႔ Chapter-1 Introduction

Chapter-1 Introduction to Chilled Water Systems

၁.၁ What is heat?

(heat) ႔ (temperature) ႔
႔ (transfer) (form of energy)
(temperature) တ ႔ (thermal
activity)

(form of energy) (quantity)

႔ (intensity) (heat energy)
(form of energy) ႔

(thermal activity) (molecules)

တ
(thermal activity) ႔
(velocity) ႔ (thermal activity)
႔

first law (heat energy)

႔ first law
“law of conservation of energy”

HVAC (remove heat

energy)

second law (heat energy)

(temperature) ႔ (transfer)

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Chillers and Chilled Water Systems ႔

၁.၁.၁ (Heat)

(thermometer) intensity of heat

(quantity of heat) ႔ (quantity of heat)
႔ (quantity of heat)

၁-၁ 1 Calorie (4.187J) ၁-၂ 1 Btu

(gram)
႔ 1°C 1 Calorie [cal] (
)
(lb)
႔ 1°F 1 British Thermal Unit (BTU)

၁.၂ Unit of Refrigeration

Refrigeration capacity Inch-Pound (I-P)
“British Thermal Units per hour(BTU/hr)” HVAC
refrigeration
“ton of refrigeration”

(၂၄) (1 ton)

32°F 144 Btu

(Latent heat of ice = 144 Btu/lb)
(၂၀၀၀) one refrigeration ton (1RT)
12,000 Btu/hr

1 ton of refrigeration (RT) = 200 Btu/min = 3.517 kJ/s = 3.517 kW

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 ႔ Chapter-1 Introduction

Table 1-1 (amount of heat)

( / ) (amount of heat)
Kilocalorie [kcal] 1 kg 1°C 1 kcal
Joule [J] 1g 1°C 4.187 J
Kilojoule[kJ] 1 kg 1°C 4.187 kJ
British Thermal Unit [BTU] 1 lb 1°F 1 Btu

၁.၃ Sensible Heat

Sensible Seat Equation:

= Rate of sensible heat added or removed from substance (Btu/hr)

= Mass rate flow of substance (lb/hr)
= Specific heat of substance at constant pressure (Btu/lb °F)
= = temperature change of substance (°F)

Air conditioning process sensible heat equation Air con

process (temperature change) ႔
Refrigeration process state
႔

- chiller chilled water flow rate (၅၀၀)

55°F (chilled water) 43°F chiller
cooling capacity Btu/hr ton of refrigeration(RT) kW ႔

Chiller cooling capacity (amount of

heat removed from chilled

m=W ႔ gpm lb/hr ႔

= 250,000 lb/hr

(1 GPM) lb/hr ႔ 500 lb/hr

=-3,000,000 Btu/hr

(heat) ႔
( ) ( ) Btu/hr ton of refrigeration ႔
1 RT (Refrigeration Ton) = 12,000 Btu/hr = 3.517 kW

Cooling capacity

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Chillers and Chilled Water Systems ႔

Chilled water circuit ႔ chiller water sensible heat (transfer)

[ ] latent heat (transfer)

၁.၄ Air Conditioning System

၁-၃ Air conditioning system

၁-၃( ) Classification of HVAC systems

Air conditioning system

project
႔ system
(perform

႔
႔
(construction manager) ႔

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 ႔ Chapter-1 Introduction

(value added options) (value-engineered options)

system

(၁) (temperature)

(၂) (humidity)

(၃) (air motion)

(၄) ႔ ႔ (air purity or quality)

(၅) (air changes per hour)

(၆) Duct pipe (air and/or water velocity requirements)

(၇) (local climate)

(၈) (space pressure requirements)

(၉) Load calculation analysis capacity

(၁၀)

(၁၁) (spatial requirement)

(၁၂) (security concerns)

(၁၃) (first cost)

(၁၄) (Operating cost,

including energy and power costs)

(၁၅) (maintenance cost)

(၁၆) System (reliability)

(၁၇) (flexibility)

(၁၈) ႔ ႔ system (life-cycle analysis)

(၁၉) (sustainability of design)

(၂၀) (acoustics and vibration)

(၂၁) (mold and mildew prevention) ႔

Air conditioning system decentralized cooling and heating system central cooling
and heating system Decentralized system

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Chillers and Chilled Water Systems ႔

၁-၄ Multiple unit systems using single-zone unitary HVAC equipment

၁-၅ Packaged terminal air conditioner

၁.၅ Decentralized Cooling and Heating Systems

႔ decentralized system ႔

၁.၅.၁ System Characteristics

Decentralized system HVAC unit
HVAC unit refrigeration cycle heating source air ventilation
(components) fans filters heating
source cooling coil refrigerant compressor(s) control condenser ႔

Equipment (manufacture) ႔
configuration decentralized system
HVAC equipment

(၁) Window air conditioners (၆) Water cooled packaged unit

(၂) Multiple-unit systems (၇) Self-contained (floor-by-floor) systems
(၃) Outside package systems (၈) Water-cooled heat pump systems
(၄) Air-cooled heat pump systems (၉) Residential and light commercial split systems
(၅) Air-cooled packaged unit (၁၀) Through-the-wall room HVAC units

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 ႔ Chapter-1 Introduction

၁-၆ Packaged DX rooftop air conditioner

၁-၇ DX unit (Window type)

၁-၈ DX unit ၁-၉ Packaged rooftop air conditioner

၁.၅.၂ Decentralized System (Advantages)

(၁) Heating cooling

(၂) Certified rating performance data
(၃) (quality
control) (reliability)
(၄)

(၅)
(၆)

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Chillers and Chilled Water Systems ႔

(၇)
(၈) System
(၉) Mechanical electrical
(၁၀) (first cost)
(၁၁) equipment

(၁၂) (tenant) air con service

(၁၃) Decentralized system air side ႔ water side economizer

၁.၅.၃ Decentralized System (Disadvantages)

(၁) Air flow cooling coil condenser

(၂) centralized system

diversity factor equipment

(၃) (temperature) (humidity)

(၄) equipment
equipment

(၅) Central system

(၆) Outside air economizer

(၇) ႔ (air distribution)

(၈) Equipment

(၉) Equipment

(၁၀) (air filtration ႔

(၁၁) On/off ႔ step control discharge temperature

(၁၂) Air-conditioning unit condensate drain

(၁၃) Equipment ႔

၁.၆ Central Cooling and Heating Systems

Central cooling plant chiller water (generate)
႔ distribution ႔ HVAC application ၂၅%
central cooling plant system Equipment
႔

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 ႔ Chapter-1 Introduction

၁.၆.၁ System Characteristics

equipment configuration Equipment

Primary equipment chiller boiler
႔ capacity configuration

႔
oil)
႔

႔ ႔ ႔
air
conditioning heating process

၁-၁၀ Central cooling and heating system

(operating) (maintain) (first
cost) ႔ (owner) consultant ႔

Chilled-water production system HFC ႔ HCFC refrigerant

(safety requirement) ASHRAE standard 15

(၁) (campus environments with

distribution to several buildings)
(၂) (high rise facilities)
(၃) (large office buildings)
(၄) (large public assembly facilities,
entertainment complexes, stadiums, arenas, and convention and exhibition centers-)
(၅) Urban centers (e.g., city centers/districts)
(၆) (shopping malls)
(၇) (large condominiums, hotels, and apartment complexes)
(၈) (educational facilities)
(၉) (hospitals and other health care facilities)

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Chillers and Chilled Water Systems ႔

(၁၀) (Industrial facilities -pharmaceutical, manufacturing)

(၁၁) (Large museums and similar institutions)
(၁၂) ႔ (Locations where waste heat is readily available -
generation or industrial processes) ႔

chilled water plant

( ) Chiller configuration

( ) Pump (efficient pumps)

( ) Valve

(ဃ) (good piping scheme with ample valving) ႔

System control

(access)

၁.၆.၂ Central System (Advantages)

(၁) Primary cooling and heating

(၂) equipment

(၃) Equipment servicing

(၄) (energy-efficient design strategies)

(energy recovery) thermal storage (energy management) ႔

(၅) plant

(၆) equipment (spare part)

Part-load capability efficiency
equipment

(၇) Standby capability back-up power supply

(၈) Load profile equipment

equipment

(၉) Central plant distribution

(၁၀) Load diversity total installed capacity

(၁၁) Equipment (vibration)

(noise) ႔ (acoustical treatment

၁.၆.၃ S Disadvantages)
(၁) Equipment

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 ႔ Chapter-1 Introduction

(၂) Centralized system

(၃) Centralized equipment ႔

(၄)

(၅)

(၆) Equipment ႔
(၇) Heating plant (chimney) ႔(emission permit) monitoring
treatment
(၈) Equipment equipment

(၉) Central system control logic

(၁၀) (first cost)

(၁၁) (permit)

(၁၂) (safety)

(၁၃) Distribution pipe

၁.၆.၄ Central Plant

Central plant
(၁) refrigerant ႔ (discharge)
(၂) Equipment , (lifting facility)
(၃) (maintenance
(၄) (acoustical impact)
(၅) (expansion) ႔

၁.၇ (Design Considerations)

၁.၇.၁ Cooling and Heating Loads

cooling load heating
load simultaneous peak ႔ simultaneous load
( ) cooling load ႔ heating load
(၄)
Design load peak load ႔ “equipment diversity factor”
- 5 95% diversity (university)
diversity factor ၄၅% ႔ Central plant peak
load diversity factor
႔ diversity factor

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Chillers and Chilled Water Systems ႔

၁.၇.၂ (Noise) (Vibration)

(sound and vibration

႔
႔

ASHRAE s

႔ S Chapter 47—HVAC Applications for

more detailed information on sound and

၁.၇.၃ Space Considerations)

(architects) (owners)
(space planners) M&E mechanical equipment

mechanical system building configuration ႔

rules of thumb
႔
(design concept) (space requirement)
(building floor area) Mechanical and
Electrical (M&E) system ၆ ၉ ႔

Central system
1 kW refrigeration (plant room) 0.07 0.09
2
(0.07 to 0.09 m per kilowatt of refrigeration) Chiller pump cooling tower
equipment

1.2 m ႔ equipment
Chiller evaporator condenser ႔ tube ႔

location) ႔
႔
(safety)
႔
overhead crane ႔
ASHRAE s
(local codes)

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 ႔ Chapter-1 Introduction

၁-၁၁ Chilled water distribution network

operating environment for e

S
ventilation rate) 2.5 L/s per m2

၁.၇.၄

Ce

• Equipment (operating weight) (structural costs)

• Equipment (vibration) (noise) ႔
႔
• Central plant switchgear motor control center transformer cable

• Cooling tower makeup water tank

• (cooling and heating service)

• central plant
• (road way) (parking)

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Chillers and Chilled Water Systems ႔

• (fuel oil) propane gas coal ႔

• Electrical transformer
• Cooling tower ႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔
ASHRAE ၂၀၀၈

(၁) emergency electrical loads)

(၂) cooling air
(၃) fuel sources)
(၄) ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔

(၅) control)

၁-၁၂ Central cooling system

၁.၈ Chilled Water System

(၁) Constant flow systems
( ) Constant flow using 3-way control valves
( ) Constant flow using 2-way control valves and central by-pass
(၂) Primary secondary flow system
( ) Primary constant /Secondary variable flow design
( ) Primary constant /Secondary variable flow design (with tertiary pumping)
(၃) Variable Primary Flow chilled water systems (VPF)
( ) VPF with dedicated pumps
( ) VPF with headered pumps

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 ႔ Chapter-1 Introduction

၁.၉ Overview of Chilled Water Plant Rooms

chiller water plant
႔ chilled water system Chilled water system
chiller pump cooling tower AHU/FCU system
heat exchanger pump Chilled water system water cooled chiller
႔ air cooled chiller Water cooled chiller
system ႔ plant water cooled plant (water cooled system) Air cooled chiller
system ႔ plant air cooled plant (air cooled system)

Water cooled chiller circuit (၄) air cooled chiller circuit

(၃) Air cooled ႔ water cooled chiller refrigerant circuit chiller

၁-၁၃ Water cooled chiller Air cooled chiller DX packaged

Thermal energy moves from left to right through five loops of heat transfer

၁-၁၄ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(၁) Indoor air loop

(၂) Chilled water loop
(၃) Refrigerant loop
(၄) Condenser water loop
(၅) Cooling tower outdoor air loop

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Chillers and Chilled Water Systems ႔

၁-၁၅ Heat transfer loop

Table 1-2 water cooled chilled water system and air cooled chilled water system
Water Cooled Chilled Water System Air Cooled Chilled Water System

( ) ႔ air distribution system ႔ air distribution

system
( ) ႔ chilled water ႔ chilled water
distribution system distribution system
( ) Condenser circuit condenser

(ဃ) refrigerant circuit refrigerant circuit

၁-၁၆ Chiller condenser water pipe chilled water pipe

၁.၁၀ Circuit (Naming of Circuit)

Circuit (supply) (return) ႔ (entering)
(leaving) Supply return Chilled water
circuit ႔ load side (reference) Chiller
(leaving chilled water) chilled water supply (supply to building) chiller ႔
(entering chilled water) chilled water return (return from building) Chilled

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 ႔ Chapter-1 Introduction

water loop/circuit chiller supply side AHU/FCU

demand side(load side)

Condenser water circuit cooling tower chiller

chiller reference Chiller ႔ (entering condenser water) condenser
water supply (supply to chiller) chiller (leaving condenser water) condenser
water return (return from chiller) Air side circuit serving area reference
AHU/FCU supply air (supply air to serving area)
(air) return air (return air from serving area)

၁.၁၁ Chilled Water Distribution System ႔ Chilled Water Circuit/Loop

Chilled water distribution system ႔ chilled water circuit/loop chilled water pump
chiller Air Handling Unit(AHU)/Fan Coil Unit(FCU) ႔ Chilled water pump chilled
water return chiller Chilled water pump chilled water
supply ႔ chilled water pump
chilled water chiller ႔ ႔ ႔ chiller ႔ ႔
chiller evaporator (heat exchange)

Chilled water circuit/loop Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI)

[ ARI ] (standard) chilled water supply temperature
. chilled water return temperature . (standard
chilled water flow rate) 1 RT (၂.၄) (2.4 S
chiller (standard chilled
water flow rate) - 500RT( ၅၀၀) chiller (standard
chilled water flow rate) 1,200GPM (500RT x 2.4GPM)

(heat) (temperature) ႔
႔ chilled water circuit 12.2°C
chilled water return (temperature) refrigerant circuit ႔
chiller evaporator refrigerant 12.2°C chilled
water return 6.7°C chilled water supply chiller
Chilled water circuit closed circuit (closed loop) Closed circuit chilled water
(atmosphere) ႔

၁.၁၂ Condenser Water Loop ႔ Condenser Water Circuit

Condenser water loop ႔ condenser water circuit condenser water pump chiller
cooling tower ႔ Condenser water pump condenser water supply chiller
Condenser water pump condenser water return
႔ condenser water pump condenser water
chiller ႔ ႔ ႔ chiller ႔ ႔ chiller condenser
(heat exchange)

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Chillers and Chilled Water Systems ႔

Condenser water circuit/loop AHRI (Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration

Institute) (standard) condenser water supply temperature
(outdoor air) wet bulb
temperature (၂.၀) ႔ (၂.၅) Condenser water supply
temperature wet bulb temperature Standard condenser water
return temperature (standard condenser water
flow rate) 1 RT (၃.၀) (3.0 USGPM per RT
(electric driven) chiller standard condenser water flow rate
- 500RT ( ၅၀၀) chiller
(standard condenser water flow rate) 1,500GPM(500RT x 3.0GPM)

(heat) (temperature) (temperature) ႔

႔ condenser water circuit (heat)
chiller refrigerant circuit condenser water supply temperature ႔
condenser water supply refrigerant
circuit Condenser water supply refrigerant circuit
condenser water return chiller Condenser water
circuit/loop opened circuit/loop Opened circuit/loop condenser water
(atmospheric) ႔

၁-၁၇ AHU chilled water pipe duct

၁.၁၃ Air Distribution System (Circuit/Loop)

Air distribution system (circuit/loop) Air Handling Unit(AHU) blower cold air (supply
air) serving area ႔ ႔ servicing area return air (warm air)
servicing area (temperature) 22°C
supply air (temperature) 13°C Return air temperature 24°C
(outdoor air)

(air flow rate) chilled water flow rate condenser water flow rate
႔
AHU Constant Air Volume(CAV) system
Serving area cooling load (air flow rate)
AHU Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) system
-End-
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