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Chemical Bonding – Summary Notes
It is a universal rule that everything in this world tires to become stable by attaining the
lowest state of energy. The stability of atoms is stable electronic configurations. It leads to
reactivity. The inert gases are chemically inactive, so their electronic configurations are
stable. All atoms have a tendency to react due to the presence of incomplete valence shell.
They combine to attain the inert gas electronic configuration.
Atoms tend to combine chemically involving distribution of electrons in such a manner
that each atom is left with a stable electronic configuration. During this process, a force of
attraction develops between the atoms which binds them together to form molecules. This
force is called chemical bond.
There are three ways in which atoms attain stable configuration through chemical
combination:
By electron transfer
Electron sharing
Electron sharing in which both the electrons are supplied for sharing is provided by
the only one atom and not by both atoms.
A combination or bond formed by the complete transfer on one or more electrons from the
atom of one element to the atom of another element is called an ionic or electrovalent bond.
For example, in the formation of a molecule of sodium chloride, an ionic bond is formed
between the atoms of sodium and chlorine.
Electron dot structural diagram of sodium chloride is:
Compounds which contain an ionic bond are called ionic compounds.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are, generally, hard, crystalline and brittle solids.
They have high melting and boiling points.
They, generally, have high density.
They are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents.
They are good conductors of electricity in the molten state and aqueous solution.
The combination of two atoms in such a way that each atom attains a stable configuration
by the sharing of electrons is called a covalent or molecular bond. Sometimes, it is also
called an electron pair bond. For example, in the formation of a molecule of chlorine, a
covalent bond is formed between the two atoms of chlorine.
Electron dot structural diagram of chlorine molecule
In some cases, two or three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. When two
atoms share two pairs of electrons, they are said to be connected by a double covalent
bond. The sharing of three such pairs of electrons constitutes a triple covalent bond.
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Study Materials
NCERT Solutions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
Revision Notes for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
RD Sharma Solutions for Class 6 to 12 Mathematics
RS Aggarwal Solutions for Class 6, 7 & 10 Mathematics
Important Questions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 9, 10 & 12 (Math &
Science)
Important Formula for Class 6 to 12 Math
CBSE Syllabus for Class 6 to 12
Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 9 & 10
Previous Year Question Paper
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JEE Main & Advanced Question Paper
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Carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen chloride, etc., are examples of covalent compounds.
Properties of Covalent Compounds
Covalent compounds are made of non-polar molecules (a non-polar molecule is the
one in which the pair of electrons is shared equally).
They are generally liquids or gases,
They have low melting and boiling points.
They have less density and are lighter than water.
They are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water.
They are bad conductors of electricity. Their aqueous solutions do not conduct
electricity.
An atom or a group of atoms formed by the gain or loss of electrons is called an ion. In
other words, an ion is an electrically charged atom, or a group of atoms. If one or more
electrons are lost by an atom, the atom becomes a positively charged ion, called a cation.
If one or more electrons are gained by an atom, the atom becomes a negatively charged
ion, called an anion.
An atom or an ion that removes or loses electrons is said to be oxidized and this process is
called oxidation.
An atom or an ion that gains electrons is said to be reduced, and this process is called
reduction.
Oxidation and reduction always occur together, i.e., they are complimentary process of
electrons loss and gain respectively. The atom or ion which accepts the electrons is called
an oxidizing agent, and the atom or ion that donates the electrons is called a reducing agent.
A covalent bond formed by the unequal sharing of a pair of electrons is called a polar
covalent bond.
The magnitude of the polarity depends on the different powers of the two atoms to attract
electrons (electronegativity).
A covalent bond formed by the equal sharing of a pair of electrons is called a non-polar
covalent bond. The equal sharing of electrons occur between atoms that have exactly equal
attraction for electrons.
When the shared electrons in a covalent bond are contributed by only one atom of the two
atoms then it is called a coordinate covalent bond.
The atom which donates the electron pair is called donor atom and the other is called
acceptor atoms.
A pair of electrons which are not shared by any of the reacting atoms, is called lone pair
of electrons.
Compounds which are formed by the coordinate covalent bond are called coordinate
covalent compounds.
For example, ammonium radial is formed by donating one pair of electrons from nitrogen
atom to hydrogen ion.
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