second, third and mixed conditionals second or ‘unreal conditional Use if + past simple, would/might + infinitive to talk about hypothetical situations in the present/future. If I saw a person in trouble, | would/might help ther. third or ‘past unreal’ conditional Use if + past perfect, would/might/could + have + past participle to talk about hypothetical situations inthe past. If he'd known the woman, he might have helped her. For a longer action, use the past perfect continuous. If I hadn't been sitting there, we wouldn't hove met. mixed conditionals We can also use a mix of second and third conitionals: Use if + past perfect, would/ might/could + infinitive to talk about a hypothetical situation inthe past with a result in the present. This is often used with the verbs be/feel/seem. If he hadn't missed his plane, he'd be in Mexico by now. Use if + past simple, would/might/ could + infinitive to tall about a general hypothetical state witha past result. If were taller, I could have become o police officer. clause order Itis possible to change the order of the clauses. Note the use of the comma, If you'd checked your emails, you would have known about, the meeting. We wouldn't have believed iif we hadn't seen it with our own eyes spoken grammar In formal English, we use were instead of was with I/he/ she/it. In spoken English (apart from in the phrase if I were you), we usually use was. Chris would tll me if he was in trouble IF were you, I'd go tothe doctor's ‘A Choose the correct sentence ending. In one case, both endings are possible, I If the builders had begun the job two weeks ago, a) they might have finished it by now. b) they might finish it by now. 2. Ifyou found money in the street, 4) what would you have done? b) what would you do? 3. If Chun had started the race better, 1a) she could win the gold medel. b) she could have won the gold medal. 4 We wouldn’t be lost. a) if you hadn’t given me the wrong directions. b) if you gave me the wrong directions. 5 If Marco hadh't ignored my advice, 4a) he wouldn't be in this mess now. b) he wouldn't have been in this mess now. B Join the sentences using a past or mixed conditional form and the words in brackets. In some cases both forms are possible. | Beth didn't study. She didn’t pass the exam. (could) IF Beth had studied, she could have passed the exam, 2. You didn’t invite me to the party. That's why I didn’t come. (would) 3. Ludimila lost all her money on the stock exchange. That's why she's not rich now. (would) 4. Greg wasn't travelling fast. That's probably why he dida’t hi the motorcydist. (might) 5 They stopped the fre. That's probably why it didn’t destroy most of the building. (could) 6 The plant died because you didn’t water it. (would) 7 Meili was able to afford a new car because she had just won some money. (could not) & We were working together in Tokyo and now we're married. (would not)infinitive and -ing forms infinitive with to + Use after the following verbs: afford, agree, arrange, decide, expect, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, promise, seem, stort, tend, want. We hope to start the meeting at Yaum + Use as part of semi-fixed phrases, eg. be good Mucky/happy, bbe necessary/prepared to do, have the chance /opportunity/ desire hime to do, someone's goal /aim/ambition i to do. We were lucky to have the opportunity to go. + Use to express purpose. I'm going to the shops to buy some groceries. * Use after the following verbs with an object: ask, advise, expect, help inte persuode, remind, requie, teach, want. Will wants me to go to the party with hin infinitive without to + Use after modal verbs. They might be late. + Use after had better and would rather. You'd better take an umbrela ~ it looks hike rain A Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences, Do not change the underlined phrase. I It's no use to explain — you never listen anyway. 15 no use explaining — you never isten anyway 2 There'sno point in go to bed now—wehaveto get up in an hour. 3 Do you expect that | know all the answers? 2 4 Listen to your MP3 player during class is rude, 5 Myparents never let me to stay out past 8 o'dock 6 Weall look forward to see you in person, 7 You'd better to get ready —the taxis arrivingin ten 4 minutes. 8 The trip was a good opportunity practising 5 speaking Engish. 9 They're used to speak English with each other even though they're both japanese, 10 [phoned the station for asking about departure times. 6 * Use after let, make, help* with an object. Our supervisor let us go early todoy “help can be used elther with or without to, e.g. He helped me do/to do the homework ing form + Use ater the following verbs: avoid, come, consider, discuss, despise, enjoy fish, go. hate, involre, keep, lke, loathe, lve, mind, miss, practise, suggest. | keep getting bad headaches. Dave's gone fishing with his father. + Use asa subject or object, Le. as a noun, Going fro walk is much better than sleeping. + Use after certain phrases, e.g. not mind, be keen on, can't bear/stand, i's not worth, it's no use. | can’ stand listening to his voice all day lang. + Use after prepositions (often part of a fixed phrase), e.g. look forward to, be used to, be keen on, instead of Tm keen on sailing B Use the correct form of the verbs in the box to rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same, avoid consider expect keep manage remind teach Why don't you become a doctor? Have : I've passed my driving test ~ after thre tries! Wwe. | can type without looking. | learnt that from my mother. Mymother We didn’t tlk to each other all through the party. We Jorge thinks that he'll finish the painting by the end of the week. Jorge. My computer freezes whenever I it the delete button, My computer. Don't let me forget to lock the door, an. Could you ?