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² Radiation Sensor ² Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp
² Ohmmeter ² Ammeter (0-3 A)
² Voltmeter (0-12 V) ² Millivoltmeter
² Ohmmeter ² Thermometer.

"#
The Stefan-Boltzmann Law relates R, the power per unit area radiated by an object, to T, the
absolute temperature of the object.

The equation is:

In this experiment, you will make relative measurements of the power per unit area emitted from a
hot object, namely the Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp, at various temperatures. From your data you will
be able to test whether the radiated power is really proportional to the fourth power of the
temperature.
Most of the thermal energy emitted by the lamp comes from the filament of the lamp. The filament
temperature can be determined using the procedure given on pages 3 and 4 of this manual.


#"
!
The voltage into the lamp should NEVER exceed 13 V. Higher voltages will burn
out the filament.
V
h  
   !
    
, measure Tref, the room temperature in degrees
Kelvin, (K=°C + 273) and Rref , the resistance of the filament of the Stefan-Boltzmann
Lamp at room temperature. Enter your results in the spaces on the following page.

Ä  Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 3.1. The voltmeter should be connected directly to
the binding posts of the Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp. The Sensor should be at the same height
as the filament, with the front face of the Sensor approximately 6 cm away from the
filament. The entrance angle of the thermopile should include no close objects other than
the lamp.
m  Turn on the power supply. Set the voltage, V, to each of the settings listed in Table 3.1 on
the following page. At each voltage setting, record I, the ammeter reading, and Rad, the
reading on the millivoltmeter.
V
!
 Make each Sensor reading quickly. Between readings, place both sheets of
insulating foam between the lamp and the Sensor, with the silvered surface facing the lamp, so that
the temperature of the Sensor stays relatively constant.

!   "$ # %
1.V Calculate R, the resistance of the filament at each of the voltage settings used (R = V/I).
2.V Enter your results in Table 3.1.
 3.V Use the procedure on pages 3 and 4 of this manual to determine T, the temperature of the
lamp filament at each voltage setting. Enter your results in the table.
4.V Calculate T4 for each value of T and enter your results in the table.
5.V On a separate sheet of paper, construct a graph of Rad versus T4. Use Rad as your
dependent variable (y-axis).

In place of calculations Vand , some may prefer to perform a power regression on Rad versus T to
determine their relationship, or graph on log-log paper and find the slope.
%%
V
Ahat is the relationship between Rad and T? Does this relationship hold over the entire range of
measurements?
The Stefan-Boltzmann Law is perfectly true only for ideal, black body radiation. A black body is
any object that absorbs all the radiation that strikes it. Is the filament of the lamp a true black body?

Ahat sources of thermal radiation, other than the lamp filament, might have influenced your
measurements? Ahat affect would you expect these sources to have on your results?
V

V= 4.5 x 10-3 K-1
Tref (room temperature) = _______ K (K = °C + 273)
Rref (filament resistance at Tref) = ________
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