Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

Introduction to technical programming in

MATLAB!

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

MATLAB Desktop, when you start!

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB

MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory

All items in MATLAB are matrices

Vectors and numbers are just special
forms of matrices

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

Matrices
M ti
and Arrays

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB

How to enter matrices?

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Introduction to MATLAB

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Introduction to MATLAB

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB

>> sum(A
sum(A')'
)
ans =
34
34
34
34
S the
So, th row sums are also
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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

And so is the sum of the diagonal!

((and the antidiagonal
g as well))

>> sum(diag(A))
ans =
34
To calculate the sum of the antidiagonal:

>> A(1,4)+A(2,3)+A(3,2)+A(4,1)
ans =
34

THIS IS A MAGIC SQUARE!

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Introduction to MATLAB

The colon operator

>> 1:10
ans =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
>> 100:-7:50
ans =
100 93 86 79 72 65 58 51
>> sum(A(1:4,3))
ans =
34
>> sum(1:16)/4
ans =
34
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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

Variable names consist of a letter, followed by

any number of letters,
letters digits,
digits or underscores.
underscores
MATLAB uses only the first 31 characters of
a variable name.
MATLAB is case sensitive; it distinguishes
between uppercase and lowercase letters.
DON'T USE MATLAB FUNCTION NAMES
AS VARIABLES!

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Introduction to MATLAB

Bad example:
>> sum = 1+2+3
sum =
6
>> sum(1:10)
??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.
>> clear sum
>> sum(1:10)
ans =
55
ONCE AGAIN, DON'T USE MATLAB
FUNCTION NAMES AS VARIABLES!

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Introduction to MATLAB

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB

Operators
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
\ Left division
^ Power
' Complex conjugate transpose
( ) Specify evaluation order

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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

Functions
abs, sqrt,
abs sqrt exp
exp, sin etc
etc.
>> help elfun
Elementary math functions.
Trigonometric.
sin - Sine.
sinh - Hyperbolic sine.
asin - Inverse sine.
asinh - Inverse hyperbolic sine.
cos - Cosine.
cosh - Hyperbolic cosine.
................................................................

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB

Some useful constants

pi 3.14159265…
i Imaginary unit,
j Same as i
Inf Infinity
N N
NaN N t
Not-a-number
b

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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

Examples of Expressions
rho = (1+sqrt(5))/2
rho =
1.6180
a = abs(3+4i)
a=
5
z = sqrt(besselk(4/3,rho-i))
z=
0.3730+ 0.3214i
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Introduction to MATLAB

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Introduction to MATLAB

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Introduction to MATLAB

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Introduction to MATLAB

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Introduction to MATLAB

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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

Graphics
• There are two ways to handle graphics:
¾The graphic interactive tools
¾Basic plotting functions

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Introduction to MATLAB

Using the graphic tools is good for one of a kind figures.

Using the graphic functions enables you to do the same

thing with different data or at another instant in time.

"Generated Code. You can use the MATLAB M-code

generator to create code that recreates the graph. Note
that studying the generating code for a graph is a good way
to learn how to program with MATLAB."

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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

Example
x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
/ 2*
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y)
xlabel('x = 0:2\pi')
ylabel('Sine of x')
title('Plot
title( Plot of the Sine Function'
Function ,'FontSize'
FontSize ,12)
12)

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Introduction to MATLAB

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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

Several Curves in One Graph

x = 0:pi/100:2
0:pi/100:2*pi;
pi;
y = sin(x);
y2 = sin(x-.25);
y3 = sin(x-.5);
plot(x,y,x,y2,x,y3)

The legend command provides an easy way to

identify the individual plots.

legend('sin(x)','sin(x-.25)','sin(x-.5)')

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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

Different colors and markers

b blue . Point - solid
g green o circle : dotted
r red x x-mark -. dashdot
c cyan + plus -- dashed
m magenta * star
y yellow s square
k black d diamond
v triangle (down)
^ triangle (up)
< triangleg (left)
> triangle (right)
p pentagram
h hexagram

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB

Graphic markers
x1 = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
x2 = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
plot(x1,sin(x1),'r:',x2,sin(x2),'r+')

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Introduction to MATLAB

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB

Complex Data

plot(Z)
where Z is a complex vector or matrix, is equivalent to
plot(real(Z),imag(Z))

For example,
p ,

t = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
plot(exp(i*t),'-o')
axis equal
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Introduction to MATLAB

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB

Adding plots to an existing graph

[x,y,z] = peaks;
pcolor(x,y,z)
shading interp
hold on
contour(x,y,z,20,'k')
hold off

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Introduction to MATLAB

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Subplots
t = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
[X,Y,Z] = cylinder(4*cos(t));
subplot(2,2,1); mesh(X)
subplot(2,2,2); mesh(Y)
p
subplot(2,2,3); mesh(Z)
subplot(2,2,4); mesh(X,Y,Z)

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB

U i the
Using th Print
P i t Command
C d

[x,y,z] = peaks;
pcolor(x,y,z)
shading interp
hold on
contour(x,y,z,20,'k')
hold off
print -dbitmap myfile

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Introduction to MATLAB

You may then insert your figure file into a word

document for your report.
There are many formats you can use:

-dbitmap bitmap
-djpeg jpeg
-deps encapsulated postscript
-dceps encapsulated color postscript
.....................................................................

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Introduction to MATLAB

Programming
MATLAB has
h severall fl
flow control
t l constructs:
t t
‰“if”
‰“switch and case”
‰“for”
‰“while”
‰“continue”
‰“b k”
‰“break”
‰“try - catch”
‰“return”
We look at the most important ones!
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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

If
E
Example
l

if I == J
A(I,J) = 2;
elseif abs(I-J) == 1
A(I,J) = -1;
else
A(I,J) = 0;
end

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
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For
r = zeros(1,32)
for n = 3:32
r(n) = rank(magic(n));
end
r

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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

while
a = 0; fa = -Inf;
b = 3; fb = Inf;
while b-a > eps*b
x = (a+b)/2;
fx = x^3-2*x-5;
if sign(fx) == sign(fa)
a = x; fa = fx;
else
l
b = x; fb = fx;
end
end
x

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB

Characters and Text

>> s = 'hello'
hello
s=
hello

>> abs(s)
ans =
104 101 108 108 111

>> ss = double(s)
ss =
104 101 108 108 111
>> char(ss)
ans =
hello
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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to MATLAB

>> S = char('A','rolling','stone','gathers','momentum.')
S=
A
rolling
stone
gathers
momentum.
>> size(S)
ans =
5 9

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 Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB

Scripts and Functions

There are two kinds of M-files:
‰Scripts, which do not accept input arguments
or return output arguments.
They operate on data in the workspace.
‰Functions, which can accept input arguments
and return output arguments.
Internal variables are local to the function.
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Create a file called magicrank.m

% Investigate the rank of magic squares
r = zeros(1,32);
for n = 3:32
r(n) = rank(magic(n));
end
r
b ()
bar(r)

type magicrank

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Numerical Methods For Engineers

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function r = rank(A,tol)
% RANK Matrix rank.
% RANK(A) provides an estimate of the number of linearly
% independent rows or columns of a matrix A.
% RANK(A,tol) is the number of singular values of A
% that are larger than tol.
% RANK(A) uses the default tol = max(size(A)) * norm(A) * eps.
s = svd(A);
g
if nargin==1
tol = max(size(A)') * max(s) * eps;
end
r = sum(s > tol);

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>> help rank

RANK Matrix rank.

RANK(A) provides an estimate of the number of linearly
independent rows or columns of a matrix A.
RANK(A,tol) is the number of singular values of A
that are larger than tol.
RANK(A) uses th the d
default
f lt tol
t l = max(size(A))
( i (A)) * norm(A)
(A) * eps.

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Numerical Methods For Engineers

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Some Important Commands
• c c – cclear command window
clc ea co a d do
• Who – shows variables in use
• Whos – shows variables in use with details
• Clear – clears all variables in the work space.
• Clear(A) – clears only the variable A
• Size(B) – gives the size of B.
• [m,n] = size(B) – gives the size assigning m for the size of rows and n for 
co u
column.
• A.’ – transpose of matrix A with out conjugate complex transformation
• A’ – transpose of matrix including conjugate complex transpose
• Conj(A) – complex conjugate of A
• flipup(A) – flip upside down 
• Fliplr(A) – flip left right
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• Format long – will write longer precision  up to 12 digits
• Format short 
Format short – gives
gives shorter precision digits
shorter precision digits
• Look for ‐ searches for the string topic in the first comment 
line (the H1 line) of the help text in all M‐files.
• Matlab indices starts at 1. so A(0) gives error.
• Which ‐ Locate functions and files
• fopen(filename) ‐ opens the file filename for read access
example
fid = fopen(‘FEM‐results.txt’)
st = fgetl(fid) – returns the next line of the file associated 
with the file identifier fid.
fclose(fid) – to close the file.
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• edit  filename – to edit M‐file.
• axis([xmin
([ xmax yymin yymax]) ]) ‐ to change the axis of graph
g g p
• grid on – makes grid on
• Clf – clear figure
• Pwd – print working directory
• ginput ‐ enables you to select points from the figure using the 
mouse for cursor positioning.
• [x y] =ginput – gives the x and y coordinates of the selected point 
• text(2,3, ‘text’) –
( ‘ ’) the word text will be written on the figure at the 
h d ll b h f h
specified coordinates
• text(2,3,’text’, ‘fontsize’,20) – to specify the size of the text. 
• max(A) – the maximum value  among the vector A
• Min(A) – minimum value
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• [m, I] = max(A) – where m gives the max value and I gives 
element number of the vector of the max value.
element number of the vector of the max value.
>> text(I, m, ’text’)
• num2str(m) – coverts number to string
• Str2num(m) – converts string to number. 
• Colormap (A) – to get the colormap

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