INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH PYTHON
Introduction to
Data Visualization
with Python
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Reminder: Line plots
In [1]: import numpy as np
In [2]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [3]: x = np.linspace(0, 1, 201)
In [4]: y = np.sin((2*np.pi*x)**2)
In [5]: plt.plot(x, y, 'red')
In [6]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Reminder: Sca!er plots
In [1]: import numpy as np
In [2]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [3]: x = 10*np.random.rand(200,1)
In [4]: y = (0.2 + 0.8*x) * np.sin(2*np.pi*x) + \
...: np.random.randn(200,1)
In [5]: plt.scatter(x,y)
In [6]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Reminder: Histograms
In [1]: import numpy as np
In [2]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [3]: x = 10*np.random.rand(200,1)
In [4]: y = (0.2 + 0.8*x) * \
...: np.sin(2*np.pi*x) + \
...: np.random.randn(200,1)
In [5]: plt.hist(y, bins=20)
In [6]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
What you will learn
● Customizing of plots: axes, annotations, legends
● Overlaying multiple plots and subplots
● Visualizing 2D arrays, 2D data sets
● Working with color maps
● Producing statistical graphics
● Plo!ing time series
● Working with images
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH PYTHON
See you in
the course!
INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH PYTHON
Plo!ing
multiple graphs
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Strategies
● Plo!ing many graphs on common axes
● Creating axes within a figure
● Creating subplots within a figure
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Graphs on common axes
In [1]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [2]: plt.plot(t, temperature, 'red')
In [3]: plt.plot(t, dewpoint, 'blue') # Appears on same axes
In [4]: plt.xlabel('Date')
In [5]: plt.title('Temperature & Dew Point')
In [6]: plt.show() # Renders plot objects to screen
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Graphs on common axes
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using axes()
In [1]: plt.axes([0.05,0.05,0.425,0.9])
In [2]: plt.plot(t, temperature, 'red')
In [3]: plt.xlabel('Date')
In [4]: plt.title('Temperature')
In [5]: plt.axes([0.525,0.05,0.425,0.9])
In [6]: plt.plot(t, dewpoint, 'blue')
In [7]: plt.xlabel('Date')
In [8]: plt.title('Dew Point')
In [9]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using axes()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
The axes() command
● Syntax: axes( [x_lo, y_lo, width, height] )
● Units between 0 and 1 (figure dimensions)
axes([0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 0.5])
x=0.1,
y=0.3 0.5
units
0.7 units
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using subplot()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using subplot()
In [1]: plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
In [2]: plt.plot(t, temperature, 'red')
In [3]: plt.xlabel('Date')
In [4]: plt.title('Temperature')
In [5]: plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
In [6]: plt.plot(t, dewpoint, 'blue')
In [7]: plt.xlabel('Date')
In [8]: plt.title('Dew Point')
In [9]: plt.tight_layout()
In [10]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
The subplot() command
● Syntax: subplot(nrows, ncols, nsubplot)
● Subplot ordering:
● Row-wise from top le"
● Indexed from 1
INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH PYTHON
Let’s practice!
INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH PYTHON
Customizing axes
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Controlling axis extents
● axis([xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax]) sets axis extents
● Control over individual axis extents
● xlim([xmin, xmax])
● ylim([ymin, ymax])
● Can use tuples, lists for extents
● e.g., xlim((-2, 3)) works
● e.g., xlim([-2, 3]) works also
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
GDP over time
In [1]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [2]: plt.plot(yr, gdp)
In [3]: plt.xlabel('Year')
In [4]: plt.ylabel('Billions of Dollars')
In [5]: plt.title('US Gross Domestic Product')
In [6]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
GDP over time
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using xlim()
In [1]: plt.plot(yr, gdp)
In [2]: plt.xlabel('Year')
In [3]: plt.ylabel('Billions of Dollars')
In [4]: plt.title('US Gross Domestic Product')
In [5]: plt.xlim((1947, 1957))
In [6]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using xlim()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using xlim() & ylim()
In [1]: plt.plot(yr, gdp)
In [2]: plt.xlabel('Year')
In [3]: plt.ylabel('Billions of Dollars')
In [4]: plt.title('US Gross Domestic Product')
In [5]: plt.xlim((1947, 1957))
In [6]: plt.ylim((0, 1000))
In [7]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using xlim() & ylim()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using axis()
In [1]: plt.plot(yr, gdp)
In [2]: plt.xlabel('Year')
In [3]: plt.ylabel('Billions of Dollars')
In [4]: plt.title('US Gross Domestic Product')
In [5]: plt.axis((1947, 1957, 0, 600))
In [6]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using axis()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Other axis() options
Invocation Result
axis(‘off’) turns off axis lines, labels
axis(‘equal’) equal scaling on x, y axes
axis(‘square’) forces square plot
axis(‘tight’) sets xlim(), ylim() to show all data
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using axis(‘equal’)
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using axis(‘equal’)
In [1]: plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
In [2]: plt.plot(x, y, 'red')
In [3]: plt.title('default axis')
In [4]: plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
In [5]: plt.plot(x, y, 'red')
In [6]: plt.axis('equal')
In [7]: plt.title('axis equal')
In [8]: plt.tight_layout()
In [9]: plt.show()
INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH PYTHON
Let’s practice!
INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH PYTHON
Legends,
annotations,
and styles
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Legends
● provide labels for overlaid points and curves
Legend
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using legend()
In [1]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [2]: plt.scatter(setosa_len, setosa_wid,
...: marker='o', color='red', label='setosa')
In [3]: plt.scatter(versicolor_len, versicolor_wid,
...: marker='o', color='green', label='versicolor')
In [4]: plt.scatter(virginica_len, virginica_wid,
...: marker='o', color='blue', label='virginica')
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using legend()
In [5]: plt.legend(loc='upper right')
In [6]: plt.title('Iris data')
In [7]: plt.xlabel('sepal length (cm)')
In [8]: plt.ylabel('sepal width (cm)')
In [9]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Legend locations
string code string code string code
'upper 'upper 'upper
2 9 1
left' center' right'
'center 'center
6 'center' 10 7
left' right'
'lower 'lower 'lower
3 8 4
left' center' right'
'best' 0 'right' 5
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Plot annotations
● Text labels and arrows using annotate() method
● Flexible specification of coordinates
● Keyword arrowprops: dict of arrow properties
● width
● color
● etc.
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using annotate() for text
In [1]: plt.annotate('setosa', xy=(5.0, 3.5))
In [2]: plt.annotate('virginica', xy=(7.25, 3.5))
In [3]: plt.annotate('versicolor', xy=(5.0, 2.0))
In [4]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using annotate() for text
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Options for annotate()
option description
s text of label
xy coordinates to annotate
xytext coordinates of label
arrowprops controls drawing of arrow
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using annotate() for arrows
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Using annotate() for arrows
In [1]: plt.annotate('setosa', xy=(5.0, 3.5),
...: xytext=(4.25, 4.0), arrowprops={'color':'red'})
In [2]: plt.annotate('virginica', xy=(7.2, 3.6),
...: xytext=(6.5, 4.0), arrowprops={'color':'blue'})
In [3]: plt.annotate('versicolor', xy=(5.05, 1.95),
...: xytext=(5.5, 1.75),
...: arrowprops={'color':'green'})
In [4]: plt.show()
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
Working with plot styles
● Style sheets in Matplotlib
● Defaults for lines, points, backgrounds, etc.
● Switch styles globally with plt.style.use()
● plt.style.available: list of styles
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
ggplot style
In [1]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [2]: plt.style.use('ggplot')
Introduction to Data Visualization with Python
fivethirtyeight style
In [1]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [2]: plt.style.use('fivethirtyeight')
INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH PYTHON
Let’s practice!
