UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR
APPARTUS
Instruction Manual
OBJECTIVE:
To study the effect of varying the mass of central sleeve for porter and proell
governors.
To study the effect of varying initial spring compression for Hartnell governor
AIM:
Determination of characteristics curves of sleeve position against speed for
all governors.
Determination of characteristics curves of radius of rotation against
controlling force for all governors.
INTRODUCTION:
The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine,
when there are variations in loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or
decrease, obviously its speed will respectively decrease of increase to the extent
of variation of load. This variation of sped has to be controlled by the governor,
within small limits of mean speed. This necessitates that when the load increase
and consequently the speed decreases, the supply of fuel to the engine has to be
increased accordingly to compensate for the loss of the speed, so as to bring back
the speed to the mean speed. Conversely, when the load decreases and speed
increases, the supply of fuel has to be reduced.
THOERY:
The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine,
when there are variations in loads. This implies that the governor should have its
mechanism working in such a way, that the supply of fuel is automatically
regulated according to the load requirement for maintaining approximately a
constant speed. This is achieved by the principle of centrifugal force. The
centrifugal type governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the
rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force known as the controlling force.
Governors are broadly classified as:
a) Centrifugal Governors.
b) Inertia Governors.
The Centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of the centrifugal
force on the rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force. Known as
controlling force.
In inertia governors the position of the balls are affected by the force set by
an angular acceleration or deceleration of the given spindle in addition to
centrifugal forces on the balls.
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is designed to exhibit the characteristics of the spring-loaded
governor and dead weight governor. The experiments shall be performed on
following centrifugal type governor:
1. Watt governor
2. Porter governor
3. Proell governor
4. Hartnell governor
The drive unit consists of a DC motor connected to the shaft through V belt. Motor
and shaft are mounted on a rigid MS base plate in vertical position. The spindle is
supported in ball bearing.
The optional governor mechanism can be mounted in spindle. The speed control
unit controls the precise speed and speed of the shaft is measured with the help
of hand tachometer. A graduated scale is fixed to measure the sleeve lift.
The center sleeve of the Porter and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve
to which weights can be added. The Hartnell governor consists of a frame, spring
and bell crank lever. The spring tension can be increased or decreased to study
the governor.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
Speed required : 0.7m 0.35m
Power supply : 220v AC single phase, 5 Amp. Socket
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Starting Procedure:
1. Assemble the governor to be tested.
2. Complete the electrical connections.
3. Switch on the main power.
4. Note down the initial position of sleeve from the scale.
5. Switch ON the rotary switch.
6. Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve lift from its initial
position.
7. Let the governor be stabilized.
8. Note down the sleeve’s height and relative RPM (with help of hand
tachometer).
9. Increase the speed of governor in steps to get the different positions of
sleeve lift at different RPM.
Closing procedure:
1. Decrease the speed of governor gradually by bringing the variac to zero
position and then switch off the motor.
2. Switch OFF all switches.
3. Disconnect all the connections.
4. Draw the graph for governor as stated further in the manual.
5. Repeat the experiment for different types of governor.
WATT GOVERNOR (See Figure 1)
It is assumed that mass of the arms, links & sleeve are negligible in
comparison with the mass of the balls and are, therefore, neglected in
the analysis.
Taking moments about point A
Fxh mgxr
i.e. m 2 rh mgxr
g
Therefore, h =
2
2N
Also radians / sec
60
g
h 2
Therefore, 2N
60
g
91.2
N2
91.2 g
N
h
1. Initial reading of pointer on scale, X’ = mm
2. Height gained by sleeves, X = (X”-X’) mm
X
3. Height, h = h mm
2
h
4. = cos-1 L
a
5. Governor height, H = h mm
tan a
91.2 g 1000
6. Governor speed (theo.), Ntho = RPM
H
7. Radius of rotation, R = a ( L sin a) mm
w R 2
8. Centrifugal force (actual), Fca = kg
g 1000
2 N
9. Angular velocity, = radians / sec
60
w R
10. Centrifugal force (theo.), Fct = kg
H
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATION:
DATA:
1. Length of each link (L) = 105mm
2. Initial height, (h’) = 100mm
3. Weight of each ball (w) = 0.75 + 0.75 = 1.5 Kg
1. = 0.37 + 0.37 = 0.74 kg
4. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 m/s 2
5. Weight of aluminum Sleeve = 1.04 kg
6. Distance of pivot to center of spindle (a) 50mm
Reading of pointer on scale at N rpm = X mm
Intial reading of pointer on scale, X’ = mm
Selected ball weight, w = kg
S.No. Sleeve displacement, X” mm Speed, Nact RPM
1
2
3
4
CALCULATION TABLE:
S.No. Sleeve Height of Theo. Radius Actual Theo.
Height,X Governor, Speed of Force, Force
Mm H mm Ntho RPM Rotation, Fca kg Fct kg
R mm
1
2
3
4
Plot the graph for following curves:
R/H vs Ntho
R/H vs Nact
Sleeve (X) vs Ntho
Sleeve (X) vs Nact
PORTER GOVERNOR: (See Figure 2)
Porter governor differs from Watt’s Governor only in extra sleeve Weight.
else is similar to Watt Governor
FORMULAE:
1. Initial reading of pointer on scale, X’ = mm
2. Height gained by sleeves, X = (X”-X’) mm
X
3. Height, h = h mm
2
h
4. = cos-1 L
a
5. Governor height, H = h mm
tan a
6. Radius of rotation, R = a ( L sin a) mm
w R 2
7. Centrifugal force (actual), Fca = kg
g 1000
2 N
8. Angular velocity, = radians / sec
60
w W 91.2 g
9. Governor speed (theo.), Ntho = 1000 RPM
w H
W
10. centrifugal force (theo.) Fct = w 2 1 k tan kg
Where
tan
k
tan
r
tan
h
lengths os arms is equal to length of links and the points E and C lies on the
same vertical line.
Then tan tan
Or k=1
Therefore, Fct = w W tan kg
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATION:
DATA:
1. Length of each link (L) = 105mm
2. Initial height, (h’) = 100mm
3. Radius of rotation, (R) = mm
4. Weight of each ball (w) = 0.7 + 0.7 = 1.4 Kg
1. = 0.37 + 0.37 = 0.74 kg
5. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 m/s 2
6. Distance of pivot to center of spindle (a) 50mm
7. Weight of cast iron sleeve (W1) = 2.06 kg
8. Dead weight applied on sleeve (W) = 0.950/0.7 kg (one each)
9. Total Dead weight on sleeve (W) = (W1 + W2)
10. Reading of pointer on scale at N rpm = X’ mm
Intial reading of pointer on scale, X’ = mm
weight applied on sleeve, W2 = kg
Selected ball weight, w = kg
S.No. Sleeve displacement, X” mm Speed, Nact RPM
1
2
3
4
CALCULATION TABLE:
S.No. Sleeve Height of Theo. Radius Actual Theo.
Height,X Governor, Speed of Force, Force
Mm H mm Ntho RPM Rotation, Fca kg Fct kg
R mm
1
2
3
4
Plot the graph for following curves:
R/H vs Ntho
R/H vs Nact
Sleeve (X) vs Ntho
Sleeve (X) vs Nact
PROELL GOVERNOR: (See Figure 3)
FORMULAE:
1. Initial reading of pointer on scale, X’ = mm
2. Height gained by sleeves, X = (X”-X’) mm
X
3. Height, h = h mm
2
a
4. Governor height, H = h mm
tan a
h
5. = cos-1 L
6. = a a
7. Radius of rotation, R = a (GC sin ) mm
w R 2
8. Centrifugal force (actual), Fca = kg
g 1000
2 N
9. Angular velocity, = radians / sec
60
10. DG = (GC cos )mm
X
11. BD = h h mm
2
12. Centrifugal force (theo.) Fct =
BD tan
(W 2 w) {w tan } kg
GC cos
Fct g 1000
13. Governor speed (theo.), Ntho = 9.549 * RPM
w R
length of arms are equal to the length of links and the points E and C lies on the same vertical
line. Then
tan = tan
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATION:
DATA:
1. Length of each link (L) = 105mm
2. Initial height, (h’) = 100mm
3. Initial angle. = 17.7530
4. Initial angle = 23.6110
5. Initial Radius of rotation, (R) = mm
6. Weight of each ball (w) = 0.37 + 0.37 = 0.74 Kg
a. = 0.7 + 0.7 = 1.4
kg
7. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 m/s 2
8. Distance of pivot to center of spindle (a)= 50mm
9. displacement between points G & C of lower link (GC)= 155.33 mm
10. Weight of cast iron sleeve (W1) = 2.06 kg
11. Dead weight applied on sleeve (W) = 0.95/0.7 kg (one each)
12. Total Dead weight on sleeve (W) = (W1 + W2)
Reading of pointer on scale at N rpm = X’ mm
Intial reading of pointer on scale, X’ = mm
weight applied on sleeve, W2 = kg
Selected ball weight, w = kg
S.No. Sleeve displacement, X” mm Speed, Nact RPM
1
2
3
4
CALCULATION TABLE:
S.No. Sleeve Height of Theo. Radius Actual Theo.
Height,X Governor, Speed of Force, Force
Mm H mm Ntho RPM Rotation, Fca kg Fct kg
R mm
1
2
3
4
Plot the graph for following curves:
R/H vs Ntho
R/H vs Nact
Sleeve (X) vs Ntho
Sleeve (X) vs Nact
HARTNELL GOVERNOR: (See Figure 4)
FORMULAE:
1. Initial reading of pointer on scale, X’ = mm
2. Height gained by sleeves, X = (X”-X’) mm
a
3. Radius of rotation, R = R X mm
b
w 2 R
4. Centrifugal force (actual), Fc = kg
g 1000
2N
5. Angular velocity, = radians / sec
60
a
6. Forced exerted by spring,S = 2 Fc ) W kg
b
a
2
Fc Fc
7. Stiffness of spring, S = 2 b
R R
If 0, then Fc = 0
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATION:
DATA:
1. Length of arm (a) = 75 mm
2. Length of arm (b) = 120mm.
3. Initial Radius of rotation (R) = 182.6cm.
4. Weight of each ball (w) = 0.37 + 0.37 = 0.74 kg
1. = 0.7 + 0.7 = 1.4 kg
5. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 m / s 2
6. Weight of the C.I sleeve = 2.06 kg
7. Dead weight applied on sleeve (W) = 0:347 gm
8. Total Dead weight on sleeve (W) = (W1 + W2)
9. initial reading of pointer on scale, X = mm
10. Reading of pointer on scale at N rpm = X’ mm
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
Intial reading of pointer on scale, X’ = mm
Selected ball weight, w = kg
S.No. Sleeve displacement, X” mm Speed, Nact RPM
1
2
3
4
CALCULATION TABLE:
S.No. Sleeve Height of Theo. Radius Actual Theo.
Height,X Governor, Speed of Force, Force
Mm H mm Ntho RPM Rotation, Fca kg Fct kg
R mm
1
2
3
4
Plot the graph for following curves:
1. Sleeve (X) vs Nact
PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTUCTIONS:
1. No voltage fluctuation is desirable. as it may hamper results.
2. Always increase the speed gradually.
3. Take the sleeve displacement reading when steady state is achived.
4. At higher speed the load on sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the
governor.
5. Always switch off the motor after bringing the variac to zero position.
6. Keep the apparatus free from dust.
7. Before performing any experiment clean the sleeve properly and lubricate it
properly.
TROUBLE SHOOTING:
1. If main indicator is not growing then check the main supply.
2. The main light is not ON check the main switch.
3. The motor is not working check the rotary switch & inner circuit of panel.
REFRENCES:
1. A.Ghose, A.K.Malik: “Theory of Mechanisms and Machines”. 3rd ed.. 1984.
CBS Publisher & Distribution, P 454-488.
2. Thomas Bevan: “Theory of Mechanisms and Machines”. 3 rd ed.. 1984. CBS
Publisher & Distribution, P 454-488.
3. Dr. Jagdish Lal; “Theory of Mechanisms and Machines”. 2 rd ed.. 2001.
Metropoltian Book Co . Pvt. Ltd., P 350-403.
4. SS Rattan: “Theory of Machines”. 11rd ed.. 2000. Tata McGraw Hill. ND. P
544-566.
5. RS Khurmi, JK Gupta: “Theory of Machines”. 10rd ed.. Eurasia Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd., P 740-877.
6. N Shanmugam, A Alavudeen, P Jeyaraj: “Dynamics of Machines”. 1 st ed..
2003 Anuradha Agencies. P 5.1-5.68.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
WATT GOVERNOR
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION TABLE:
Wt. of the Aluminum Sleeve W1 = 1.04 kg
Ball Weights Attached w = 0.7kg (2 Nos.)
S.No X” X’ X h alpha H Ntho R Nact Fca Fct R/H
1. 80 65 35 82.5 0.66695 146.0 78 115.0 100 1.15 1.10 0.79
2. 83 65 39 80.5 0.69716 140.2 80 117.4 104 1.27 1.17 0.84
3. 86 65 40 80 0.70455 138.8 80 118.0 105 1.37 1.19 0.85
4. 90 65 43 78.5 0.72633 134.8 81 119.7 108 1.52 1.24 0.89
5. 106 65 51 74.5 0.78197 124.8 85 124.0 116 2.18 1.39 0.99
6. 109 65 52 74 0.78871 123.7 85 124.5 117 2.31 1.41 1.01
7. 115 65 57 71.5 0.82173 118.0 87 126.9 122 2.63 1.51 1.08
8. 122 65 62 69 0.85377 112.6 89 129.1 127 3.01 1.61 1.15
9. 127 65 65 67.5 0.87257 109.5 90 130.4 130 3.29 1.7 1.19
10. 135 65 69 65.5 0.89719 105.4 92 132.1 134 3.77 1.75 1.25
11. 145 65 73 63.5 0.92133 101.5 94 133.6 138 4.40 1.84 1.32
12. 148 65 76 62 0.93915 98.6 95 134.7 141 4.62 1.91 1.37
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
PORTERGOVERNOR
Observation & Calculation Table:
Wt. of the cast iron Sleeve W1 = 1.06 kg
Ball Weights Attached w = 0.7kg (2 Nos.)
Applied sleeve Weight = 0.95 kg
S.No X” X’ X h alpha H Ntho Nact R Fca Fct R/H
1 76 65 11 94.5 0.45 197.74 119 131 95.8 2.57 2.14 0.48
2 80 65 15 92.5 0.49 185.85 123 134 99.7 2.80 2.37 0.54
3 85 65 20 90 0.54 173.21 128 138 104.1 3.10 2.65 0.60
4 91 65 26 87 0.59 161.00 132 141 108.8 3.38 2.98 0.68
5 97 65 32 84 0.64 150.67 137 145 113.0 3.72 3.31 0.75
6 106 65 41 79.5 0.71 137.45 143 151 118.6 4.23 3.80 0.86
7 112 65 47 76.5 0.75 129.68 147 155 121.9 4.58 4.15 0.94
8 119 65 54 73 0.80 121.36 152 162 125.5 5.15 4.56 1.03
9 124 65 59 70.5 0.83 115.80 156 165 127.8 5.45 4.87 1.10
10 132 65 67 66.5 0.88 107.42 162 170 131.3 5.94 5.39 1.22
11 135 65 70 65 0.90 104.41 164 174 132.5 6.28 5.59 1.27
12 148 65 83 58.5 0.98 92.05 175 188 137.2 7.59 6.57 1.49
13 154 65 89 55.5 1.01 86.63 180 196 139.1 8.36 7.08 1.61
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
PROELLGOVERNOR
Observation & Calculation Table:
Wt. of the cast iron Sleeve W1 = 2.06 kg
Ball Weights Attached w = 0.37kg (2 Nos.)
Applied sleeve Weight = 0.95 kg
S.No X” X’ X Nact h’ h alpha H gamma R DG BD
1 67 65 2 109 100 99 0.34 240.49 0.44 116.28 140.48 99 0
2 74 65 9 114 100 95.5 0.43 204.91 0.53 128.50 134.03 95.5 1
3 84 65 19 121 100 90.5 0.53 175.49 0.63 141.88 125.24 90.5 1
4 95 65 30 130 100 85 0.63 153.94 0.73 153.43 115.89 85 1
5 105 65 40 138 100 80 0.70 138.82 0.81 162.04 107.58 80 2
6 113 65 48 144 100 76 0.76 128.45 0.86 167.98 101.03 76 2
7 120 65 55 150 100 72.5 0.81 120.23 0.91 172.62 95.36 72.5 2
8 131 65 66 161 100 67 0.88 108.44 0.98 179.00 86.53 67 3
9 140 65 75 169 100 62.5 0.93 99.54 1.03 183.52 79.38 62.5 3
10 150 65 85 185 100 57.5 0.99 90.22 1.09 187.90 71.50 57.5 4
11 156 65 91 190 100 54.5 1.03 84.86 1.13 190.23 66.80 54.5 4
12 163 65 98 200 100 51 1.06 78.78 1.16 192.70 61.35 51 5
HARTENLLGOVERNOR
Observation & Calculation Table:
Wt. of the cast iron Sleeve W1 = 2.06 kg
Ball Weights Attached w = 0.5kg (2 Nos.)
Applied sleeve Weight = 0.437 kg
S.No X” X’ X Nact R Fc S s
1 73 65 8 127 168.00 3.03 1.29 0.47
2 80 65 15 145 172.38 4.05 2.57 0.34
3 85 65 20 160 175.50 5.02 3.78 0.31
4 90 65 25 170 178.63 5.77 4.72 0.29
5 96 65 31 186 182.38 7.05 6.32 0.28
6 104 65 39 200 187.38 8.38 7.98 0.27
7 110 65 45 213 191.13 9.69 9.62 0.27
8 117 65 52 224 195.50 10.97 11.21 0.26
