ICT453: Internet Technologies

& Web Design

Introduction to the Internet

Lecturer - Lempogo Forgor

Lesson Plan

Introduction and acquaintance

Setting Rules for lectures
Data Gathering /Collection
Discussing course structure
Lectures and discussions

Lempogo Forgor © 2009. All Rights Reserved

 Course Structure:

Internet Technologies
Course Description
This course will cover how the Internet is organized, the use of
Internet applications, and the creation of Web pages using
HTML and graphical applications.

Students design and create a major Web site with multiple pages
and cross-linked structures.

The course progresses from introductory work on web design to

a culminating project in which students design and develop
websites for a subject area or topic of their choice.

Lempogo Forgor © 2009. All Rights Reserved

 Course Educational Objectives
After completing this course, students will:
understand the basic technologies used to access the internet

be able to discuss the various internet technologies used today

be able to use a variety of strategies and tools to create websites.

develop awareness and appreciation of the various ways that

people access the web and will be able to create standards-based
websites that are accessible and usable by a full spectrum of
users.

Lempogo Forgor © 2009. All Rights Reserved

 Teaching And Learning Methods

 Class contact time will comprise of a combination of lecture, discussion and

tutorial sessions.

 During lectures, students will be required to contribute by answering

questions and contributing to a topic on the floor for discussion.

 The class will meet for three (3) hours every week (see Time table).

Lempogo Forgor © 2009. All Rights Reserved

Topics And Course Schedule
Unit Topic Week

Unit 1 Introduction to the internet 1

Unit 2 TCP Architecture 2

Unit 3 Internet Access Technologies 3

Unit 4 The Electronic Mail 4

Unit 5 Introduction to HTML 5

Unit 6 Linking Web Pages 6

Unit 7 Website Graphics 7

Unit 8 HTML Tables 8

Unit 9 Web Forms 9

Unit 10 FormattingWeb Pages with Style Sheets 10-11

Unit 11 Web usability and security issues 12

Lempogo Forgor © 2009. All Rights Reserved

Course Requirements
Activity Minimum
Percentage

Group project 5%

Individual project 10

Mid Semester Exams 15%

End Of Semester Exams 70%

Total 100%
© Lempogo Forgor
Literature And Reading Materials
Raj Kamal (2007) internet and web Technologies –
2007; - Course Text

 Elizabeth Castro, HTML, XHTML, and CSS, Sixth Edition, - ISBN# 0-3214-3084-0
 Head First HTML with CSS & XHTML , Elisabeth Freeman - ISBN # 0-5961-0197-X
 Master Visually HTML4 and XHTML 1, Kelly L. Murdock - ISBN# 0-7645-3454-8
 HTML and XHTML Pocket Reference, 3rd Edition, Jennifer Niederst Robbins - ISBN # 0-5965-
2727-6
 Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition, Eric A. Meyer - ISBN# 0-5960-0525-
3
 CSS Pocket Reference, Eric A. Meyer - ISBN # 0-5960-0777-9
 W3 School – www.w3schools.com

 http://www.webstyleguide.com /
© Lempogo Forgor
 Group Assignment!
Put yourselves in group:

 Find and Compare three different Internet Service Providers (ISP)

in Ghana.

Some of the features to look out for include but not limited to the
following:
 Available band widths
 Prices
 Customer support
 Customer base
 Must be submitted before mid-sem exam
 Individual Assignment!
Done and defended by each student

Choose a subject area.

Create a website of not less than five (5) pages
All web pages must have the right content
All pages must be properly linked and all links must be
functional
Appropriate pictures or sounds must be used (be polite –
no porn, no foul language)
Must be submitted and defended before the last lesson
(lecture)
Course Policies
Class Participation:
Preparation and engaged participation at all class sessions are
expected of all students.

Deadlines are sacred and firm.

Failure to keep deadlines will adversely affect your grade.
All written assignments should be typed.

Attendance: regular attendance and promptness are expected at

each lecture.
When ubsent, the student is responsible for getting notes and
assignments from other students.
Introduction to the Internet

3 Hours

Lempogo Forgor © 2009. All Rights Reserved

Objectives
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Define the term internet and how it works

Understand the history of internet
Discuss the common uses of internet
Identify the various segments of the internet
Discuss some common internet related terminologies

© Lempogo Forgor
What is the Internet?
The Internet is a collection of interconnected networks,
all freely exchanging information and resources.

The internet is a Global Network of Computer

Networks.

The Internet is a network of many smaller networks made

up of millions of personal computers connected to
thousands of host servers.

© Lempogo Forgor
 What is the Internet? (Cont.)
We might agree that it is:
The Internet is an inherently participative medium
Anybody can publish information or create new services.

The Internet is a cooperative endeavor

 no organization is in charge of the net.

A network of networks based on TCP/IP protocols;

© Lempogo Forgor
 Brief History the Internet
ARPANET, a project started by the U.S. Department of
Defense (DoD) in 1969.

ARPA - the Advanced Research Projects Agency - the

branch of the Defense Department in charge of awarding
grant money.

ARPANET was highly successful, and many universities

wanted to sign up.
© Lempogo Forgor
 Brief History the Internet
ARPANET became too big and difficult to manage

It was broken into two networks:

MILNET - which included all military sites,
ARPANET - which included all the nonmilitary sites.

The two networks remained connected, through the

Internet Protocol (IP)

© Lempogo Forgor
 How the Internet Works
1. The Internet transmits data from one computer (host)
to another.

2. If the receiving computer is on a network to which the

first computer is directly connected, it can send the
message directly.

3. If the receiving computer is not on a network to which

the sending computer is connected, the sending
computer relays the message to another computer that
can forward it. © Lempogo Forgor
 How the Internet Works –cont.
4. The message may be sent through a router to reach the
forwarding computer.

5. The forwarding host, which is attached to at least one

other network, in turn delivers the message directly if it
can or passes it to yet another forwarding host.

6. It is quite common for a message to pass through a dozen

or more forwarders on its way from one part of the
Internet to another.
© Lempogo Forgor
 How the Internet Works –cont.
The various networks that are linked to form the Internet work
pretty much the same way:

1. they pass data around in chunks called packets,

2. each Packet carries the addresses of :The sender and its

receiver.

3. The set of conventions used to pass packets from one host

to another is known as the Protocol.

4. The internet uses the Internet Protocol (IP).

© Lempogo Forgor
Interconnecting Networks
In the internet architecture it is necessary to
connect various networks together.

This is known as internetworking.

Slide 22
TCP/IP
TCP/IP is a protocol which allows computer on
different networks to communicate.

TCP/IP is a pair of protocols

TCP - transmission control protocol

IP - Internet Protocol

Slide 23
IP Addressing
Every computer station on the internetwork must
have an IP address.

This IP address must be unique but is not encoded in

the network interface.

It is set by software in the computer.

Slide 24
IP Addressing (2)
The IP address is in the form of a 4 byte number in
the following form:

192.226.32.125

Slide 25
TCP/IP
The two protocols work together like this:
TCP splits the data being transmitted into packets
adding a header.

TCP then passes these packets to the IP.

IP adds its own header to each TCP packet

IP routes the IP data frames around the

internetwork to their destination. Slide 26
Packet Switching
In a larger internetwork packets may use different
routes to get to the destination computer.

This is known as packet switching.

As a result of this packets may arrive at the destination

in a different order from which they were sent.

TCP must be able to sort this out.

Slide 27
Segments of the Internet

World Wide Web -WWW

Electronic Mail - E-mail

File transfer - FTP

Newsgroups

© Lempogo Forgor
 What is the World Wide Web? - www
 The www (WEB) was invented in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee, while
consulting at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in
Switzerland.

 The Web is a distributed information system.

 The Web contains multimedia and Hypertext

 Information in the Web is connected by hyperlinks.

 Hypertext
Hypertext is a set of documents linked together to
form a web of relationships that draw on possibilities for
augmenting linear text;

The term Hypermedia came from the same order.

Hyperlinks
Hyperlinks Underlined words on a Web page that allow
you to jump to another place or Web page.

Hyperlinks typically appear as highlighted (underlined

and colored) phrases.

Your mouse cursor will turn to a "pointing finger"

when you've found a hyperlink.

Graphics can be hyperlinks.

Electronic Mail (E-mail)
Electronic mail allows you to send and receive
electronic messages

Fast and convenient

Can also include attachments like files and pictures with

e-mail messages
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

FTP is a way to share files and programs

Download files from large archives to your own

computer

FTP is used to upload websites onto web servers

Done via the browser or a special piece of FTP software

News GROUPS

Bulletin-board discussion groups based on various

topics

A good place to get information about an area of

interest

Remember that the responses come from all types of

people
Using The World Wide Web
 Web Sites

A single group of many pages dealing with the same

topic and written by the same person is called a Web site

A web site is a collection of web pages.

A Web site is like a magazine with many articles.

A home page is like a front cover that tells what is inside.

 Browsing the Web
A web page is a document on the World Wide Web.

A web browser is the computer program used to

retrieve and view web pages.

The most popular browsers include Microsoft Internet

Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, etc
Serving the Web

Web pages are stored on computers called web servers.

Any organization can setup a web server.

Some popular web servers include:

Apache

Internet information service (IIS)

 Publishing Documents on the Web
 A Web server is a program running on a computer that is set up to
serve documents to other client computers that send requests for
documents.

 A Web client is a program that lets the user request documents from a
server.

 The server only operates when a document is requested.

The Client-Server model
Web clients
 A Web client is usually a Web browser.

 Its operation is as follows:

 Client connects to a computer specified by a network address;

 This address is called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator);

 Request is sent to the computer's Web server (http server);

 Server responds by sending the text and other media;

 The document is in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).

Web clients – How it Works
 What's the URL?
The uniform resource locator (URL) is the unique
identifier of a web page.

The (address bar) location window displays the URL of

the current page.

You can go directly to a web page if you know its URL:

click once in the Address Bar and type it in.
Uniform Resource Locator

 Each computer on the Internet has an assigned address

called its Uniform Resource Locator, or URL, to
identify it to other hosts.

 The URL gives those who provide information over the

Internet a standard way to designate where Internet
elements such as servers, documents, and newsgroups
can be found.

© Lempogo Forgor
 URL Components File name . format

Domain name
 http:// www.rasforgostudio.com/index.html

PROTOCOL SERVER/HOST
NETWORK SEGMENT DOMAIN

Everything after the violet colon is actually called the URI

Universal Resource Identifier.

 So a URL is protocol + URI

© Lempogo Forgor
 Another URL
Server Directory File name . format

Domain name
 http://www.rasforgostudio.com/home/index.html

PROTOCOL SERVER/HOST
NETWORK SEGMENT DOMAIN

© Lempogo Forgor
Different Domains on the Net
.com - commercial
.net - network
.edu - educational
.org - organization
.mil - military
.gov - government
 Web Security
Secure web pages use encryption to protect from “Bad
guys”.

Secure web pages use https.

The lock icon on the status bar closes on a secure page.

The privacy policy should tell you what the recipient

will do with that information.
 Web Security (cont.)

Web servers include encryption and authentication

services so that users can send and receive secure data.

A secure server lets you be selective about who can

receive information.
How Do I Connect to the Internet?
 Computer

 Connection - Phone Line, Cable, Wireless,etc

 Modem

 Network Software - TCP/IP

 Application Software -Web Browser, Email, etc

 Internet Service Provider (ISP)

 What Can I Do on the Internet?
 Do business (Buy and sell)

 Meet new people

 Send and receive email messages.

 Download free software with FTP (File Transfer Protocol).

 Post your opinion to a Usenet newsgroup.

 Internet Chat

 Surf the World Wide Web.

 And much, much more.

 There is no charge for most services

Social Impact of the Internet
 Freedom

 Access

 Pornography

 Censorship

 Regulation and Legislation

 Libel

 Electronic Mail
 Other Types of Internetworks

Other types of internetworks apart from the internet

include:
Intranet

Extranet
 Types of Internetworks - Intranet
An intranet is a private network, that securely shares the
organisations information and network resources within
the organisation.

Intranet is limited to only specific authorized users.

Most commonly, an intranet is the internal network of

an organization.

 A large intranet will typically have at least one web

server to provide users with organizational information
 Types of Internetworks - Extranet
An extranet is an internetwork that is limited in scope to
a single organization or entity but which also has limited
connections to the networks of one or more other.

An Extranet must have at least one connection with an

external network.

Eg. A company's customers may be given access to some

part of its intranet creating in this way an extranet.
Any Questions