Pre-historic art is classified into three periods such as; Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle

Stone Age), and Neolithic (New Stone Age) Eras.

Egyptian civilization was one of the early civilizations that have greatly contributed in the development of art,
religion, science, and technology of the world. Egyptian art is primarily religious in nature.
Ancient Greek art depicts naturalism. They portray human forms in a realistic and anatomically correct manner.
Their art has a conservative form with a very complex detail.
Roman art developed as a new source of artistic creativity much more progressive than the conservative
Greek art. The diversity of its form and its variety inspired the modern attitude in art.
Byzantine art was purposely made to glorify the Christian religion and to express its mystery. It is filled
with spiritual symbolism, illustrates a love of splendor. It was a combination of Eastern
(decorative art forms) and classical Western art (naturalistic art).
Romanesque art was characterized by its very vigorous style in painting and sculpture, lavishly decorated
manuscripts, and retained many basic features of Roman architectural styles. It was also
greatly influenced by Byzantine art with a highly innovative and coherent style.
Pre-historic Era includes all human existence before the emergence of writing. Their art is of interest not only
to the art historians but also to archeologist and anthropologist, for whom the art is only one
clue- along with fossils, pollens and other finds to an understanding of early human life and
culture.
Pre-historic paintings Their paintings were found inside the caves which may have been their way of
communicating with each other. It may also be for religious or ceremonial purposes. These
paintings may be more an artifact of the archeological evidence than a true picture of
humans’ first created art. Prehistoric drawings of animals were usually correct in proportion.
Cave of Lascaux, 15000- The dominant features in the painting were large animals native in the region. It was
10000 B.C. – Stone Age discovered on 12 September 1940 and given statutory historic monument protection. The
painting has nearly 2,000 figures composed mainly of animals, human figures and abstract
design.
Paintings from Ancient Egypt The purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make the deceased afterlife place pleasant. With this
in mind, themes include journey to the underworld introducing the deceased to the gods of
the underworld by their protective deities. Most paintings were highly stylize, symbolic, and
shows profile view of an animal or a person. The main colors used were red, black, blue ,
gold and green taken derived from mineral pigments that can withstand strong sunlight
without fading.
Paintings from Sarcophagus of The paintings of the walls on the tomb shows events of the life of the king while he was still
Tutankhamen on earth and the scenes he expects to encounter in the underworld after his death.
Paintings from Classical Greek Paintings during the classical era were most commonly found in vases, panels and tomb. It
Era depicts natural figures with dynamic compositions. Most of the subjects were battle scenes,
mythological figures, and everyday scenes. It reveals a grasp of linear perspective and
naturalist representation.
2 Most common methods of Greek painting:
Fresco method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied plaster usually on a wall
surfaces. Colors are made with grind powder pigments in pure water, dry and set with a
plaster to become a permanent part of the wall. Ideal for murals, durable and has a matte
style.
developed to use by Greek ship builders, who used the hot wax to fill the cracks of the ship.
Encaustic Soon pigments (colors) was added and used to paint a wax hull.

Paintings from Greek Era:

Vase Painting Kerch Style also referred to as Kerch Vases are red-figured pottery named after the place
where it was found.
Shapes commonly found are:
1. pelike (wine container)
2. lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a low broad foot)
3. lebes gamikos (with high handles and lid use to carry bridal bath)
4. krater (bowl use for mixing wine and water)
Polycromy Technique used for combination of different colors specially the brilliant one in an artistic
manner
Panel Painting There are paintings on flat panels of wood. It can be either a small, single piece or several
panelsjoined together. Most of the panel paintings no longer exist because of its organic
composition.
Tomb or wall painting was very popular during the classical period. It uses the method frescos either tempera
(water-base) or encaustic (wax). It has a sharp, flatly outlined style of painting and because it
uses water-based materials, very few samples survived.
Paintings from the Romantic Most of the paintings in this era were copied or imitated from Hellenic Greek paintings.
Era Fresco technique was used in brightly colored backgrounds; division of the wall into a
multiple rectangular areas (tic-tac-toe design); multi-point perspective; and a tropme-l’-oeil
effect.
Mosaic It is an art process where an image is createdusing an assemblage of small pieces of colored
glass, stones, or other materials. This technique use for decorative art or interior decorations.
Head of Alexander The full image is a Roman floor mosaic in the House of Fun Pompei, dated 100 B.C.The
whole mosaic depicts the battle between the armies of Alexander the Great and Darius III of
Persia.
Fresco from the Villa of This fresco painting was believed to depict ceremonial rites, either marriage or an initiation
Mysteries, Pompeii 80 BC of a woman in a mystery cult.
Paintingsfrom the Medieval Era
Byzantine Painting The lively styles of paintings which had been invented in Greek and Rome lived on in
Byzantium but this time for Christian subjects.
The court of Empress Theodora was an Asian Queen with dark eyes and hair with fierce expression;
Theodora, mosaic
Romanesque Painting These are largely placed mosaics on the walls of the churches that follows a strict frontal
pose.
Christ in Majesty, painting Christ wears a greyish, white robe with a blue mantle.Underneath the Mandorla (Italian word
from the Church of Saint for Almond, in painting, it is used to described an enclosure surrounding holy figures) is a
Clemente, Tahull, Lerida black band with white writing. Each side of the center window are three arches resting on
Spain columns of capitals in green, red and black in between of figures of Virgin Mary and five
saints are columns with wavy line patterns going vertically.
Paintings from the Gothic Era Paintings have been confined in the illumination of manuscript pages and the painting of
frescoes on the walls of churches in cosmopolitan style, elegant, mannered and sophisticated.
Stained glass windows were created to transform the vast stone interiors with warm and glowing color and
at the same time to instruct Christians in their faith.
The Shepherd David The paintings show some realistic details and shows naïve naturalism
Pre-Historic Sculptures Materials used in sculptures vary according to region and locality. Archeologists believed
that their sculpture is a result of natural erosion and not of human artistry.
Venus of Willendorf It is carved from limestone with excessively heavy breast and abdomen used as charm to
ensure fertility.
Venus of Brassempouy A sculpture of a lady with the hood. It is a fragmentary ivory figurine from the Upper
Paleolithic era that realistically represents the human face and hairstyle
Sculptures from the Egyptian Symbolic elements were widely used such as forms, hieroglyphics, relative size, location,
Era materials, color, actions and gestures. Their tombs required the most extensive used of
sculpture. The most common materials used for sculptures are wood, ivory and stones.
Queen Nefertiti, painted Realistic,with heavy lided eyes, slender neck, determined chin and pure profile under her
limestone heavy crown. Queen , refers to the Great Royal wife of the Egyptian pharoah

The Pharoah Menkaure and his An example of portraits presented in rigid postures, and were simple and powerful with very
Queen, stone little show of private emotion.
Greek Sculptures Early Greek sculptures were tense and stiff, their bodies were hidden within enfolding robes.
After three centuries of experiments, Greek sculptures had finally evolved and showed all the
points of human anatomy and proportion.
Hellenistic One of the most popular styles of the greek sculptures. Hellenistic denotes a preference in
 sculpture for more elaborated patterns, mannered arrangement of figures and groups, and an
emphasis on the representation of movement for dramatic effects.
Myron; The Discobulus Shows an attitude of maximum tension, full of compressed energy, and about to explode an
action.
Roman Sculptures Most Roman sculptures are made of monumental terra-cotta. They did not attempt to
compete with the free standing Greek works of history or mythology but rather they
produced reliefs in the Great Roman triumphal columns with continuous narrative reliefs
around.
The Portonacio Sarcophagus Used for the burial of Roman General involved in the campaign of Marcus Aurellius. The
best known and most elaborate of all “sarcophagus”(It is a box-liked funeral receptacle for a
dead body. Comes from a Greek word “sarx” meaning flesh and “phagein” meaning “to eat”)
Sarcopagus Made of Terra Cotta, length 6’7” (2.06 m), a husband and wife are shown reclining
comfortably, as if they were on a couch
ByzantineSculptures The dominant themes in Byzantine sculptures are religious, everyday life scenes, and motifs
from nature. Animals were used as symbols (dove, deer, peafowl) while some had acrostic
signs (form of writing in which taking the first letter; syllable or word of different lines and
putting them together it can be read a message) that contained a great theological
significance.
The Barberini Diptych an early example of Byzantine Ivory work
Romanesque Sculptures Some of the famous sculptural pieces are reliquaries, altar frontals, crucifixes, and devotional
images. Small individual works of art were generally made of costly materials for royal and
aristocratic patrons. These lightweight devotional images were usually carried in the
processions both inside and outside the churches
Last Judgement tymapnum (an architectural element with in the arch or pediment) of the west portal,
Cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun Burgundy France, c. 1120-35 by Gislebertus
Gothic Sculptures Sculptures have a greater freedom of style. They no longer lay closely against the wall, but
begun to project outward. Figures were given their own particular attitudes instead of being
set into particular patterns and are more lively and realistic.
Resurrection of the Virgin Example of gothic sculptures
Pre-Historic Architecture Man has developed a form of architecture based on megaliths (a big rock) from the Greek
word lithos (stone) and megas (big). This architecture is made of huge stone blocks which
were probably intended for burial.
Megalithic monuments have always ignited man’s imagination. It provided plenty of legends and
superstition.During this era, stones and rocks were associated with divinity.
Three main types of megalith stones
Menhir a huge stone standing vertically on the ground, usually standing in the middle
of the field or arranged in rows.
Dolmens the word dolmen originated from the expression taolmaen, which means stone table”. These
structures are in a form of table consisting of two huge standing stones supporting a
horizontal giant stone. It is believed that it served as grave or as an altar.
Cromlech a Brythonic word where “crom” meansbent or curved and “llech” which means slab
orflagstones. Literary it is a circle of standing stones.
Stonehenge best preserved megalithic site in Europe, a group of stones arranged in concentric circles,
with a large external circle oftriliths (Greek word meaning three stones) , two internal circles
built in a similar manner and altar-shape stone in the center. It is a temple where rituals were
held. The structure and the movement of the sun in the sky has a relationship in terms of
identifying the change of the seasons which helped the primitive man on their rituals and on
their agricultural practices
This architectural style was developed during the pre-dynastic period 4,000BC.
Egyptian Architecture Characteristics:
*The structure has thick sloping walls with few openings to obtain stability.
*The exterior and interior walls along with columns and piers were covered with
hieroglyphics and pictorial frescoes and carvings painted in brilliantcolors.
*Ornamentations were symbolic including scarab (sacred beetle), solar disk and vulture,
 common motifs (palmleaves, buds, flower of lotus, and papyrus plants)
*Temples were aligned with astronomically significant events like solstices (comes from the
Latin word Sol, meaning sun and stitium meaning stoppage, as the sun appears to stand still
on the first day of winter) and equinox (a time or date when day and night are of equal
length) with precise measurements required in determining the moment of that particular
event.
Pyramids of Giza It is the most substantial ancient structure of the world. The three pyramids are the funerary
structures of the three kings of the fourth dynasty (2575 to 2465 BC) namely: Khufu
(Cheops) whom the Great Pyramid was attributed to; Khafa (Chepren)whom the pyramid
next to the Great Pyramid is attributed; and the smallest is attributed to Menkaura
(Mycerinus).
Egyptian Temples were built to serve as places of residence for thegods. They also served as key centers for
economic activity. Ancient temples were made of perishables materials like wood, reed
matting and mud brick. Their walls were covered with scenes that were carved onto the stone
then brightly painted.Pharaoh fighting in the battles and performing rituals with the gods
were the scenes found on the walls.
Mastaba It is a type of Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with outward
sloping sides. It was made of mud-bricks or stone.
Greek Architecture Temples consisted of a central shrine or room in an aisle surrounded by rows of columns.
These buildings were designed in one of three architectural style or orders:
DORIC IONIC CORINTHIAN

The Parthenon The Greatest Classical temple, ingeniously engineered to correct an optical illusion. The
columns were slightly contorted, swollen at the center and leaning inward to correct what
would otherwise have been an impression of deadness and top heaviness.
Roman Architecture They built sturdy stone structures both for use and to perpetuate their glory.
The Colosseum, The emperors erected huge halls and arenas for public games, baths and procession. They
built them of gigantic arches of stone, bricks and concrete or with barrel vaults.
Byzantine Architecture It has a lot in common with the early Christian architecture.Mosaic decoration was perfected
by the Byzantines, as was the use of clerestory to bring light in from high
windows.Byzantine's advancement in developing the dome created a new style in global
architecture.
Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia means “Holy Wisdom”. It narrates how a magnificent construction
transformed from being a church, into a mosque and what is now known as the Hagia Sophia
museum. One of the biggest domes ever created with 108 feet in diameter and because of its
grand size it can still be seen from miles away.
Romanesque Architecture Romanesqeu architecture displayed solid masonry walls, rounded arches and masonry
vaults.It is the period of great building activities in Europe, castles, churches, monasteries
arose everywhere.
The groin-vaulted crypt of The doorways of Romanesque’s churches are often grand sculptured portals. Wood or metal
Worcester Cathedral doors are surrounded by elaborate stone sculpture arranged in zones to fit architectural
elements.
Gothic Architecture This design included two new devices: pointed arch which enabled builders to construct
much higher ceiling vaults and stone vaulting borne on a network of stone ribs supported by
piers and clustered pillars.
Cathedral of Chartres also known as the Notre dame Cathedral (1145- 1260). Has rich architecture and design,
Splendid stained glass windows and Thousands of sculptured figures
Ancient dating from remote period; of great age; very old
Aristocratic a member of a ruling class or of the nobility
Corinthian elegantly or elaborately ornate
Dolmens consisting of two or more large, upright stones set with a space between and capped by a
 horizontal stone.
Doric one of the five classical orders of architecture, typically characterized by a flute column
having as a capital convex circular molding supporting a square slab or abacus
Elaborated intricate and rich in details
Encaustic a paint consist of pigment mixed with beeswax and fixed with heat after its application
Era a period of time as reckoned from a specific date serving as the basis of its chronological
system.
Fresco a technique of painting on a wall using a moist plaster surface with colors ground up in water
or a limewater mixture.
Hellenistic relating to or a characteristic of the classical Greek Civilization from the death of Alexander
the Great to the accession of Augustus
Hieroglyphics a system of writing using picture symbols used in ancient Egypt.
Ionic one of the five classical orders of architecture, characterized by fluted columns and capitals
with scroll- like ornaments
Mastaba an ancient Egyptian tomb with a rectangular base, sloping sides and flat roofs
Medieval relating to middle ages
Megaliths a very large stones used in the pre historic architectures
Menhir an upright monumental stone, standing by itself or in a group
Mille fleur literally means thousand flowers
Mosaics a design or decoration made up of small pieces of colored glass, stone etc.
Mythological figures creatures, Gods and animals in the Mythology
Naturalism factual or realistic representation
Outline a line by which a figure or object is defined or bounded
Pigments a substance used in coloring
Pillars a slender, freestanding, vertical support; a column
Portraits a painting, drawing, sculpture, photography, or other likeness of an individual especially the
face.
Pyramids massive monument of an Ancient Egypt having a rectangular base and four triangular faces
culminating in a singular apex, built over around a crypt or tomb.
Realistic relating to representation of objects, action, or social as they actually are
Sarcophagus a stone coffin, often inscribed or decorated with sculpture
Scarab sacred beetle
Sophisticated complex and intricate
Stained glass colored glass used to form decorative or pictorial designs
Stonehenge an ancient megalithic monument in Southern England; probably used in a rituals
Symbolism use symbols to represent ideas or qualities
Taolmaen stone tables
Terracotta a type of fired clay, typically of brownish red color and unglazed, used an ornamental
building materials and in modeling.
Tomb a large vault used for burying the dead.
Triliths Greek word meaning three stones
Tropme-l’-oeil a style of painting in which things are painted in a way that makes them look like real objects
Vaults a roof in the form of an arch or a series of arches

I. Identify what art period was being described.

1. Their paintings were found inside the caves. Pre-historic

2. The emphasis of their arts depicts the importance of life after death. Ancient Egypt
3. Their sculptures shows perfect human anatomy and proportions Greek Classical
4. They developed a form of architecture based on Megaliths. Pre-historic
5. Temples were designed in one of the three architectural style or orders Greek Classical
6. In this period emperors erected a huge halls and arenas for public games, baths and
procession Roman Classical
7. Their architectural design in this era depicts pointed arch, high ceiling vaults and stone vaulting
borne. Gothic
8. The Court of Empress Theodora, mosaic is an example of artwork from this period. Byzantine
9. Venus of Willendorf and Venus of Brassempouy is an sculpture that exist from this Era.
Pre-historic
10. The Last Judgment,Tymapnum of the west portal, Cathedral of Saint-Lazare is an example of
sculpture from what era? Romanesque

II. Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer

1. It is method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied plaster usually on a wall
surfaces.
a. Encaustic b. Fresco c. Acrylic d. Tropme-l’-oeil
2. It is a method of applying pigments mixed with beeswax and fixed with heat after its application
a. Encaustic b. Fresco c. Acrylic d. Tropme-l’-oeil
3. An art process where you create an image using an assemblage of small pieces of colored
glass, stones, or other materials
a. Stained glass b. collage c. mosaics d. Tropme-l’-oeil
4. A stone coffin, often inscribed or decorated with sculpture
a. Tomb b. megaliths c. pyramid d. sarcophagus
5. It is a colored glass used to form decorative or pictorial designs
a. Encaustic b. mosaics c. stained glass d. collage

III. Matching type: match column A with Column B

ARTWORKS PERIOD/ ERA

G 1. Rose window a. Pre-historic

A 2. Paintings Cave of Lascaux b. Ancient Egypt
C 3. Pitsa Panel painting c. Greek Classical
D 4. Fresco from the Villa of d. Roman Classical
Mysteries
B 5. Paintings from Sarcophagus e. Romanesque
of Tutankhamen
f. Byzantine
g. Gogthic

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the best answer.

___b__1. Art is derived from the Latin word ARS. The term ARS means __________.
a. imagine b. skill c. creative d. active
___d__2. Art is also known as the totality of human activities. The following are importance of art to
humans EXCEPT
a. Express feelings of love.
b. Give satisfaction to talented people.
c. Develop character, proper attitudes and values.
d. Encourage budding sportsmen.
___c__3. Cave paintings encompass any parietal art which involves the application of color pigments
on the walls. In what era when these types of arts dominated as the people’s means of communication?
a. Ancient Egypt b. Classical Greek Era c. Prehistoric Era d. Romanesque Era
__a___4.Your group was tasked to do a mural painting in your schoolusing the colors made with grind
powder pigments in pure water to make the painting become an integral part of the wall. What
technique of painting is ideal for mural painting using the above-mentioned materials?
a. fresco b. encaustic c. acrylic d. chiaroscuro
__b___5. You were asked by your art teacher to paint using melted beeswax and mineral pigment to
varnish your work of art. What medium of painting are you going to apply?
a. fresco b. encaustic c. acrylic d. chiaroscuro
__d___6. Kerch style is an attic red-figure pottery named after the Crimean city of Kerch. The
following were the most common shapes of this classical vase painting EXCEPT
a. wine container b. bowl for water and wine c. low bowl w/ two handles d. low handles
and lid
__a___7. A method of painting that denotes a picture painted in a panel, usually made of wood.
a. panel painting b. plein-air painting c. scroll painting d. miniature painting
__a___8.The formal writing system of Egypt with the use of pictures.
a. hieroglyphics b. calligraphy c. photography d. logography
__d___9. A typical art process in Romantic era where pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials
were formed together to create an image.
a. stained glass b. photography c. printmaking d. mosaic
__b___10. Which of the following BEST describe an Egyptian sculpture?
a. Significant in revealing the artistic progress of the culture or artist involved.
b. Symbolisms were heavily used to represent the Gods.
c. Living is presented larger than the dead.
d. Faithful and direct imitation of human anatomy.
__c___11. To reach a peak of artistic excellence, Greek sculptors were particularly concerned with the
following EXCLUDING
a. Perfection of human body.
b. Arrangement of figures and groups.
c. It is extremely primitive and mysterious.
d. Dramatic representation of movements.
__a___12. Which of the following is NOT a relevant nature of Pre-Historic sculpture?
a. Symbolic elements were widely used.
b. Sculpture is a result of natural erosion and not a human artistry.
c. Carvings may have mythological or religious significance.
d. Materials used in sculpture vary according to region and locality.
__b___13. What are the dominant themes of Byzantine sculptures?
a. human form, everyday life, still life
b. religious, everyday life, nature
c. human nature, symbols, war
d. heroes, humor, landscape
__a___14. In Greek architecture, temples were designed either of the three architectural styles or
orders. Which among the following is NOT a Greek Classical style?
a. Tonic b. Corinthian c. Doric d. Ionic
__a___15. A style of architecture characterized by pointed arches.
a. Gothic b. Byzantine c. Romanesque d.Roman
__c___16. Ancient Egypt is known for a massive monument having rectangular base and four
triangular faces culminating in a singular apex, built over or around a crypt or tomb.
a. tomb b. vault c. pyramid d. terracotta
__b___17. An architectural style characterized by rounded arches and masonry walls and vaults.
a. Roman b. Romanesque c. Greek d. Byzantine
__a___18. Parthenon is considered as the greatest Greek classical temple and was dedicated to the
city’s patron deity, Athena. The said temple is renowned with what architectural style?
a. Doric b. Ionic c. Corinthian d. Tonic

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter that corresponds to when the classical artwork
was modeled.

19. __d___ 20. __b___

a. Pre-historic Era c. Ancient Egypt a. Greek Era c. Medieval Era

b. Gothic Era d. Medieval Era b. Ancient Egypt d. Gothic Era

21. _a____ 22. _d____

a. Pre-historic Era c. Greek Era a. Ancient Egypt c. Medieval Era

b. Gothic Era d. Ancient Egypt b. Greek Era d. Romantic Era

23. _c____ 24. _d____

a. Ancient Egypt c. Greek Era a. Greek Era c. Medieval Era

b. Gothic Era d. Medieval Era b. Ancient Egypt d. Gothic Era

25. __d___

a. Pre-historic Era c. Greek Era

b. Gothic Era d. Medieval Era