, are placed in a low-priority queue.

Use the [no] spf prefix-priority route-policy rpl command to prioritize OSPF prefix installation into
the global RIB during SPF.
SPF prefix prioritization is disabled by default. In disabled mode, /32 prefixes are installed into the
global RIB, before other prefixes. If SPF prioritization is enabled, routes are matched against the
route-policy criteria and are assigned to the appropriate priority queue based on the SPF priority set.
Unmatched prefixes, including /32s, are placed in the low-priority queue.

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Route Redistribution for OSPF

If all /32s are desired in the high-priority queue or medium-priority queue, configure this single route
map:

prefix-set ospf-medium-prefixes
0.0.0.0/0 ge 32
end-set

Route Redistribution for OSPF

Redistribution allows different routing protocols to exchange routing information. This technique can be used
to allow connectivity to span multiple routing protocols. It is important to remember that the redistribute
command controls redistribution into an OSPF process and not from OSPF. See Configuration Examples for
Implementing OSPF , on page 85 for an example of route redistribution for OSPF.

OSPF Shortest Path First Throttling

OSPF SPF throttling makes it possible to configure SPF scheduling in millisecond intervals and to potentially
delay SPF calculations during network instability. SPF is scheduled to calculate the Shortest Path Tree (SPT)
when there is a change in topology. One SPF run may include multiple topology change events.
The interval at which the SPF calculations occur is chosen dynamically and based on the frequency of topology
changes in the network. The chosen interval is within the boundary of the user-specified value ranges. If
network topology is unstable, SPF throttling calculates SPF scheduling intervals to be longer until topology
becomes stable.
SPF calculations occur at the interval set by the timers throttle spf command. The wait interval indicates the
amount of time to wait until the next SPF calculation occurs. Each wait interval after that calculation is twice
as long as the previous interval until the interval reaches the maximum wait time specified.
The SPF timing can be better explained using an example. In this example, the start interval is set at
5 milliseconds (ms), initial wait interval at 1000 ms, and maximum wait time at 90,000 ms.

timers spf 5 1000 90000

This figure shows the intervals at which the SPF calculations occur as long as at least one topology change
event is received in a given wait interval.
Figure 5: SPF Calculation Intervals Set by the timers spf Command

Notice that the wait interval between SPF calculations doubles when at least one topology change event is
received during the previous wait interval. After the maximum wait time is reached, the wait interval remains
the same until the topology stabilizes and no event is received in that interval.
If the first topology change event is received after the current wait interval, the SPF calculation is delayed by
the amount of time specified as the start interval. The subsequent wait intervals continue to follow the dynamic
pattern.

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Nonstop Forwarding for OSPF Version 2

If the first topology change event occurs after the maximum wait interval begins, the SPF calculation is again
scheduled at the start interval and subsequent wait intervals are reset according to the parameters specified in
the timers throttle spf command. Notice in Figure 6: Timer Intervals Reset After Topology Change Event,
on page 19that a topology change event was received after the start of the maximum wait time interval and
that the SPF intervals have been reset.

Figure 6: Timer Intervals Reset After Topology Change Event

Nonstop Forwarding for OSPF Version 2

Cisco IOS XR Software NSF for OSPF Version 2 allows for the forwarding of data packets to continue along
known routes while the routing protocol information is being restored following a failover. With NSF, peer
networking devices do not experience routing flaps. During failover, data traffic is forwarded through intelligent
line cards while the standby Route Processor (RP) assumes control from the failed RP. The ability of line
cards to remain up through a failover and to be kept current with the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) on
the active RP is key to Cisco IOS XR Software NSF operation.
Routing protocols, such as OSPF, run only on the active RP or DRP and receive routing updates from their
neighbor routers. When an OSPF NSF-capable router performs an RP failover, it must perform two tasks to
resynchronize its link-state database with its OSPF neighbors. First, it must relearn the available OSPF
neighbors on the network without causing a reset of the neighbor relationship. Second, it must reacquire the
contents of the link-state database for the network.
As quickly as possible after an RP failover, the NSF-capable router sends an OSPF NSF signal to neighboring
NSF-aware devices. This signal is in the form of a link-local LSA generated by the failed-over router. Neighbor
networking devices recognize this signal as a cue that the neighbor relationship with this router should not be
reset. As the NSF-capable router receives signals from other routers on the network, it can begin to rebuild
its neighbor list.
After neighbor relationships are reestablished, the NSF-capable router begins to resynchronize its database
with all of its NSF-aware neighbors. At this point, the routing information is exchanged between the OSPF
neighbors. After this exchange is completed, the NSF-capable device uses the routing information to remove
stale routes, update the RIB, and update the FIB with the new forwarding information. OSPF on the router
and the OSPF neighbors are now fully converged.

Graceful Shutdown for OSPFv3

The OSPFv3 Graceful Shutdown feature preserves the data plane capability in these circumstances:
• RP failure resulting in a switch-over to the backup processor
• Planned OSPFv3 process restart, such as a restart resulting from a software upgrade or downgrade

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Graceful Shutdown for OSPFv3

• Unplanned OSPFv3 process restart, such as a restart resulting from a process crash

In addition, OSPFv3 will unilaterally shutdown and enter the exited state when a critical memory event,
indicating the processor is critically low on available memory, is received from the sysmon watch dog process.
This feature supports nonstop data forwarding on established routes while the OSPFv3 routing protocol restarts.
Therefore, this feature enhances high availability of IPv6 forwarding.

Modes of Graceful Restart Operation

The operational modes that a router can be in for this feature are restart mode and helper mode. Restart mode
occurs when the OSPFv3 process is doing a graceful restart. Helper mode refers to the neighbor routers that
continue to forward traffic on established OSPFv3 routes while OSPFv3 is restarting on a neighboring router.

Restart Mode
When the OSPFv3 process starts up, it determines whether it must attempt a graceful restart. The determination
is based on whether graceful restart was previously enabled. (OSPFv3 does not attempt a graceful restart upon
the first-time startup of the router.) When OSPFv3 graceful restart is enabled, it changes the purge timer in
the RIB to a nonzero value. See Configuring OSPFv3 Graceful Restart, on page 57,for descriptions of how
to enable and configure graceful restart.
During a graceful restart, the router does not populate OSPFv3 routes in the RIB. It tries to bring up full
adjacencies with the fully adjacent neighbors that OSPFv3 had before the restart. Eventually, the OSPFv3
process indicates to the RIB that it has converged, either for the purpose of terminating the graceful restart
(for any reason) or because it has completed the graceful restart.
The following are general details about restart mode. More detailed information on behavior and certain
restrictions and requirements appears in Graceful Restart Requirements and Restrictions, on page 21 section.
• If OSPFv3 attempts a restart too soon after the most recent restart, the OSPFv3 process is most likely
crashing repeatedly, so the new graceful restart stops running. To control the period between allowable
graceful restarts, use the graceful-restart interval command.
• When OSFPv3 starts a graceful restart with the first interface that comes up, a timer starts running to
limit the duration (or lifetime) of the graceful restart. You can configure this period with the
graceful-restart lifetime command. On each interface that comes up, a grace LSA (Type 11) is flooded
to indicate to the neighboring routers that this router is attempting graceful restart. The neighbors enter
into helper mode.
• The designated router and backup designated router check of the hello packet received from the restarting
neighbor is bypassed, because it might not be valid.

Helper Mode
Helper mode is enabled by default. When a (helper) router receives a grace LSA (Type 11) from a router that
is attempting a graceful restart, the following events occur:
• If helper mode has been disabled through the graceful-restart helper disable command, the router
drops the LSA packet.
• If helper mode is enabled, the router enters helper mode if all of the following conditions are met:
◦The local router itself is not attempting a graceful restart.

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◦The local (helping) router has full adjacency with the sending neighbor.
◦The value of lsage (link state age) in the received LSA is less than the requested grace period.
◦The sender of the grace LSA is the same as the originator of the grace LSA.

• Upon entering helper mode, a router performs its helper function for a specific period of time. This time
period is the lifetime value from the router that is in restart mode—minus the value of lsage in the
received grace LSA. If the graceful restart succeeds in time, the helper’s timer is stopped before it expires.
If the helper’s timer does expire, the adjacency to the restarting router is brought down, and normal
OSPFv3 functionality resumes.
• The dead timer is not honored by the router that is in helper mode.
• A router in helper mode ceases to perform the helper function in any of the following cases:
◦The helper router is able to bring up a FULL adjacency with the restarting router.
◦The local timer for the helper function expires.

Graceful Restart Requirements and Restrictions

The requirements for supporting the Graceful Restart feature include:
• Cooperation of a router’s neighbors during a graceful restart. In relation to the router on which OSPFv3
is restarting, each router is called a helper.
• All neighbors of the router that does a graceful restart must be capable of doing a graceful restart.
• A graceful restart does not occur upon the first-time startup of a router.
• OSPFv3 neighbor information and database information are not check-pointed.
• An OSPFv3 process rebuilds adjacencies after it restarts.
• To ensure consistent databases after a restart, the OSPFv3 configuration must be identical to the
configuration before the restart. (This requirement applies to self-originated information in the local
database.) A graceful restart can fail if configurations change during the operation. In this case, data
forwarding would be affected. OSPFv3 resumes operation by regenerating all its LSAs and
resynchronizing its database with all its neighbors.
• Although IPv6 FIB tables remain unchanged during a graceful restart, these tables eventually mark the
routes as stale through the use of a holddown timer. Enough time is allowed for the protocols to rebuild
state information and converge.
• The router on which OSPFv3 is restarting must send OSPFv3 hellos within the dead interval of the
process restart. Protocols must be able to retain adjacencies with neighbors before the adjacency dead
timer expires. The default for the dead timer is 40 seconds. If hellos do not arrive on the adjacency before
the dead timer expires, the router takes down the adjacency. The OSPFv3 Graceful Restart feature does
not function properly if the dead timer is configured to be less than the time required to send hellos after
the OSPFv3 process restarts.
• Simultaneous graceful restart sessions on multiple routers are not supported on a single network segment.
If a router determines that multiple routers are in restart mode, it terminates any local graceful restart
operation.

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Warm Standby and Nonstop Routing for OSPF Version 2

• This feature utilizes the available support for changing the purge time of existing OSPFv3 routes in the
Routing Information Base (RIB). When graceful restart is enabled, the purge timer is set to 90 seconds
by default. If graceful restart is disabled, the purge timer setting is 0.
• This feature has an associated grace LSA. This link-scope LSA is type11.
• According to the RFC, the OSPFv3 process should flush all old, self-originated LSAs during a restart.
With the Graceful Restart feature, however, the router delays this flushing of unknown self-originated
LSAs during a graceful restart. OSPFv3 can learn new information and build new LSAs to replace the
old LSAs. When the delay is over, all old LSAs are flushed.
• If graceful restart is enabled, the adjacency creation time of all the neighbors is saved in the system
database (SysDB). The purpose for saving the creation time is so that OSPFv3 can use the original
adjacency creation time to display the uptime for that neighbor after the restart.

Warm Standby and Nonstop Routing for OSPF Version 2

OSPFv2 warm standby provides high availability across RP switchovers. With warm standby extensions,
each process running on the active RP has a corresponding standby process started on the standby RP. A
standby OSPF process can send and receive OSPF packets with no performance impact to the active OSPF
process.
Nonstop routing (NSR) allows an RP failover, process restart, or in-service upgrade to be invisible to peer
routers and ensures that there is minimal performance or processing impact. Routing protocol interactions
between routers are not impacted by NSR. NSR is built on the warm standby extensions. NSR alleviates the
requirement for Cisco NSF and IETF graceful restart protocol extensions.

Note It is recommended to set the hello timer interval to the default of 10 seconds. OSPF sessions may flap
during switchover if hello-interval timer configured is less then default value.

Warm Standby for OSPF Version 3

This feature helps OSPFv3 to initialize itself prior to Fail over (FO) and be ready to function before the failure
occurs. It reduces the downtime during switchover. By default, the router sends hello packets every 40 seconds.
With warm standby process for each OSPF process running on the Active Route Processor, the corresponding
OSPF process must start on the Standby RP. There are no changes in configuration for this feature.
Warm-Standby is always enabled. This is an advantage for the systems running OSPFv3 as their IGP when
they do RP failover.

Multicast-Intact Support for OSPF

The multicast-intact feature provides the ability to run multicast routing (PIM) when IGP shortcuts are
configured and active on the router. Both OSPFv2 and IS-IS support the multicast-intact feature.
You can enable multicast-intact in the IGP when multicast routing protocols (PIM) are configured and IGP
shortcuts are configured on the router. IGP shortcuts are MPLS tunnels that are exposed to IGP. The IGP
routes IP traffic over these tunnels to destinations that are downstream from the egress router of the tunnel

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Load Balancing in OSPF Version 2 and OSPFv3

(from an SPF perspective). PIM cannot use IGP shortcuts for propagating PIM joins, because reverse path
forwarding (RPF) cannot work across a unidirectional tunnel.
When you enable multicast-intact on an IGP, the IGP publishes a parallel or alternate set of equal-cost next
hops for use by PIM. These next hops are called mcast-intact next hops. The mcast-intact next hops have the
following attributes:
• They are guaranteed not to contain any IGP shortcuts.
• They are not used for unicast routing but are used only by PIM to look up an IPv4 next-hop to a PIM
source.
• They are not published to the FIB.
• When multicast-intact is enabled on an IGP, all IPv4 destinations that were learned through link-state
advertisements are published with a set equal-cost mcast-intact next hops to the RIB. This attribute
applies even when the native next hops have no IGP shortcuts.

In OSPF, the max-paths (number of equal-cost next hops) limit is applied separately to the native and
mcast-intact next hops. The number of equal cost mcast-intact next hops is the same as that configured for
the native next hops.

Load Balancing in OSPF Version 2 and OSPFv3

When a router learns multiple routes to a specific network by using multiple routing processes (or routing
protocols), it installs the route with the lowest administrative distance in the routing table. Sometimes the
router must select a route from among many learned by using the same routing process with the same
administrative distance. In this case, the router chooses the path with the lowest cost (or metric) to the
destination. Each routing process calculates its cost differently; the costs may need to be manipulated to
achieve load balancing.
OSPF performs load balancing automatically. If OSPF finds that it can reach a destination through more than
one interface and each path has the same cost, it installs each path in the routing table. The only restriction
on the number of paths to the same destination is controlled by the maximum-paths (OSPF) command.
The range for maximum paths is 1 to 32 and the default number of maximum paths is 32.

Multi-Area Adjacency for OSPF Version 2

The multi-area adjacency feature for OSPFv2 allows a link to be configured on the primary interface in more
than one area so that the link could be considered as an intra-area link in those areas and configured as a
preference over more expensive paths.
This feature establishes a point-to-point unnumbered link in an OSPF area. A point-to-point link provides a
topological path for that area, and the primary adjacency uses the link to advertise the link consistent with
draft-ietf-ospf-multi-area-adj-06.
The following are multi-area interface attributes and limitations:
• Exists as a logical construct over an existing primary interface for OSPF; however, the neighbor state
on the primary interface is independent of the multi-area interface.
• Establishes a neighbor relationship with the corresponding multi-area interface on the neighboring router.
A mixture of multi-area and primary interfaces is not supported.

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Label Distribution Protocol IGP Auto-configuration for OSPF

• Advertises an unnumbered point-to-point link in the router link state advertisement (LSA) for the
corresponding area when the neighbor state is full.
• Created as a point-to-point network type. You can configure multi-area adjacency on any interface where
only two OSF speakers are attached. In the case of native broadcast networks, the interface must be
configured as an OPSF point-to-point type using the network point-to-point command to enable the
interface for a multi-area adjacency.
• Inherits the Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) characteristics from its primary interface. BFD
is not configurable under a multi-area interface; however, it is configurable under the primary interface.

The multi-area interface inherits the interface characteristics from its primary interface, but some interface
characteristics can be configured under the multi-area interface configuration mode as shown below:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# multi-area-interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/3

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-mif)# ?
authentication Enable authentication
authentication-key Authentication password (key)
cost Interface cost
cost-fallback Cost when cumulative bandwidth goes below the theshold
database-filter Filter OSPF LSA during synchronization and flooding
dead-interval Interval after which a neighbor is declared dead
distribute-list Filter networks in routing updates
hello-interval Time between HELLO packets
message-digest-key Message digest authentication password (key)
mtu-ignore Enable/Disable ignoring of MTU in DBD packets
packet-size Customize size of OSPF packets upto MTU
retransmit-interval Time between retransmitting lost link state advertisements
transmit-delay Estimated time needed to send link-state update packet

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-mif)#

Label Distribution Protocol IGP Auto-configuration for OSPF

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) auto-configuration simplifies the procedure
to enable LDP on a set of interfaces used by an IGP instance, such as OSPF. LDP IGP auto-configuration can
be used on a large number of interfaces (for example, when LDP is used for transport in the core) and on
multiple OSPF instances simultaneously.
This feature supports the IPv4 unicast address family for the default VPN routing and forwarding (VRF)
instance.
LDP IGP auto-configuration can also be explicitly disabled on an individual interface basis under LDP using
the igp auto-config disable command. This allows LDP to receive all OSPF interfaces minus the ones explicitly
disabled.
See Cisco IOS XR MPLS Configuration Guide for the Cisco CRS Router for information on configuring LDP
IGP auto-configuration.

OSPF Authentication Message Digest Management

All OSPF routing protocol exchanges are authenticated and the method used can vary depending on how
authentication is configured. When using cryptographic authentication, the OSPF routing protocol uses the
Message Digest 5 (MD5) authentication algorithm to authenticate packets transmitted between neighbors in
the network. For each OSPF protocol packet, a key is used to generate and verify a message digest that is
appended to the end of the OSPF packet. The message digest is a one-way function of the OSPF protocol

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 Implementing OSPF
GTSM TTL Security Mechanism for OSPF

packet and the secret key. Each key is identified by the combination of interface used and the key identification.
An interface may have multiple keys active at any time.
To manage the rollover of keys and enhance MD5 authentication for OSPF, you can configure a container of
keys called a keychain with each key comprising the following attributes: generate/accept time, key
identification, and authentication algorithm.

GTSM TTL Security Mechanism for OSPF

OSPF is a link state protocol that requires networking devices to detect topological changes in the network,
flood Link State Advertisement (LSA) updates to neighbors, and quickly converge on a new view of the
topology. However, during the act of receiving LSAs from neighbors, network attacks can occur, because
there are no checks that unicastor multicast packets are originating from a neighbor that is one hop away or
multiple hops away over virtual links.
For virtual links, OSPF packets travel multiple hops across the network; hence, the TTL value can be
decremented several times. For these type of links, a minimum TTL value must be allowed and accepted for
multiple-hop packets.
To filter network attacks originating from invalid sources traveling over multiple hops, the Generalized TTL
Security Mechanism (GTSM), RFC 3682, is used to prevent the attacks. GTSM filters link-local addresses
and allows for only one-hop neighbor adjacencies through the configuration of TTL value 255. The TTL value
in the IP header is set to 255 when OSPF packets are originated, and checked on the received OSPF packets
against the default GTSM TTL value 255 or the user configured GTSM TTL value, blocking unauthorized
OSPF packets originated from TTL hops away.

Path Computation Element for OSPFv2

A PCE is an entity (component, application, or network node) that is capable of computing a network path
or route based on a network graph and applying computational constraints.
PCE is accomplished when a PCE address and client is configured for MPLS-TE. PCE communicates its PCE
address and capabilities to OSPF then OSPF packages this information in the PCE Discovery type-length-value
(TLV) (Type 2) and reoriginates the RI LSA. OSPF also includes the Router Capabilities TLV (Type 1) in
all its RI LSAs. The PCE Discovery TLV contains the PCE address sub-TLV (Type 1) and the Path Scope
Sub-TLV (Type 2).
The PCE Address Sub-TLV specifies the IP address that must be used to reach the PCE. It should be a
loop-back address that is always reachable, this TLV is mandatory, and must be present within the PCE
Discovery TLV. The Path Scope Sub-TLV indicates the PCE path computation scopes, which refers to the
PCE ability to compute or participate in the computation of intra-area, inter-area, inter-AS or inter-layer TE
LSPs.
PCE extensions to OSPFv2 include support for the Router Information Link State Advertisement (RI LSA).
OSPFv2 is extended to receive all area scopes (LSA Types 9, 10, and 11). However, OSPFv2 originates only
area scope Type 10.
For detailed information for the Path Computation Element feature see the Implementing MPLS Traffic
Engineering on Cisco IOS XR Softwaremodule of the Cisco IOS XR MPLS Configuration Guide for the
Cisco CRS Router and the following IETF drafts:
• draft-ietf-ospf-cap-09
• draft-ietf-pce-disco-proto-ospf-00

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 Implementing OSPF
OSPF Queue Tuning Parameters

OSPF Queue Tuning Parameters

The OSPF queue tuning parameters configuration allows you to:
• Limit the number of continuous incoming events processed.
• Set the maximum number of rate-limited link-state advertisements (LSAs) processed per run.
• Limit the number of summary or external Type 3 to Type 7 link-state advertisements (LSAs) processed
per shortest path first (SPF) iteration within a single SPF run.
• Set the high watermark for incoming priority events.

OSPF IP Fast Reroute Loop Free Alternate

The OSPF IP Fast Reroute (FRR) Loop Free Alternate (LFA) computation supports these:
• Fast rerouting capability by using IP forwarding and routing
• Handles failure in the line cards in minimum time

OSPF Over GRE Interfaces

Cisco IOS XR software provides the capability to run OSPF protocols over Generic Routing Encapsulation
(GRE) tunnel interfaces.
For more information on GRE tunnel interfaces, see Implementing BGP on Cisco IOS XR Software module.

Management Information Base (MIB) for OSPFv3

Cisco IOS XR supports full MIBs and traps for OSPFv3, as defined in RFC 5643. The RFC 5643 defines
objects of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Routing
Protocol for IPv6 ( OSPF version 3).
The OSPFv3 MIB implementation is based on the IETF draft Management Information Base for OSPFv3 (
draft-ietf-ospf-ospfv3-mib-8). Users need to update the NMS application to pick up the new MIB when
upgraded to RFC 5643.
Refer to the Cisco Carrier Routing System and Cisco XR 12000 Series Router MIB Support Guide for more
information on Cisco IOS XR MIB support.

Multiple OSPFv3 Instances

SNMPv3 supports "contexts" that can be used to implement MIB views on multiple OSPFv3 instances, in the
same system.

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 Implementing OSPF
Unequal Cost Multipath Load-balancing for OSPF

Unequal Cost Multipath Load-balancing for OSPF

The unequal cost multipath (UCMP) load-balancing adds the capability with Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
to load-balance traffic proportionally across multiple paths, with different cost. Without UCMP enabled, only
the best cost paths are discovered by OSPF (ECMP) and alternate higher cost paths are not computed.
Generally, higher bandwidth links have lower IGP metrics configured, so that they form the shortest IGP
paths. With the UCMP load-balancing enabled, IGP can use even lower bandwidth links or higher cost links
for traffic, and can install these paths to the forwarding information base (FIB). OSPF installs multiple paths
to the same destination in FIB, but each path will have a 'load metric/weight' associated with it. FIB uses this
load metric/weight to decide the amount of traffic that needs to be sent on a higher bandwidth path and the
amount of traffic that needs to be sent on a lower bandwidth path.
The UCMP computation is provided under OSPF VRF context, enabling UCMP computation for a particular
VRF. For default VRF the configuration is done under the OSPF global mode. The UCMP configuration is
also provided with a prefix-list option, which would limit the UCMP computation only for the prefixes present
in the prefix-list. If prefix-list option is not provided, UCMP computation is done for the reachable prefixes
in OSPF. The number of UCMP paths to be considered and installed is controlled using the variance
configuration. Variance value identifies the range for the UCMP path metric to be considered for installation
into routing information base (RIB/FIB) and is defined in terms of a percentage of the primary path metric.
Total number of paths, including ECMP and UCMP paths together is limited by the max-path configuration
or by the max-path capability of the platform.
There is an option to exclude an interface from being used for UCMP computation. If it is desired that a
particular interface should not be considered as a UCMP nexthop, for any prefix, then use the UCMP exclude
interface command to configure the interface to be excluded from UCMP computation.
Enabling the UCMP configuration indicates that OSPF should perform UCMP computation for the all the
reachable OSPF prefixes or all the prefixes permitted by the prefix-list, if the prefix-list option is used. The
UCMP computation happens only after the primary SPF and route calculation is completed. There would be
a configurable delay (default delay is 100 ms) from the time primary route calculation is completed and UCMP
computation is started. Use the UCMP delay-interval command to configure the delay between primary SPF
completion and start of UCMP computation. UCMP computation will be done during the fast re-route
computation (IPFRR does not need to be enabled for UCMP computation to be performed). If IPFRR is
enabled, the fast re-route backup paths will be calculated for both the primary equal cost multipath ( ECMP)
paths and the UCMP paths.
To manually adjust UCMP ratio, use any command that changes the metric of the link.
• By using the bandwidth command in interface configuration mode
• By adjusting the OSPF interface cost on the link

How to Implement OSPF

This section contains the following procedures:

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 Implementing OSPF
Enabling OSPF

Enabling OSPF
This task explains how to perform the minimum OSPF configuration on your router that is to enable an OSPF
process with a router ID, configure a backbone or nonbackbone area, and then assign one or more interfaces
on which OSPF runs.

Before You Begin

Although you can configure OSPF before you configure an IP address, no OSPF routing occurs until at least
one IP address is configured.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. Do one of the following:
• router ospf process-name
• router ospfv3 process-name

3. router-id { router-id }
4. area area-id
5. interface type interface-path-id
6. Repeat Step 5 for each interface that uses OSPF.
7. log adjacency changes [ detail ] [ enable | disable ]
8. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 Do one of the following: Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router configuration mode.
• router ospf process-name
or
• router ospfv3 process-name
Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric
string no longer than 40 characters.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1
or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

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Configuring Stub and Not-So-Stubby Area Types

Command or Action Purpose

Note We recommend using a stable IP address as the router
Example: ID.

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id
192.168.4.3

Step 4 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures an area for the
OSPF process.
Example: • Backbone areas have an area ID of 0.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 0
• Nonbackbone areas have a nonzero area ID.
• The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal
or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or
area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or
the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4
address notation.

Step 5 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more
interfaces for the area configured in Step 4.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface
GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/3

Step 6 Repeat Step 5 for each interface that uses OSPF. —

Step 7 log adjacency changes [ detail ] [ enable | disable ] (Optional) Requests notification of neighbor changes.
• By default, this feature is enabled.
Example:
• The messages generated by neighbor changes are
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# log
adjacency changes detail considered notifications, which are categorized as severity
Level 5 in the logging console command. The logging
console command controls which severity level of
messages are sent to the console. By default, all severity
level messages are sent.

Step 8 commit

Configuring Stub and Not-So-Stubby Area Types

This task explains how to configure the stub area and the NSSA for OSPF.

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Configuring Stub and Not-So-Stubby Area Types

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. Do one of the following:
• router ospf process-name
• router ospfv3 process-name

3. router-id { router-id }
4. area area-id
5. Do one of the following:
• stub [ no-summary ]
• nssa [ no-redistribution ] [ default-information-originate ] [ no-summary ]

6. Do one of the following:

• stub
• nssa

7. default-cost cost
8. commit
9. Repeat this task on all other routers in the stub area or NSSA.

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 Do one of the following: Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router configuration mode.
• router ospf process-name
or
• router ospfv3 process-name
Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric
string no longer than 40 characters.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1
or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IP address as the router
Example: ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id
192.168.4.3

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Configuring Stub and Not-So-Stubby Area Types

Command or Action Purpose

Step 4 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures a nonbackbone
area for the OSPF process.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 1 or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or
area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or
the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4
address notation.

Step 5 Do one of the following: Defines the nonbackbone area as a stub area.
• stub [ no-summary ] • Specify the no-summary keyword to further reduce the
number of LSAs sent into a stub area. This keyword
• nssa [ no-redistribution ] [
prevents the ABR from sending summary link-state
default-information-originate ] [ no-summary ]
advertisements (Type 3) in the stub area.

or
Example:
Defines an area as an NSSA.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# stub no
summary
or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# nssa
no-redistribution

Step 6 Do one of the following: (Optional) Turns off the options configured for stub and NSSA
areas.
• stub
• If you configured the stub and NSSA areas using the
• nssa
optional keywords ( no-summary , no-redistribution
, default-information-originate , and no-summary )
in Step 5, you must now reissue the stub and nssa
Example: commands without the keywords—rather than using the
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# stub no form of the command.
or
• For example, the no nssa default-information-originate
form of the command changes the NSSA area into a
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# nssa
normal area that inadvertently brings down the existing
adjacencies in that area.

Step 7 default-cost cost (Optional) Specifies a cost for the default summary route sent
into a stub area or an NSSA.
Example: • Use this command only on ABRs attached to the NSSA.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#default-cost Do not use it on any other routers in the area.
15
• The default cost is 1.

Step 8 commit

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 Implementing OSPF
Configuring Neighbors for Nonbroadcast Networks

Command or Action Purpose

Step 9 Repeat this task on all other routers in the stub area or —
NSSA.

Configuring Neighbors for Nonbroadcast Networks

This task explains how to configure neighbors for a nonbroadcast network. This task is optional.

Before You Begin

Configuring NBMA networks as either broadcast or nonbroadcast assumes that there are virtual circuits from
every router to every router or fully meshed network.

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 Implementing OSPF
Configuring Neighbors for Nonbroadcast Networks

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. Do one of the following:
• router ospf process-name
• router ospfv3 process-name

3. router-id { router-id }
4. area area-id
5. network { broadcast | non-broadcast | { point-to-multipoint [ non-broadcast ] | point-to-point
}}
6. dead-interval seconds
7. hello-interval seconds
8. interface type interface-path-id
9. Do one of the following:
• neighbor ip-address [ priority number ] [ poll-interval seconds ][ cost number ]
• neighbor ipv6-link-local-address [ priority number ] [ poll-interval seconds ][ cost number
] [ database-filter [ all ]]

10. Repeat Step 9 for all neighbors on the interface.

11. exit
12. interface type interface-path-id
13. Do one of the following:
• neighbor ip-address [ priority number ] [ poll-interval seconds ][ cost number ] [
database-filter [ all ]]
• neighbor ipv6-link-local-address [ priority number ] [ poll-interval seconds ][ cost number ]
[ database-filter [ all ]]

14. Repeat Step 13 for all neighbors on the interface.

15. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 Do one of the following: Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places
the router in router configuration mode.
• router ospf process-name
or
• router ospfv3 process-name
Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and places
the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.

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Configuring Neighbors for Nonbroadcast Networks

Command or Action Purpose

Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string
Example: no longer than 40 characters.

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3

1

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IP address as the router
Example: ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id
192.168.4.3

Step 4 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures an area for the OSPF
process.
Example: • The example configures a backbone area.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 0
• The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or
IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232.
However, you must choose one form or the other for an area.
We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 5 network { broadcast | non-broadcast | { Configures the OSPF network type to a type other than the default
point-to-multipoint [ non-broadcast ] | for a given medium.
point-to-point }}
• The example sets the network type to NBMA.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# network
non-broadcast

Step 6 dead-interval seconds (Optional) Sets the time to wait for a hello packet from a neighbor
before declaring the neighbor down.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#
dead-interval 40

Step 7 hello-interval seconds (Optional) Specifies the interval between hello packets that OSPF
sends on the interface.
Example: Note It is recommended to set the hello timer interval to the
default of 10 seconds. OSPF sessions may flap during
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# switchover if hello-interval timer configured is less then
hello-interval 10
default value.

Step 8 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more
interfaces for the area configured in Step 4.
Example: • In this example, the interface inherits the nonbroadcast network
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# type and the hello and dead intervals from the areas because
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0 the values are not set at the interface level.

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Configuring Neighbors for Nonbroadcast Networks

Command or Action Purpose

Step 9 Do one of the following: Configures the IPv4 address of OSPF neighbors interconnecting to
nonbroadcast networks.
• neighbor ip-address [ priority number ] [
poll-interval seconds ][ cost number ] or

• neighbor ipv6-link-local-address [ priority Configures the link-local IPv6 address of OSPFv3 neighbors.
number ] [ poll-interval seconds ][ cost • The ipv6-link-local-address argument must be in the form
number ] [ database-filter [ all ]] documented in RFC 2373 in which the address is specified in
hexadecimal using 16-bit values between colons.

Example:
• The priority keyword notifies the router that this neighbor
is eligible to become a DR or BDR. The priority value should
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# match the actual priority setting on the neighbor router. The
neighbor 10.20.20.1 priority 3 poll-interval
15 neighbor priority default value is zero. This keyword does not
or apply to point-to-multipoint interfaces.
• The poll-interval keyword does not apply to
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)#
neighbor fe80::3203:a0ff:fe9d:f3fe point-to-multipoint interfaces. RFC 1247 recommends that this
value be much larger than the hello interval. The default is 120
seconds (2 minutes).
• Neighbors with no specific cost configured assumes the cost
of the interface, based on the cost command. On
point-to-multipoint interfaces, cost number is the only
keyword and argument combination that works. The cost
keyword does not apply to NBMA networks.
• The database-filter keyword filters outgoing LSAs to an
OSPF neighbor. If you specify the all keyword, incoming and
outgoing LSAs are filtered. Use with extreme caution since
filtering may cause the routing topology to be seen as entirely
different between two neighbors, resulting in ‘black-holing ’ of
data traffic or routing loops.

Step 10 Repeat Step 9 for all neighbors on the interface. —

Step 11 exit Enters area configuration mode.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# exit

Step 12 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more
interfaces for the area configured in Step 4.
Example: • In this example, the interface inherits the nonbroadcast network
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# type and the hello and dead intervals from the areas because
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/1 the values are not set at the interface level.

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 Implementing OSPF
Configuring Authentication at Different Hierarchical Levels for OSPF Version 2

Command or Action Purpose

Step 13 Do one of the following: Configures the IPv4 address of OSPF neighbors interconnecting to
nonbroadcast networks.
• neighbor ip-address [ priority number ] [
poll-interval seconds ][ cost number ] [ or
database-filter [ all ]] Configures the link-local IPv6 address of OSPFv3 neighbors.
• neighbor ipv6-link-local-address [ priority • The ipv6-link-local-address argument must be in the form
number ] [ poll-interval seconds ][ cost documented in RFC 2373 in which the address is specified in
number ] [ database-filter [ all ]] hexadecimal using 16-bit values between colons.
• The priority keyword notifies the router that this neighbor
is eligible to become a DR or BDR. The priority value should
Example:
RP/0/ match the actual priority setting on the neighbor router. The
RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# neighbor neighbor priority default value is zero. This keyword does not
10.34.16.6
apply to point-to-multipoint interfaces.
or
RP/0/ • The poll-interval keyword does not apply to
RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# neighbor point-to-multipoint interfaces. RFC 1247 recommends that this
fe80::3203:a0ff:fe9d:f3f
value be much larger than the hello interval. The default is 120
seconds (2 minutes).
• Neighbors with no specific cost configured assumes the cost
of the interface, based on the cost command. On
point-to-multipoint interfaces, cost number is the only
keyword and argument combination that works. The cost
keyword does not apply to NBMA networks.
• The database-filter keyword filters outgoing LSAs to an
OSPF neighbor. If you specify the all keyword, incoming and
outgoing LSAs are filtered. Use with extreme caution since
filtering may cause the routing topology to be seen as entirely
different between two neighbors, resulting in ‘black-holing ’ or
routing loops.

Step 14 Repeat Step 13 for all neighbors on the interface. —

Step 15 commit

Configuring Authentication at Different Hierarchical Levels for OSPF Version

2
This task explains how to configure MD5 (secure) authentication on the OSPF router process, configure one
area with plain text authentication, and then apply one interface with clear text (null) authentication.

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Configuring Authentication at Different Hierarchical Levels for OSPF Version 2

Note Authentication configured at the interface level overrides authentication configured at the area level and
the router process level. If an interface does not have authentication specifically configured, the interface
inherits the authentication parameter value from a higher hierarchical level. See OSPF Hierarchical CLI
and CLI Inheritance, on page 6 for more information about hierarchy and inheritance.

Before You Begin

If you choose to configure authentication, you must first decide whether to configure plain text or MD5
authentication, and whether the authentication applies to all interfaces in a process, an entire area, or specific
interfaces. See Route Authentication Methods for OSPF, on page 10 for information about each type of
authentication and when you should use a specific method for your network.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. router-id { router-id }
4. authentication [ message-digest | null ]
5. message-digest-key key-id md5 { key | clear key | encrypted key | LINE}
6. area area-id
7. interface type interface-path-id
8. Repeat Step 7 for each interface that must communicate, using the same authentication.
9. exit
10. area area-id
11. authentication [ message-digest | null ]
12. interface type interface-path-id
13. Repeat Step 12 for each interface that must communicate, using the same authentication.
14. interface type interface-path-id
15. authentication [ message-digest | null ]
16. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process
and places the router in router configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1 alphanumeric string no longer than 40
characters.

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Configuring Authentication at Different Hierarchical Levels for OSPF Version 2

Command or Action Purpose

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id
192.168.4.3

Step 4 authentication [ message-digest | null ] Enables MD5 authentication for the OSPF process.
• This authentication type applies to the entire router
Example: process unless overridden by a lower hierarchical
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#authentication level such as the area or interface.
message-digest

Step 5 message-digest-key key-id md5 { key | clear key | Specifies the MD5 authentication key for the OSPF
encrypted key | LINE} process.
• The neighbor routers must have the same key
Example: identifier.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#message-digest-key
4 md5 yourkey

Step 6 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures a

backbone area for the OSPF process.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 0

Step 7 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one
or more interfaces to the backbone area.
Example: • All interfaces inherit the authentication parameter
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface values specified for the OSPF process (Step 4, Step
GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/3 5, and Step 6).

Step 8 Repeat Step 7 for each interface that must communicate, using —
the same authentication.
Step 9 exit Enters area OSPF configuration mode.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# exit

Step 10 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures a

nonbackbone area 1 for the OSPF process.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 1 dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as
area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must
choose one form or the other for an area. We
recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

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Controlling the Frequency That the Same LSA Is Originated or Accepted for OSPF

Command or Action Purpose

Step 11 authentication [ message-digest | null ] Enables Type 1 (plain text) authentication that provides
no security.
Example: • The example specifies plain text authentication (by
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# authentication not specifying a keyword). Use the
authentication-key command in interface
configuration mode to specify the plain text
password.

Step 12 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one
or more interfaces to the nonbackbone area 1 specified
Example: in Step 7.

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface • All interfaces configured inherit the authentication

GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/0 parameter values configured for area 1.

Step 13 Repeat Step 12 for each interface that must communicate, using —
the same authentication.
Step 14 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one
or more interfaces to a different authentication type.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface
GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0

Step 15 authentication [ message-digest | null ] Specifies no authentication on GigabitEthernet interface

0/3/0/0, overriding the plain text authentication specified
Example: for area 1.

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# • By default, all of the interfaces configured in the

authentication null same area inherit the same authentication
parameter values of the area.

Step 16 commit

Controlling the Frequency That the Same LSA Is Originated or Accepted for
OSPF
This task explains how to tune the convergence time of OSPF routes in the routing table when many LSAs
need to be flooded in a very short time interval.

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Controlling the Frequency That the Same LSA Is Originated or Accepted for OSPF

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. Do one of the following:
• router ospf process-name
• router ospfv3 process-name

3. router-id { router-id }
4. Perform Step 5 or Step 6 or both to control the frequency that the same LSA is originated or accepted.
5. timers lsa refresh seconds
6. timers lsa min-arrival seconds
7. timers lsa group-pacing seconds
8. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 Do one of the following: Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router configuration mode.
• router ospf process-name
or
• router ospfv3 process-name
Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process
and places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric
string no longer than 40 characters.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router:router(config)# router
ospf 1
or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IP address as the
Example: router ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id
192.168.4.3

Step 4 Perform Step 5 or Step 6 or both to control the frequency —

that the same LSA is originated or accepted.
Step 5 timers lsa refresh seconds Sets how often self-originated LSAs should be refreshed, in
seconds.
Example: • The default is 1800 seconds for both OSPF and
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# timers lsa OSPFv3.
refresh 1800

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Creating a Virtual Link with MD5 Authentication to Area 0 for OSPF

Command or Action Purpose

Step 6 timers lsa min-arrival seconds Limits the frequency that new processes of any particular
OSPF Version 2 LSA can be accepted during flooding.
Example: • The default is 1 second.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# timers lsa
min-arrival 2

Step 7 timers lsa group-pacing seconds Changes the interval at which OSPF link-state LSAs are
collected into a group for flooding.
Example: • The default is 240 seconds.
RP/0/
RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# timers lsa
group-pacing 1000

Step 8 commit

Creating a Virtual Link with MD5 Authentication to Area 0 for OSPF

This task explains how to create a virtual link to your backbone (area 0) and apply MD5 authentication. You
must perform the steps described on both ABRs, one at each end of the virtual link. To understand virtual
links, see Virtual Link and Transit Area for OSPF, on page 14 .

Note After you explicitly configure area parameter values, they are inherited by all interfaces bound to that
area—unless you override the values and configure them explicitly for the interface. An example is
provided in Virtual Link Configured with MD5 Authentication for OSPF Version 2: Example, on page
90.

Before You Begin

The following prerequisites must be met before creating a virtual link with MD5 authentication to area 0:
• You must have the router ID of the neighbor router at the opposite end of the link to configure the local
router. You can execute the show ospf or show ospfv3 command on the remote router to get its router
ID.
• For a virtual link to be successful, you need a stable router ID at each end of the virtual link. You do
not want them to be subject to change, which could happen if they are assigned by default. (See OSPF
Process and Router ID, on page 9 for an explanation of how the router ID is determined.) Therefore,
we recommend that you perform one of the following tasks before configuring a virtual link:
◦Use the router-id command to set the router ID. This strategy is preferable.
◦Configure a loopback interface so that the router has a stable router ID.

• Before configuring your virtual link for OSPF Version 2, you must decide whether to configure plain
text authentication, MD5 authentication, or no authentication (which is the default). Your decision
determines whether you need to perform additional tasks related to authentication.

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Creating a Virtual Link with MD5 Authentication to Area 0 for OSPF

Note If you decide to configure plain text authentication or no authentication, see the authentication command
provided in OSPF Commands on Cisco IOS XR Software module in Cisco IOS XR Routing Command
Reference for the Cisco CRS Router.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. Do one of the following:

• show ospf [ process-name ]
• show ospfv3 [ process-name ]

2. configure
3. Do one of the following:
• router ospf process-name
• router ospfv3 process-name

4. router-id { router-id }
5. area area-id
6. virtual-link router-id
7. authentication message-digest
8. message-digest-key key-id md5 { key | clear key | encrypted key }
9. Repeat all of the steps in this task on the ABR that is at the other end of the virtual link. Specify the same
key ID and key that you specified for the virtual link on this router.
10. commit
11. Do one of the following:
• show ospf [ process-name ] [ area-id ] virtual-links
• show ospfv3 [ process-name ] virtual-links

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 Do one of the following: (Optional) Displays general information about
OSPF routing processes.
• show ospf [ process-name ]
• The output displays the router ID of the local
• show ospfv3 [ process-name ]
router. You need this router ID to configure
the other end of the link.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf

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Command or Action Purpose

or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospfv3

Step 2 configure
Step 3 Do one of the following: Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing
process and places the router in router configuration
• router ospf process-name mode.
• router ospfv3 process-name or
Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing
process and places the router in router ospfv3
Example:
configuration mode.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1
Note The process-name argument is any
or
alphanumeric string no longer than 40
characters.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Step 4 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IPv4
Example: address as the router ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Step 5 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures a

nonbackbone area for the OSPF process.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 1 dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such
as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you
must choose one form or the other for an area.
We recommend using the IPv4 address
notation.

Step 6 virtual-link router-id Defines an OSPF virtual link.

• See .
Example:
RRP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# virtual-link 10.3.4.5

Step 7 authentication message-digest Selects MD5 authentication for this virtual link.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-vl)#authentication
message-digest

Step 8 message-digest-key key-id md5 { key | clear key | encrypted Defines an OSPF virtual link.
key }
• See to understand a virtual link.
Example: • The key-id argument is a number in the
range from 1 to 255. The key argument is
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-vl)#message-digest-key
4 md5 yourkey an alphanumeric string of up to 16 characters.

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Command or Action Purpose

The routers at both ends of the virtual link
must have the same key identifier and key to
be able to route OSPF traffic.
• The authentication-key key command is
not supported for OSPFv3.
• Once the key is encrypted it must remain
encrypted.

Step 9 Repeat all of the steps in this task on the ABR that is at the other end —
of the virtual link. Specify the same key ID and key that you specified
for the virtual link on this router.
Step 10 commit
Step 11 Do one of the following: (Optional) Displays the parameters and the current
state of OSPF virtual links.
• show ospf [ process-name ] [ area-id ] virtual-links
• show ospfv3 [ process-name ] virtual-links

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 1 2 virtual-links
or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospfv3 1 virtual-links

Examples
In the following example, the show ospfv3 virtual links EXEC configuration command verifies that the
OSPF_VL0 virtual link to the OSPFv3 neighbor is up, the ID of the virtual link interface is 2, and the IPv6
address of the virtual link endpoint is 2003:3000::1.

show ospfv3 virtual-links

Virtual Links for OSPFv3 1

Virtual Link OSPF_VL0 to router 10.0.0.3 is up

Interface ID 2, IPv6 address 2003:3000::1
Run as demand circuit
DoNotAge LSA allowed.
Transit area 0.1.20.255, via interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/1, Cost of using 2
Transmit Delay is 5 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:02
Adjacency State FULL (Hello suppressed)
Index 0/2/3, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 1
First 0(0)/0(0)/0(0) Next 0(0)/0(0)/0(0)
Last retransmission scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec

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Summarizing Subnetwork LSAs on an OSPF ABR

Check for lines:

Virtual Link OSPF_VL0 to router 10.0.0.3 is up
Adjacency State FULL (Hello suppressed)

State is up and Adjacency State is FULL

Summarizing Subnetwork LSAs on an OSPF ABR

If you configured two or more subnetworks when you assigned your IP addresses to your interfaces, you
might want the software to summarize (aggregate) into a single LSA all of the subnetworks that the local area
advertises to another area. Such summarization would reduce the number of LSAs and thereby conserve
network resources. This summarization is known as interarea route summarization. It applies to routes from
within the autonomous system. It does not apply to external routes injected into OSPF by way of redistribution.
This task configures OSPF to summarize subnetworks into one LSA, by specifying that all subnetworks that
fall into a range are advertised together. This task is performed on an ABR only.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. Do one of the following:
• router ospf process-name
• router ospfv3 process-name

3. router-id { router-id }
4. area area-id
5. Do one of the following:
• range ip-address mask [ advertise | not-advertise ]
• range ipv6-prefix / prefix-length [ advertise | not-advertise ]

6. interface type interface-path-id

7. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 Do one of the following: Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places
the router in router configuration mode.
• router ospf process-name
or
• router ospfv3 process-name
Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and places
the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.

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Summarizing Subnetwork LSAs on an OSPF ABR

Command or Action Purpose

Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no
Example: longer than 40 characters.

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf

1
or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router
ospfv3 1

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router
Example: ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#
router-id 192.168.4.3

Step 4 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures a nonbackbone area
for the OSPF process.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However,
0 you must choose one form or the other for an area. We
recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 5 Do one of the following: Consolidates and summarizes OSPF routes at an area boundary.
• range ip-address mask [ advertise | • The advertise keyword causes the software to advertise the
not-advertise ] address range of subnetworks in a Type 3 summary LSA.
• range ipv6-prefix / prefix-length [ • The not-advertise keyword causes the software to suppress
advertise | not-advertise ] the Type 3 summary LSA, and the subnetworks in the range
remain hidden from other areas.
• In the first example, all subnetworks for network 192.168.0.0
Example: are summarized and advertised by the ABR into areas outside
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# the backbone.
range 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 advertise
or • In the second example, two or more IPv4 interfaces are covered
by a 192.x.x network.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#
range 4004:f000::/32 advertise

Step 6 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more
interfaces to the area.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/3

Step 7 commit

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Redistribute Routes into OSPF

Redistribute Routes into OSPF

This task redistributes routes from an IGP (could be a different OSPF process) into OSPF.

Before You Begin

For information about configuring routing policy, see Implementing Routing Policy on Cisco IOS XR Software
module in the Cisco IOS XR Routing Configuration Guide for the Cisco CRS Router.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. Do one of the following:
• router ospf process-name
• router ospfv3 process-name

3. router-id { router-id }
4. redistribute protocol [ process-id ] { level-1 | level-1-2 | level-2 } [ metric metric-value ] [
metric-type type-value ] [ match { external [ 1 | 2 ]} [ tag tag-value ] [ route-policy policy-name ]
5. Do one of the following:
• summary-prefix address mask [ not-advertise ] [ tag tag ]
• summary-prefix ipv6-prefix / prefix-length [ not-advertise ] [ tag tag ]

6. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 Do one of the following: Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places
the router in router configuration mode.
• router ospf process-name
or
• router ospfv3 process-name
Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string
no longer than 40 characters.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1
or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

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Command or Action Purpose

Note We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router
Example: ID.
RRP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id
192.168.4.3

Step 4 redistribute protocol [ process-id ] { level-1 | Redistributes OSPF routes from one routing domain to another
level-1-2 | level-2 } [ metric metric-value ] [ routing domain.
metric-type type-value ] [ match { external [ 1 | 2 ]} or
[ tag tag-value ] [ route-policy policy-name ]
Redistributes OSPFv3 routes from one routing domain to another
routing domain.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# redistribute • This command causes the router to become an ASBR by
bgp 100 definition.
or
• OSPF tags all routes learned through redistribution as
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-router)#redistribute external.
bgp 110
• The protocol and its process ID, if it has one, indicate the
protocol being redistributed into OSPF.
• The metric is the cost you assign to the external route. The
default is 20 for all protocols except BGP, whose default
metric is 1.
• The OSPF example redistributes BGP autonomous system
1, Level 1 routes into OSPF as Type 2 external routes.
• The OSPFv3 example redistributes BGP autonomous system
1, Level 1 and 2 routes into OSPF. The external link type
associated with the default route advertised into the OSPFv3
routing domain is the Type 1 external route.

Note RPL is not supported for

OSPFv3.
Step 5 Do one of the following: (Optional) Creates aggregate addresses for OSPF.
• summary-prefix address mask [ not-advertise or
] [ tag tag ] (Optional) Creates aggregate addresses for OSPFv3.
• summary-prefix ipv6-prefix / prefix-length [ • This command provides external route summarization of
not-advertise ] [ tag tag ] the non-OSPF routes.
• External ranges that are being summarized should be
contiguous. Summarization of overlapping ranges from two
Example:
different routers could cause packets to be sent to the wrong
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# summary-prefix destination.
10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0
or • This command is optional. If you do not specify it, each
route is included in the link-state database and advertised
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-router)# in LSAs.
summary-prefix 2010:11:22::/32

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Configuring OSPF Shortest Path First Throttling

Command or Action Purpose

• In the OSPFv2 example, the summary address 10.1.0.0
includes address 10.1.1.0, 10.1.2.0, 10.1.3.0, and so on. Only
the address 10.1.0.0 is advertised in an external LSA.
• In the OSPFv3 example, the summary address
2010:11:22::/32 has addresses such as 2010:11:22:0:1000::1,
2010:11:22:0:2000:679:1, and so on. Only the address
2010:11:22::/32 is advertised in the external LSA.

Step 6 commit

Configuring OSPF Shortest Path First Throttling

This task explains how to configure SPF scheduling in millisecond intervals and potentially delay SPF
calculations during times of network instability. This task is optional.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. Do one of the following:
• router ospf process-name
• router ospfv3 process-name

3. router-id { router-id }
4. timers throttle spf spf-start spf-hold spf-max-wait
5. area area-id
6. interface type interface-path-id
7. commit
8. Do one of the following:
• show ospf [ process-name ]
• show ospfv3 [ process-name ]

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure

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Configuring OSPF Shortest Path First Throttling

Command or Action Purpose

Step 2 Do one of the following: Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router configuration mode.
• router ospf process-name
or
• router ospfv3 process-name
Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process
and places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric
string no longer than 40 characters.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1
or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the
Example: router ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id
192.168.4.3

Step 4 timers throttle spf spf-start spf-hold spf-max-wait Sets SPF throttling timers.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# timers
throttle spf 10 4800 90000

Step 5 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures a backbone
area.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 0 or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or
area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form
or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4
address notation.

Step 6 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or
more interfaces to the area.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface
GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/3

Step 7 commit
Step 8 Do one of the following: (Optional) Displays SPF throttling timers.
• show ospf [ process-name ]
• show ospfv3 [ process-name ]

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 1

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Configuring Nonstop Forwarding Specific to Cisco for OSPF Version 2

Command or Action Purpose

or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show

ospfv3 2

Examples
In the following example, the show ospf EXEC configuration command is used to verify that the initial SPF
schedule delay time, minimum hold time, and maximum wait time are configured correctly. Additional details
are displayed about the OSPF process, such as the router type and redistribution of routes.

show ospf 1

Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 192.168.4.3

Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
It is an autonomous system boundary router
Redistributing External Routes from,
ospf 2
Initial SPF schedule delay 5 msecs
Minimum hold time between two consecutive SPFs 100 msecs
Maximum wait time between two consecutive SPFs 1000 msecs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 00000000
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 00000000
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Non-Stop Forwarding enabled

Note For a description of each output display field, see the show ospf command in the OSPF Commands on
Cisco IOS XR Softwaremodule in Cisco IOS XR Routing Command Reference for the Cisco CRS Router.

Configuring Nonstop Forwarding Specific to Cisco for OSPF Version 2

This task explains how to configure OSPF NSF specific to Cisco on your NSF-capable router. This task is
optional.

Before You Begin

OSPF NSF requires that all neighbor networking devices be NSF aware, which happens automatically after
you install the Cisco IOS XR software image on the router. If an NSF-capable router discovers that it has
non-NSF-aware neighbors on a particular network segment, it disables NSF capabilities for that segment.
Other network segments composed entirely of NSF-capable or NSF-aware routers continue to provide NSF
capabilities.

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Note The following are restrictions when configuring nonstop forwarding:

• OSPF Cisco NSF for virtual links is not supported.
• Neighbors must be NSF aware.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. router-id { router-id }
4. Do one of the following:
• nsf cisco
• nsf cisco enforce global

5. nsf interval seconds

6. nsfflush-delay-timeseconds
7. nsflifetimeseconds
8. nsfietf
9. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places
the router in router configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf no longer than 40 characters.
1

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router
Example: ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#
router-id 192.168.4.3

Step 4 Do one of the following: Enables Cisco NSF operations for the OSPF process.
• nsf cisco • Use the nsf cisco command without the optional enforce and
global keywords to abort the NSF restart mechanism on the
• nsf cisco enforce global
interfaces of detected non-NSF neighbors and allow NSF
neighbors to function properly.

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Command or Action Purpose

• Use the nsf cisco command with the optional enforce and
Example: global keywords if the router is expected to perform NSF
during restart. However, if non-NSF neighbors are detected,
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# nsf NSF restart is canceled for the entire OSPF process.
cisco enforce global

Step 5 nsf interval seconds Sets the minimum time between NSF restart attempts.
Note When you use this command, the OSPF process must be
Example: up for at least 90 seconds before OSPF attempts to perform
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# nsf an NSF restart.
interval 120

Step 6 nsfflush-delay-timeseconds Sets the maximum time allowed for external route learning in
seconds.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#nsf
flush-delay-time 1000

Step 7 nsflifetimeseconds Sets the maximum route lifetime of NSF following a restart in
seconds.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#nsf
lifetime 90

Step 8 nsfietf Enables ietf graceful restart.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#nsf
ietf

Step 9 commit

Configuring OSPF Version 2 for MPLS Traffic Engineering

This task explains how to configure OSPF for MPLS TE. This task is optional.
For a description of the MPLS TE tasks and commands that allow you to configure the router to support
tunnels, configure an MPLS tunnel that OSPF can use, and troubleshoot MPLS TE, see Implementing MPLS
Traffic Engineering on Cisco IOS XR Software module of the Cisco IOS XR MPLS Configuration Guide for
the Cisco CRS Router
Before You Begin
Your network must support the following features before you enable MPLS TE for OSPF on your router:
• MPLS
• IP Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)

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Note You must enter the commands in the following task on every OSPF router in the traffic-engineered portion
of your network.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. router-id { router-id }
4. mpls traffic-eng router-id interface-type interface-instance
5. area area-id
6. mpls traffic-eng
7. interface type interface-path-id
8. commit
9. show ospf [ process-name ] [ area-id ] mpls traffic-eng { link | fragment }

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places
the router in router configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1 no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router
Example: ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id
192.168.4.3

Step 4 mpls traffic-eng router-id interface-type (Optional) Specifies that the traffic engineering router identifier
interface-instance for the node is the IP address associated with a given interface.
• This IP address is flooded to all nodes in TE LSAs.
Example:
• For all traffic engineering tunnels originating at other nodes
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# mpls
traffic-eng router-id loopback 0 and ending at this node, you must set the tunnel destination
to the traffic engineering router identifier of the destination
node because that is the address that the traffic engineering
topology database at the tunnel head uses for its path
calculation.
• We recommend that loopback interfaces be used for MPLS
TE router ID because they are more stable than physical
interfaces.

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 5 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures an area for the
OSPF process.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 0 IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232.
However, you must choose one form or the other for an area.

Step 6 mpls traffic-eng Configures the MPLS TE under the OSPF area.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# mpls
traffic-eng

Step 7 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more
interfaces to the area.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#
interface interface loopback0

Step 8 commit
Step 9 show ospf [ process-name ] [ area-id ] mpls (Optional) Displays information about the links and fragments
traffic-eng { link | fragment } available on the local router for MPLS TE.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 1 0 mpls
traffic-eng link

Examples
This section provides the following output examples:

Sample Output for the show ospf Command Before Configuring MPLS TE
In the following example, the show route ospf EXEC configuration command verifies that GigabitEthernet
interface 0/3/0/0 exists and MPLS TE is not configured:

show route ospf 1

O 11.0.0.0/24 [110/15] via 0.0.0.0, 3d19h, tunnel-te1

O 192.168.0.12/32 [110/11] via 11.1.0.2, 3d19h, GigabitEthernet0/3/0/0
O 192.168.0.13/32 [110/6] via 0.0.0.0, 3d19h, tunnel-te1

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Sample Output for the show ospf mpls traffic-eng Command

In the following example, the show ospf mpls traffic-eng EXEC configuration command verifies that the
MPLS TE fragments are configured correctly:

show ospf 1 mpls traffic-eng fragment

OSPF Router with ID (192.168.4.3) (Process ID 1)

Area 0 has 1 MPLS TE fragment. Area instance is 3.

MPLS router address is 192.168.4.2
Next fragment ID is 1

Fragment 0 has 1 link. Fragment instance is 3.

Fragment has 0 link the same as last update.
Fragment advertise MPLS router address
Link is associated with fragment 0. Link instance is 3
Link connected to Point-to-Point network
Link ID :55.55.55.55
Interface Address :192.168.50.21
Neighbor Address :192.168.4.1
Admin Metric :0
Maximum bandwidth :19440000
Maximum global pool reservable bandwidth :25000000
Maximum sub pool reservable bandwidth :3125000
Number of Priority :8
Global pool unreserved BW
Priority 0 : 25000000 Priority 1 : 25000000
Priority 2 : 25000000 Priority 3 : 25000000
Priority 4 : 25000000 Priority 5 : 25000000
Priority 6 : 25000000 Priority 7 : 25000000
Sub pool unreserved BW
Priority 0 : 3125000 Priority 1 : 3125000
Priority 2 : 3125000 Priority 3 : 3125000
Priority 4 : 3125000 Priority 5 : 3125000
Priority 6 : 3125000 Priority 7 : 3125000
Affinity Bit :0

In the following example, the show ospf mpls traffic-eng EXEC configuration command verifies that the
MPLS TE links on area instance 3 are configured correctly:

show ospf mpls traffic-eng link

OSPF Router with ID (192.168.4.1) (Process ID 1)

Area 0 has 1 MPLS TE links. Area instance is 3.

Links in hash bucket 53.

Link is associated with fragment 0. Link instance is 3
Link connected to Point-to-Point network
Link ID :192.168.50.20
Interface Address :192.168.20.50
Neighbor Address :192.168.4.1
Admin Metric :0
Maximum bandwidth :19440000
Maximum global pool reservable bandwidth :25000000
Maximum sub pool reservable bandwidth :3125000
Number of Priority :8
Global pool unreserved BW
Priority 0 : 25000000 Priority 1 : 25000000
Priority 2 : 25000000 Priority 3 : 25000000
Priority 4 : 25000000 Priority 5 : 25000000
Priority 6 : 25000000 Priority 7 : 25000000
Sub pool unreserved BW
Priority 0 : 3125000 Priority 1 : 3125000
Priority 2 : 3125000 Priority 3 : 3125000
Priority 4 : 3125000 Priority 5 : 3125000
Priority 6 : 3125000 Priority 7 : 3125000
Affinity Bit :0

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Sample Output for the show ospf Command After Configuring MPLS TE
In the following example, the show route ospf EXEC configuration command verifies that the MPLS TE
tunnels replaced GigabitEthernet interface 0/3/0/0 and that configuration was performed correctly:

show route ospf 1

O E2 192.168.10.0/24 [110/20] via 0.0.0.0, 00:00:15, tunnel2

O E2 192.168.11.0/24 [110/20] via 0.0.0.0, 00:00:15, tunnel2
O E2 192.168.1244.0/24 [110/20] via 0.0.0.0, 00:00:15, tunnel2
O 192.168.12.0/24 [110/2] via 0.0.0.0, 00:00:15, tunnel2

Configuring OSPFv3 Graceful Restart

This task explains how to configure a graceful restart for an OSPFv3 process. This task is optional.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospfv3 process-name
3. graceful-restart
4. graceful-restart lifetime
5. graceful-restart interval seconds
6. graceful-restart helper disable
7. commit
8. show ospfv3 [ process-name [ area-id ]] database grace

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospfv3 process-name Enters router configuration mode for OSPFv3. The
process name is a WORD that uniquely identifies an
Example: OSPF routing process. The process name is any
alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 test without spaces.

Step 3 graceful-restart Enables graceful restart on the current router.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)#graceful-restart

Step 4 graceful-restart lifetime Specifies a maximum duration for a graceful restart.

• The default lifetime is 95 seconds.
Example:
• The range is 90 to 3600 seconds.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)# graceful-restart
lifetime 120

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 5 graceful-restart interval seconds Specifies the interval (minimal time) between graceful
restarts on the current router.
Example: • The default value for the interval is 90 seconds.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)# graceful-restart
interval 120 • The range is 90 to 3600 seconds.

Step 6 graceful-restart helper disable Disables the helper capability.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)# graceful-restart
helper disable

Step 7 commit
Step 8 show ospfv3 [ process-name [ area-id ]] database grace Displays the state of the graceful restart link.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospfv3 1 database grace

Displaying Information About Graceful Restart

This section describes the tasks you can use to display information about a graceful restart.
• To see if the feature is enabled and when the last graceful restart ran, use the show ospf command. To
see details for an OSPFv3 instance, use the show ospfv3 process-name [ area-id ] database grace
command.

Displaying the State of the Graceful Restart Feature

The following screen output shows the state of the graceful restart capability on the local router:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospfv3 1 database grace

Routing Process “ospfv3 1” with ID 2.2.2.2

Initial SPF schedule delay 5000 msecs
Minimum hold time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs
Maximum wait time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs
Initial LSA throttle delay 0 msecs
Minimum hold time for LSA throttle 5000 msecs
Maximum wait time for LSA throttle 5000 msecs
Minimum LSA arrival 1000 msecs
LSA group pacing timer 240 secs
Interface flood pacing timer 33 msecs
Retransmission pacing timer 66 msecs
Maximum number of configured interfaces 255
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 00000000
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Graceful Restart enabled, last GR 11:12:26 ago (took 6 secs)
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 1
SPF algorithm executed 1 times
Number of LSA 6. Checksum Sum 0x0268a7

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Number of DCbitless LSA 0

Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0

Displaying Graceful Restart Information for an OSPFv3 Instance

The following screen output shows the link state for an OSPFv3 instance:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospfv3 1 database grace

OSPFv3 Router with ID (2.2.2.2) (Process ID 1)

Router Link States (Area 0)

ADV Router Age Seq# Fragment ID Link count Bits
1.1.1.1 1949 0x8000000e 0 1
None
2.2.2.2 2007 0x80000011 0 1
None

Link (Type-8) Link States (Area 0)

ADV Router Age Seq# Link ID Interface
1.1.1.1 180 0x80000006 1 PO0/2/0/0
2.2.2.2 2007 0x80000006 1 PO0/2/0/0

Intra Area Prefix Link States (Area 0)

ADV Router Age Seq# Link ID Ref-lstype Ref-LSID
1.1.1.1 180 0x80000006 0 0x2001 0
2.2.2.2 2007 0x80000006 0 0x2001 0

Grace (Type-11) Link States (Area 0)

ADV Router Age Seq# Link ID Interface
2.2.2.2 2007 0x80000005 1 PO0/2/0/0

Configuring an OSPFv2 Sham Link

This task explains how to configure a provider edge (PE) router to establish an OSPFv2 sham link connection
across a VPN backbone. This task is optional.

Before You Begin

Before configuring a sham link in a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) VPN between
provider edge (PE) routers, OSPF must be enabled as follows:
• Create an OSPF routing process.
• Configure a loopback interface that belongs to VRF and assign a IPv4 address with the host mask to it.
• Configure the sham link under the area submode.

See Enabling OSPF, on page 28 for information on these OSPF configuration prerequisites.

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SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. interface type interface-path-id
3. vrf vrf-name
4. ipv4 address ip-address mask
5. end
6. router ospf instance-id
7. vrf vrf-name
8. router-id { router-id }
9. redistribute bgp process-id
10. area area-id
11. sham-link source-address destination-address
12. cost cost
13. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# interface loopback 3

Step 3 vrf vrf-name Assigns an interface to the VPN routing and forwarding
(VRF) instance.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)# vrf vrf1

Step 4 ipv4 address ip-address mask Assigns an IP address and subnet mask to the interface.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)# ipv4 address
172.18.189.38 255.255.255.225

Step 5 end Saves configuration changes.

When you issue the end command, the system prompts
Example: you to commit changes:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)# end
Uncommitted changes found, commit them before
exiting(yes/no/cancel)?[cancel]:

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Command or Action Purpose

• Entering yes saves configuration changes to the
running configuration file, exits the configuration
session, and returns the router to EXEC mode.
• Entering no exits the configuration session and
returns the router to EXEC mode without
committing the configuration changes.
• Entering cancel leaves the router in the current
configuration session without exiting or committing
the configuration changes.

Step 6 router ospf instance-id Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process,
and places the router in router configuration mode. In this
Example: example, the OSPF instance is called isp.

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf isp

Step 7 vrf vrf-name Creates a VRF instance and enters VRF configuration
mode.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# vrf vrf1

Step 8 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as
Example: the router ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# router-id
192.168.4.3

Step 9 redistribute bgp process-id Redistributes OSPF routes from the one routing domain
to another routing domain.
Example: • This command causes the router to become an ASBR
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# redistribute by definition.
bgp 1
• OSPF tags all routes learned through redistribution
as external.
• The protocol and its process ID, if it has one, indicate
the protocol being redistributed into OSPF.
• The BGP MED value is copied to the LSA metric
field when BGP VPN routes are redistributed to
OSPF.

Step 10 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures an area for
the OSPF process.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# area 0 dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area
1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose
one form or the other for an area.

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 11 sham-link source-address destination-address Configures a point-to-point unnumbered interface between
two VPN sites.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf-ar)# sham-link
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3

Step 12 cost cost Explicitly specifies the cost of sending a packet on an

OSPF interface. The specified cost overrides the
Example: auto-costing calculated default value for interfaces.

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf-ar-sl)# cost
76

Step 13 commit

Enabling Nonstop Routing for OSPFv2

This optional task describes how to enable nonstop routing (NSR) for OSPFv2 process. NSR is disabled by
default. When NSR is enabled, OSPF process on the active RP synchronizes all necessary data and states with
the OSPF process on the standby RP. When the switchover happens, OSPF process on the newly active RP
has all the necessary data and states to continue running and does not require any help from its neighbors.

Step 1 configure
Enter the global configuration mode.

Step 2 router ospf instance-id

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf isp
Enable OSPF routing for the specified routing process. In this example, the OSPF instance is called isp.

Step 3 nsr

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# nsr
Enable NSR for the OSPFv2 process.

Step 4 commit
Commit your configuration.

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Enabling Nonstop Routing for OSPFv3

This task describes how to enable nonstop routing (NSR) for OSPFv3 process. NSR is disabled by default.
When NSR is enabled, OSPF process on the active RP synchronizes all necessary data and states with the
OSPF process on the standby RP. When the switchover happens, OSPF process on the newly active RP has
all the necessary data and states to continue running and does not require any help from its neighbors.

Step 1 configure
Enter the global configuration mode.

Step 2 router ospfv3 instance-id

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 isp
Enable OSPF routing for the specified routing process. In this example, the OSPF instance is called isp.

Step 3 nsr

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)# nsr
Enable NSR for the OSPFv3 process.

Step 4 commit
Commit your configuration.

Configuring OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization

Perform this task to configure OSPF SPF (shortest path first) prefix prioritization.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. prefix-set prefix-set name
3. route-policy route-policy name if destination in prefix-set name then set spf-priority {critical |
high | medium} endif
4. Use one of these commands:
• router ospf ospf-name
• router ospfv3 ospfv3-name

5. spf prefix-priority route-policy route-policy name

6. commit
7. show rpl route-policy route-policy name detail

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DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 prefix-set prefix-set name Configures the prefix set.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)#prefix-set ospf-critical-prefixes
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-pfx)#66.0.0.0/16
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-pfx)#end-set

Step 3 route-policy route-policy name if destination in prefix-set name then Configures route policy and sets OSPF
set spf-priority {critical | high | medium} endif SPF priority.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#route-policy ospf-spf-priority
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-rpl)#if destination in
ospf-critical-prefixes then
set spf-priority critical
endif
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-rpl)#end-policy

Step 4 Use one of these commands: Enters Router OSPF configuration

mode.
• router ospf ospf-name
• router ospfv3 ospfv3-name

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# router ospf 1
Or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# router ospfv3 1

Step 5 spf prefix-priority route-policy route-policy name Configures SPF prefix-priority for the
defined route policy.
Example: Note Configure the spf
Or prefix-priority command
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)#spf prefix-priority under router OSPF.
route-policy ospf3-spf-priority

Step 6 commit
Step 7 show rpl route-policy route-policy name detail Displays the set SPF prefix priority.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#show rpl route-policy ospf-spf-priority
detail
prefix-set ospf-critical-prefixes
66.0.0.0/16
end-set
!
route-policy ospf-spf-priority

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Command or Action Purpose

if destination in ospf-critical-prefixes then
set spf-priority critical
endif
end-policy
!

Enabling Multicast-intact for OSPFv2

This optional task describes how to enable multicast-intact for OSPFv2 routes that use IPv4 addresses.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf instance-id
3. mpls traffic-eng multicast-intact
4. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf instance-id Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing
process, and places the router in router configuration
Example: mode. In this example, the OSPF instance is called
isp.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf isp

Step 3 mpls traffic-eng multicast-intact Enables multicast-intact.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# mpls
traffic-eng multicast-intact

Step 4 commit

Associating Interfaces to a VRF

This task explains how to associate an interface with a VPN Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instance.

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SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. vrf vrf-name
4. area area-id
5. interface type interface-path-id
6. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf string no longer than 40 characters.
1

Step 3 vrf vrf-name Creates a VRF instance and enters VRF configuration mode.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# vrf vrf1

Step 4 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures an area for the
OSPF process.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# area or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or
0 area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the
other for an area.

Step 5 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more
interfaces to the VRF.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf-ar)#
interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0/0

Step 6 commit

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Configuring OSPF as a Provider Edge to Customer Edge (PE-CE) Protocol

Configuring OSPF as a Provider Edge to Customer Edge (PE-CE) Protocol

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. vrf vrf-name
4. router-id { router-id }
5. redistribute protocol [ process-id ] { level-1 | level-1-2 | level-2 } [ metric metric-value ] [ metric-type
type-value ] [ match { external [ 1 | 2 ] }] [ tag tag-value ] route-policy policy-name]
6. area area-id
7. interface type interface-path-id
8. exit
9. domain-id [ secondary ] type { 0005 | 0105 | 0205 | 8005 } value value
10. domain-tag tag
11. disable-dn-bit-check
12. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing
process and places the router in router
Example: configuration mode.

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1 Note The process-name argument is any

alphanumeric string no longer than 40
characters.
Step 3 vrf vrf-name Creates a VRF instance and enters VRF
configuration mode.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# vrf vrf1

Step 4 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IPv4
Example: address as the router ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Step 5 redistribute protocol [ process-id ] { level-1 | level-1-2 | level-2 Redistributes OSPF routes from one routing
} [ metric metric-value ] [ metric-type type-value ] [ match { domain to another routing domain.
external [ 1 | 2 ] }] [ tag tag-value ] route-policy policy-name]
• This command causes the router to become
an ASBR by definition.

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Command or Action Purpose

• OSPF tags all routes learned through
Example: redistribution as external.

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# redistribute bgp 1 • The protocol and its process ID, if it has
level-1 one, indicate the protocol being redistributed
into OSPF.
• The metric is the cost you assign to the
external route. The default is 20 for all
protocols except BGP, whose default metric
is 1.
• The example shows the redistribution of
BGP autonomous system 1, Level 1 routes
into OSPF as Type 2 external routes.

Step 6 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures

an area for the OSPF process.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# area 0 dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation,
such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232.
However, you must choose one form or the
other for an area.

Step 7 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and

associates one or more interfaces to the VRF.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# interface
GigabitEthernet 0/0/0/0

Step 8 exit Exits interface configuration mode.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)# exit

Step 9 domain-id [ secondary ] type { 0005 | 0105 | 0205 | 8005 Specifies the OSPF VRF domain ID.
} value value
• The value argument is a six-octet hex
number.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# domain-id type 0105
value 1AF234

Step 10 domain-tag tag Specifies the OSPF VRF domain tag.

• The valid range for tag is 0 to 4294967295.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-0spf-vrf)# domain-tag 234

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 11 disable-dn-bit-check Specifies that down bits should be ignored.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# disable-dn-bit-check

Step 12 commit

Creating Multiple OSPF Instances (OSPF Process and a VRF)

This task explains how to create multiple OSPF instances. In this case, the instances are a normal OSPF
instance and a VRF instance.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. area area-id
4. interface type interface-path-id
5. exit
6. vrf vrf-name
7. area area-id
8. interface type interface-path-id
9. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1 string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures a backbone
area.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 0 or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or
area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or
the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4
address notation.

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 4 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or
more interfaces to the area.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface
GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/3

Step 5 exit Enters OSPF configuration mode.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# exit

Step 6 vrf vrf-name Creates a VRF instance and enters VRF configuration mode.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# vrf vrf1

Step 7 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures an area for a
VRF instance under the OSPF process.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# area 0 or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or
area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or
the other for an area.

Step 8 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or
more interfaces to the VRF.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-vrf)# interface
GigabitEthernet 0/0/0/0

Step 9 commit

Configuring Multi-area Adjacency

This task explains how to create multiple areas on an OSPF primary interface.

Before You Begin

Note You can configure multi-area adjacency on any interface where only two OSF speakers are attached. In
the case of native broadcast networks, the interface must be configured as an OPSF point-to-point type
using the network point-to-point command to enable the interface for a multi-area adjacency.

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SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. area area-id
4. interface type interface-path-id
5. area area-id
6. multi-area-interface type interface-path-id
7. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1 string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures a backbone
area.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 0 or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or
area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or
the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4
address notation.

Step 4 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or
more interfaces to the area.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface
Serial 0/1/0/3

Step 5 area area-id Enters area configuration mode and configures an area used
for multiple area adjacency.
Example: • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 1 or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or
area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or
the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4
address notation.

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Configuring Label Distribution Protocol IGP Auto-configuration for OSPF

Command or Action Purpose

Step 6 multi-area-interface type interface-path-id Enables multiple adjacencies for different OSPF areas and
enters multi-area interface configuration mode.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#
multi-area-interface Serial 0/1/0/3

Step 7 commit

Configuring Label Distribution Protocol IGP Auto-configuration for OSPF

This task explains how to configure LDP auto-configuration for an OSPF instance.
Optionally, you can configure this feature for an area of an OSPF instance.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. mpls ldp auto-config
4. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places
the router in router configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf no longer than 40 characters.
1

Step 3 mpls ldp auto-config Enables LDP IGP interface auto-configuration for an OSPF
instance.
Example: • Optionally, this command can be configured for an area of
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# mpls an OSPF instance.
ldp auto-config

Step 4 commit

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Configuring LDP IGP Synchronization: OSPF

Configuring LDP IGP Synchronization: OSPF

Perform this task to configure LDP IGP Synchronization under OSPF.

Note By default, there is no synchronization between LDP and IGPs.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. Use one of the following commands:
• mpls ldp sync
• area area-id mpls ldp sync
• area area-id interface name mpls ldp sync

4. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Identifies the OSPF routing process and
enters OSPF configuration mode.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 100

Step 3 Use one of the following commands: Enables LDP IGP synchronization on an
interface.
• mpls ldp sync
• area area-id mpls ldp sync
• area area-id interface name mpls ldp sync

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# mpls ldp sync

Step 4 commit

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Configuring Authentication Message Digest Management for OSPF

Configuring Authentication Message Digest Management for OSPF

This task explains how to manage authentication of a keychain on the OSPF interface.

Before You Begin

A valid keychain must be configured before this task can be attempted.
To learn how to configure a keychain and its associated attributes, see the Implementing Key Chain Management
on Cisco IOS XR Software module of the Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide for the
Cisco CRS Router.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. router-id { router-id }
4. area area-id
5. interface type interface-path-id
6. authentication message-digest keychain keychain
7. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places
the router in router configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf no longer than 40 characters.
1

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router
Example: ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router
id 192.168.4.3

Step 4 area area-id Enters area configuration mode.

The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4
Example: address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However,
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 1 you must choose one form or the other for an area. We
recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 5 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more
interfaces to the area.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#
interface GigabitEthernet0/4/0/1

Step 6 authentication message-digest keychain keychain Configures an MD5 keychain.

Note In the example, the ospf_intl keychain must be
Example: configured before you attempt this step.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)#
authentication message-digest keychain
ospf_int1

Step 7 commit

Examples
The following example shows how to configure the keychain ospf_intf_1 that contains five key IDs. Each
key ID is configured with different send-lifetime values; however, all key IDs specify the same text string
for the key.

key chain ospf_intf_1

key 1
send-lifetime 11:30:30 May 1 2007 duration 600
cryptographic-algorithm MD5T
key-string clear ospf_intf_1
key 2
send-lifetime 11:40:30 May 1 2007 duration 600
cryptographic-algorithm MD5
key-string clear ospf_intf_1
key 3
send-lifetime 11:50:30 May 1 2007 duration 600
cryptographic-algorithm MD5
key-string clear ospf_intf_1
key 4
send-lifetime 12:00:30 May 1 2007 duration 600
cryptographic-algorithm MD5
key-string clear ospf_intf_1
key 5
send-lifetime 12:10:30 May 1 2007 duration 600
cryptographic-algorithm MD5
key-string clear ospf_intf_1

The following example shows that keychain authentication is enabled on the Gigabit Ethernet 0/4/0/1 interface:

show ospf 1 interface GigabitEthernet0/4/0/1

GigabitEthernet0/4/0/1 is up, line protocol is up

Internet Address 100.10.10.2/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 2.2.2.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 2.2.2.1, Interface address 100.10.10.2
Backup Designated router (ID) 1.1.1.1, Interface address 100.10.10.1
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:02
Index 3/3, flood queue length 0

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Next 0(0)/0(0)
Last flood scan length is 2, maximum is 16
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 1.1.1.1 (Backup Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Keychain-based authentication enabled
Key id used is 3
Multi-area interface Count is 0

The following example shows output for configured keys that are active:

show key chain ospf_intf_1

Key-chain: ospf_intf_1/ -

Key 1 -- text "0700325C4836100B0314345D"

cryptographic-algorithm -- MD5
Send lifetime: 11:30:30, 01 May 2007 - (Duration) 600
Accept lifetime: Not configured
Key 2 -- text "10411A0903281B051802157A"
cryptographic-algorithm -- MD5
Send lifetime: 11:40:30, 01 May 2007 - (Duration) 600
Accept lifetime: Not configured
Key 3 -- text "06091C314A71001711112D5A"
cryptographic-algorithm -- MD5
Send lifetime: 11:50:30, 01 May 2007 - (Duration) 600 [Valid now]
Accept lifetime: Not configured
Key 4 -- text "151D181C0215222A3C350A73"
cryptographic-algorithm -- MD5
Send lifetime: 12:00:30, 01 May 2007 - (Duration) 600
Accept lifetime: Not configured
Key 5 -- text "151D181C0215222A3C350A73"
cryptographic-algorithm -- MD5
Send lifetime: 12:10:30, 01 May 2007 - (Duration) 600
Accept lifetime: Not configured

Configuring Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM) for OSPF

This task explains how to set the security time-to-live mechanism on an interface for GTSM.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. router-id { router-id }
4. log adjacency changes [ detail | disable ]
5. nsf { cisco [ enforce global ] | ietf [ helper disable ]}
6. timers throttle spf spf-start spf-hold spf-max-wait
7. area area-id
8. interface type interface-path-id
9. security ttl [ disable | hops hop-count ]
10. commit
11. show ospf [ process-name ] [ vrf vrf-name ] [ area-id ] interface [ type interface-path-id ]

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DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1 string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3 router-id { router-id } Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the
Example: router ID.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router id
10.10.10.100

Step 4 log adjacency changes [ detail | disable ] (Optional) Requests notification of neighbor changes.
• By default, this feature is enabled.
Example:
• The messages generated by neighbor changes are
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# log
adjacency changes detail considered notifications, which are categorized as severity
Level 5 in the logging console command. The logging
console command controls which severity level of
messages are sent to the console. By default, all severity
level messages are sent.

Step 5 nsf { cisco [ enforce global ] | ietf [ helper disable (Optional) Configures NSF OSPF protocol.
]} The example enables graceful restart.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# nsf ietf

Step 6 timers throttle spf spf-start spf-hold spf-max-wait (Optional) Sets SPF throttling timers.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# timers
throttle spf 500 500 10000

Step 7 area area-id Enters area configuration mode.

The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or
Example: IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 1 However, you must choose one form or the other for an area.
We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 8 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more
interfaces to the area.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#
interface GigabitEternet0/5/0/0

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 9 security ttl [ disable | hops hop-count ] Sets the security TTL value in the IP header for OSPF packets.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)#
security ttl hopes 2

Step 10 commit
Step 11 show ospf [ process-name ] [ vrf vrf-name ] [ area-id Displays OSPF interface information.
] interface [ type interface-path-id ]

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 1 interface
GigabitEthernet0/5/0/0

Examples
The following is sample output that displays the GTSM security TTL value configured on an OSPF interface:

show ospf 1 interface GigabitEthernet0/5/0/0

GigabitEthernet0/5/0/0 is up, line protocol is up

Internet Address 120.10.10.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 100.100.100.100, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1
TTL security enabled, hop count 2
Designated Router (ID) 102.102.102.102, Interface address 120.10.10.3
Backup Designated router (ID) 100.100.100.100, Interface address 120.10.10.1
Flush timer for old DR LSA due in 00:02:36
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:05
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0(0)/0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 4
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 102.102.102.102 (Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Multi-area interface Count is 0

Verifying OSPF Configuration and Operation

This task explains how to verify the configuration and operation of OSPF.

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SUMMARY STEPS

1. show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ]

2. show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] border-routers [ router-id ]
3. show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] database
4. show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] [ area-id ] flood-list interface type interface-path-id
5. show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] [ vrf vrf-name ] [ area-id ] interface [ type interface-path-id
]
6. show { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] [ area-id ] neighbor [ t ype interface- path-id ] [ neighbor-id
] [ detail ]
7. clear { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] process
8. clear{ospf|ospfv3[ process-name ] redistribution
9. clear{ospf|ospfv3[ process-name ] routes
10. clear{ospf|ospfv3[ process-name ] vrf [vrf-name|all] {process |redistribution|routes|statistics [interface
type interface-path-id|message-queue|neighbor]}
11. clear { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] statistics [ neighbor [ type interface-path-id ] [ ip-address
]]

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] (Optional) Displays general information about
OSPF routing processes.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf group1

Step 2 show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] border-routers [ (Optional) Displays the internal OSPF routing
router-id ] table entries to an ABR and ASBR.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf group1 border-routers

Step 3 show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] database (Optional) Displays the lists of information
related to the OSPF database for a specific router.
Example: • The various forms of this command deliver
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf group2 database information about different OSPF LSAs.

Step 4 show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] [ area-id ] flood-list (Optional) Displays a list of OSPF LSAs waiting
interface type interface-path-id to be flooded over an interface.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 100 flood-list interface
GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 5 show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] [ vrf vrf-name ] [ area-id (Optional) Displays OSPF interface information.
] interface [ type interface-path-id ]

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 100 interface
GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0

Step 6 show { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] [ area-id ] neighbor [ t (Optional) Displays OSPF neighbor information
ype interface- path-id ] [ neighbor-id ] [ detail ] on an individual interface basis.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 100 neighbor

Step 7 clear { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] process (Optional) Resets an OSPF router process without
stopping and restarting it.
Example:
RP/0/
RP0/CPU0:router# clear ospf 100 process

Step 8 clear{ospf|ospfv3[ process-name ] redistribution Clears OSPF route redistribution.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#clear ospf 100 redistribution

Step 9 clear{ospf|ospfv3[ process-name ] routes Clears OSPF route table.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#clear ospf 100 routes

Step 10 clear{ospf|ospfv3[ process-name ] vrf [vrf-name|all] {process Clears OSPF route table.
|redistribution|routes|statistics [interface type
interface-path-id|message-queue|neighbor]}

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#clear ospf 100 vrf vrf_1 process

Step 11 clear { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] statistics [ neighbor [ (Optional) Clears the OSPF statistics of neighbor
type interface-path-id ] [ ip-address ]] state transitions.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# clear ospf 100 statistics

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Configuring OSPF Queue Tuning Parameters

Configuring OSPF Queue Tuning Parameters

The following procedures explain how to limit the number of continuous incoming events processed, how to
set the maximum number of rate-limited link-state advertisements (LSAs) processed per run, how to limit the
number of summary or external Type 3 to Type 7 link-state advertisements (LSAs) processed per shortest
path first (SPF) run, and how to set the high watermark for incoming priority events.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. queue dispatch incoming count
4. queue dispatch rate-limited-lsa count
5. queue dispatch spf-lsa-limit count
6. queue limit { high | medium | low } count

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and
places the router in router configuration mode.
Example: Note The process-name argument is any alphanumeric
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# router ospf ospf1 string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3 queue dispatch incoming count Limits the number of continuous incoming events processed.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# queue dispatch incoming
30

Step 4 queue dispatch rate-limited-lsa count Sets the maximum number of rate-limited link-state
advertisements (LSAs) processed per run.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# queue dispatch
rate-limited-lsa 3000

Step 5 queue dispatch spf-lsa-limit count Limits the number of summary or external Type 3 to Type 7
link-state advertisements (LSAs) processed per shortest path
Example: first (SPF) run.

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# queue dispatch

spf-lsa-limit 2000

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 6 queue limit { high | medium | low } count Sets the high watermark for incoming priority events, use the
queue limit in router configuration mode.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# (config-ospf)# queue
limit high 1000

Configuring IP Fast Reroute Loop-free Alternate

This task describes how to enable the IP fast reroute (IPFRR) per-link loop-free alternate (LFA) computation
to converge traffic flows around link failures.
To enable protection on broadcast links, IPFRR and bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) must be enabled
on the interface under OSPF.

Enabling IPFRR LFA

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. area area-id
4. interface type interface-path-id
5. fast-reroute per-link { enable | disable }
6. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing
process and places the router in router configuration
Example: mode.

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf

Step 3 area area-id Enters area configuration mode.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#area 1

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 4 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates
one or more interfaces to the area. .
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface
GigabitEternet0/5/0/0

Step 5 fast-reroute per-link { enable | disable } Enables or disables per-link LFA computation for
the interface.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#fast-reroute
per-link enable

Step 6 commit

Excluding an Interface From IP Fast Reroute Per-link Computation

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf process-name
3. area area-id
4. interface type interface-path-id
5. fast-reroute per-link exclude interface type interface-path-id
6. commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf process-name Enables the OSPF routing for the specified routing
process and places the router in router configuration
Example: mode.
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf

Step 3 area area-id Enters area configuration mode.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)#area area-id

Step 4 interface type interface-path-id Enters interface configuration mode and associates
one or more interfaces to the area.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#interface type
interface-path-id

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 5 fast-reroute per-link exclude interface type Excludes an interface from IP fast reroute per-link
interface-path-id computation.

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# fast-reroute
per-link exclude interface GigabitEternet0/5/0/1

Step 6 commit

Enabling OSPF Interaction with SRMS Server

To enable OSPF interaction with SRMS server:

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure
2. router ospf instance-id
3. segment-routing mpls
4. segment-routing forwarding mpls
5. segment-routing prefix-sid-mapadvertise-local
6. segment-routing sr-preferprefix-list[acl-name]

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure
Step 2 router ospf instance-id Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing instance, and
places the router in router configuration mode.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf isp

Step 3 segment-routing mpls

Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#
segment-routing mpls

Step 4 segment-routing forwarding mpls Enables SR forwarding on all interfaces where this instance
OSPF is enabled.
Example:
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#
segment-routing forwarding mpls

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Command or Action Purpose

Step 5 segment-routing prefix-sid-mapadvertise-local Enables server functionality and allows OSPF to advertise the
local mapping entries using area-scope flooding. The flooding
Example: is limited to areas where segment-routing is enabled. Disabled
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# by default.
segment-routing
prefix-sid-map advertise local

Step 6 segment-routing sr-preferprefix-list[acl-name] Enables OSPF to communicate to the routing information base
(RIB) that SR labels are preferred to LDP labels. If ACL is
Example: used, OSPF signals the preference of SR labels over LDP
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# labels for prefixes that match ACL. If ACL is not used, OSPF
segment-routing signals the preference of SR labels for all prefixes.
sr-prefer prefix-list foo

The following example shows how OSPF advertises local mapping entries using area-flooding scope.
ipv4 prefix-list foo
permit 2.2.2.2/32
!
router ospf 1
router-id 1.1.1.1
segment-routing mpls
segment-routing forwarding mpls
segment-routing prefix-sid-map receive
segment-routing prefix-sid-map advertise-local
segment-routing sr-prefer prefix-list foo
area 0
interface Loopback0
prefix-sid index 1
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0/0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/3
!
!
area 1
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/7
!

Configuration Examples for Implementing OSPF

This section provides the following configuration examples:

Cisco IOS XR Software for OSPF Version 2 Configuration: Example

The following example shows how an OSPF interface is configured for an area in Cisco IOS XR Software.
area 0 must be explicitly configured with the area command and all interfaces that are in the range from
10.1.2.0 to 10.1.2.255 are bound to area 0. Interfaces are configured with the interface command (while the
router is in area configuration mode) and the area keyword is not included in the interface statement.

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Cisco IOS XR Software for OSPF Version 2 Configuration: Example

Cisco IOS XR Software Configuration

interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0

ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.255
negotiation auto
!
router ospf 1
router-id 10.2.3.4
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
!
!
The following example shows how OSPF interface parameters are configured for an area in Cisco IOS XR
software.
In Cisco IOS XR software, OSPF interface-specific parameters are configured in interface configuration mode
and explicitly defined for area 0. In addition, the ip ospf keywords are no longer required.

Cisco IOS XR Software Configuration

interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0

ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
negotiation auto
!
router ospf 1
router-id 10.2.3.4
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
cost 77
mtu-ignore
authentication message-digest
message-digest-key 1 md5 0 test
!
!
The following example shows the hierarchical CLI structure of Cisco IOS XR software:
In Cisco IOS XR software, OSPF areas must be explicitly configured, and interfaces configured under the
area configuration mode are explicitly bound to that area. In this example, interface 10.1.2.0/24 is bound to
area 0 and interface 10.1.3.0/24 is bound to area 1.

Cisco IOS XR Software Configuration

interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0

ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
negotiation auto
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/1
ip address 10.1.3.1 255.255.255.0
negotiation auto
!
router ospf 1
router-id 10.2.3.4
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
!
area 1
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/1
!
!

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CLI Inheritance and Precedence for OSPF Version 2: Example

CLI Inheritance and Precedence for OSPF Version 2: Example

The following example configures the cost parameter at different hierarchical levels of the OSPF topology,
and illustrates how the parameter is inherited and how only one setting takes precedence. According to the
precedence rule, the most explicit configuration is used.
The cost parameter is set to 5 in router configuration mode for the OSPF process. Area 1 sets the cost to 15
and area 6 sets the cost to 30. All interfaces in area 0 inherit a cost of 5 from the OSPF process because the
cost was not set in area 0 or its interfaces.
In area 1, every interface has a cost of 15 because the cost is set in area 1 and 15 overrides the value 5 that
was set in router configuration mode.
Area 4 does not set the cost, but GigabitEthernet interface 01/0/2 sets the cost to 20. The remaining interfaces
in area 4 have a cost of 5 that is inherited from the OSPF process.
Area 6 sets the cost to 30, which is inherited by GigabitEthernet interfaces 0/1/0/3 and 0/2/0/3. GigabitEthernet
interface 0/3/0/3 uses the cost of 1, which is set in interface configuration mode.

router ospf 1
router-id 10.5.4.3
cost 5
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/0
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
!
!
area 1
cost 15
interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/1
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/1
!
!
area 4
interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/2
cost 20
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/2
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/2
!
!
area 6
cost 30
interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/3
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/3
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/3
cost 1
!
!

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MPLS TE for OSPF Version 2: Example

MPLS TE for OSPF Version 2: Example

The following example shows how to configure the OSPF portion of MPLS TE. However, you still need to
build an MPLS TE topology and create an MPLS TE tunnel. See the Cisco IOS XR MPLS Configuration
Guide for the Cisco CRS Routerfor information.
In this example, loopback interface 0 is associated with area 0 and MPLS TE is configured within area 0.

interface Loopback 0
address 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0
address 10.1.2.2 255.255.255.0
!
router ospf 1
router-id 10.10.10.10
nsf
auto-cost reference-bandwidth 10000
mpls traffic-eng router-id Loopback 0
area 0
mpls traffic-eng
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0
interface Loopback 0

ABR with Summarization for OSPFv3: Example

The following example shows the prefix range 2300::/16 summarized from area 1 into the backbone:

router ospfv3 1
router-id 192.168.0.217
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1
area 1
range 2300::/16
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

ABR Stub Area for OSPFv3: Example

The following example shows that area 1 is configured as a stub area:

router ospfv3 1
router-id 10.0.0.217
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1
area 1
stub
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

ABR Totally Stub Area for OSPFv3: Example

The following example shows that area 1 is configured as a totally stub area:

router ospfv3 1
router-id 10.0.0.217
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1

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area 1
stub no-summary
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

Configuring OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization: Example

This example shows how to configure /32 prefixes as medium-priority, in general, in addition to placing some
/32 and /24 prefixes in critical-priority and high-priority queues:

prefix-set ospf-critical-prefixes
192.41.5.41/32,
11.1.3.0/24,
192.168.0.44/32
end-set
!
prefix-set ospf-high-prefixes
44.4.10.0/24,
192.41.4.41/32,
41.4.41.41/32
end-set
!
prefix-set ospf-medium-prefixes
0.0.0.0/0 ge 32
end-set
!

route-policy ospf-priority
if destination in ospf-high-prefixes then
set spf-priority high
else
if destination in ospf-critical-prefixes then
set spf-priority critical
else
if destination in ospf-medium-prefixes then
set spf-priority medium
endif
endif
endif
end-policy

OSPFv2
router ospf 1
spf prefix-priority route-policy ospf-priority
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet0/3/0/0
!
!
area 3
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0
!
!
area 8
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0.590

OSPFv3
router ospfv3 1
spf prefix-priority route-policy ospf-priority
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet0/3/0/0
!
!
area 3
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0

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Route Redistribution for OSPFv3: Example

!
!
area 8
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0.590

Route Redistribution for OSPFv3: Example

The following example uses prefix lists to limit the routes redistributed from other protocols.
Only routes with 9898:1000 in the upper 32 bits and with prefix lengths from 32 to 64 are redistributed from
BGP 42. Only routes not matching this pattern are redistributed from BGP 1956.

ipv6 prefix-list list1

seq 10 permit 9898:1000::/32 ge 32 le 64
ipv6 prefix-list list2
seq 10 deny 9898:1000::/32 ge 32 le 64
seq 20 permit ::/0 le 128
router ospfv3 1
router-id 10.0.0.217
redistribute bgp 42
redistribute bgp 1956
distribute-list prefix-list list1 out bgp 42
distribute-list prefix-list list2 out bgp 1956
area 1
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

Virtual Link Configured Through Area 1 for OSPFv3: Example

This example shows how to set up a virtual link to connect the backbone through area 1 for the OSPFv3
topology that consists of areas 0 and 1 and virtual links 10.0.0.217 and 10.0.0.212:

ABR 1 Configuration

router ospfv3 1
router-id 10.0.0.217
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1
area 1
virtual-link 10.0.0.212
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

ABR 2 Configuration

router ospfv3 1
router-id 10.0.0.212
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/1
area 1
virtual-link 10.0.0.217
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

Virtual Link Configured with MD5 Authentication for OSPF Version 2: Example
The following examples show how to configure a virtual link to your backbone and apply MD5 authentication.
You must perform the steps described on both ABRs at each end of the virtual link.

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VPN Backbone and Sham Link Configured for OSPF Version 2: Example

After you explicitly configure the ABRs, the configuration is inherited by all interfaces bound to that
area—unless you override the values and configure them explicitly for the interface.
To understand virtual links, see Virtual Link and Transit Area for OSPF, on page 14.
In this example, all interfaces on router ABR1 use MD5 authentication:

router ospf ABR1

router-id 10.10.10.10
authentication message-digest
message-digest-key 100 md5 0 cisco
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
area 1
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/1
virtual-link 10.10.5.5
!
!
In this example, only area 1 interfaces on router ABR3 use MD5 authentication:

router ospf ABR2

router-id 10.10.5.5
area 0
area 1
authentication message-digest
message-digest-key 100 md5 0 cisco
interface GigabitEthernet 0/9/0/1
virtual-link 10.10.10.10
area 3
interface Loopback 0
interface GigabitEthernet 0/9/0/0
!

VPN Backbone and Sham Link Configured for OSPF Version 2: Example
The following examples show how to configure a provider edge (PE) router to establish a VPN backbone and
sham link connection:

logging console debugging

vrf vrf_1
address-family ipv4 unicast
import route-target
100:1
!
export route-target
100:1
!
!
!
interface Loopback0
ipv4 address 2.2.2.1 255.255.255.255
!
interface Loopback1
vrf vrf_1
ipv4 address 10.0.1.3 255.255.255.255
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/2
vrf vrf_1
ipv4 address 100.10.10.2 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/3
ipv4 address 100.20.10.2 255.255.255.0
!
!
route-policy pass-all

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pass
end-policy
!
router ospf 1
log adjacency changes
router-id 2.2.2.2
vrf vrf_1
router-id 22.22.22.2
domain-id type 0005 value 111122223333
domain-tag 140
nsf ietf
redistribute bgp 10
area 0
sham-link 10.0.1.3 10.0.0.101
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/2
!
!
!
!
router ospf 2
router-id 2.22.2.22
area 0
interface Loopback0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/3
!
!
!
router bgp 10
bgp router-id 2.2.2.1
bgp graceful-restart restart-time 300
bgp graceful-restart
address-family ipv4 unicast
redistribute connected
!
address-family vpnv4 unicast
!
neighbor 2.2.2.2
remote-as 10
update-source Loopback0
address-family ipv4 unicast
!
address-family vpnv4 unicast
!
!
vrf vrf_1
rd 100:1
address-family ipv4 unicast
redistribute connected route-policy pass-all
redistribute ospf 1 match internal external
!
!
!
mpls ldp
router-id 2.2.2.1
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/3
!
!

OSPF Queue Tuning Parameters Configuration: Example

The following example shows how to configure the OSPF queue tuning parameters:

router ospf 100

queue dispatch incoming 30
queue limit high 1500
queue dispatch rate-limited-lsa 1000
queue dispatch spf-lsa-limit 2000

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Where to Go Next

Where to Go Next
To configure route maps through the RPL for OSPF Version 2, see Implementing Routing Policy on
Cisco IOS XR Software module.
To build an MPLS TE topology, create tunnels, and configure forwarding over the tunnel for OSPF Version
2; see Cisco IOS XR MPLS Configuration Guide for the Cisco CRS Router.

Additional References
The following sections provide references related to implementing OSPF.

Related Documents

Related Topic Document Title

OSPF Commands and OSPFv3 Commands: complete Cisco IOS XR Routing Command Reference for the
command syntax, command modes, command history, Cisco CRS Router
defaults, usage guidelines, and examples

MPLS TE feature information Implementing MPLS Traffic Engineering on Cisco

IOS XR Softwaremodule in Cisco IOS XR MPLS
Configuration Guide for the Cisco CRS Router

MIB Reference Cisco Carrier Routing System and Cisco XR 12000

Series Router MIB Support Guide

Standards

Standards Title
draft-ietf-ospf-multi-area-adj-07.txt OSPF Multi-Area Adjacency

draft-ietf-pce-disco-proto-ospf-08.txt OSPF Protocol Extensions for Path Computation

Element (PCE)

draft-ietf-mpls-igp-sync-00.txt LDP IGP Synchronization

draft-ietf-ospf-ospfv3-graceful-restart-07.txt OSPFv3 Graceful Restart

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Additional References

MIBs

MIBs MIBs Link

— To locate and download MIBs for selected platforms,
Cisco IOS releases, and feature sets, use Cisco MIB
Locator found at the following URL:
http://www.cisco.com/go/mibs

RFCs

RFCs Title
RFC 1587 The OSPF NSSA Option

RFC 1793 Extending OSPF to Support Demand Circuits

RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2

RFC 2370 The OSPF Opaque LSA Option

RFC 2740 OSPF for IPv6

RFC 3101 The OSPF Not-So-Stubby Area (NSSA) Option

RFC 3137 OSPF Stub Router Advertisement

RFC 3509 Alternative Implementations of OSPF Area Border

Routers

RFC 3623 Graceful OSPF Restart

RFC 3630 Traffic Engineering (TE) Extensions to OSPF Version

2

RFC 3682 The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM)

RFC 3906 Calculating Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Routes

Over Traffic Engineering Tunnels

RFC 4136 OSPF Refresh and Flooding Reduction in Stable

Topologies

RFC 4206 Label Switched Paths (LSP) Hierarchy with

Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS) Traffic Engineering (TE)

RFC 4124 Protocol Extensions for Support of Diffserv-aware

MPLS Traffic Engineering

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Additional References

RFCs Title
RFC 4576 Using a Link State Advertisement (LSA) Options Bit
to Prevent Looping in BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs) ownbit Extension for L3VPN

RFC 4577 OSPF as the Provider/Customer Edge Protocol for

BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

RFC 4750 OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base

RFC 4811 OSPF Out-of-Band Link State Database (LSDB)

Resynchronization

RFC 4812 OSPF Restart Signaling

RFC 4813 OSPF Link-Local Signaling

RFC 4970 Extensions to OSPF for Advertising Optional Router

Capabilities

RFC 5643 Management Information Base (MIB) for OSPFv3

Technical Assistance

Description Link
The Cisco Technical Support website contains http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
thousands of pages of searchable technical content,
including links to products, technologies, solutions,
technical tips, and tools. Registered Cisco.com users
can log in from this page to access even more content.

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