Water Filtration and Design of Storage Tank in Purok

2-B Barangay Magtuod Davao City

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of the

University of Mindanao Civil Engineering Program

By:

AMIN, Mosa I.

MAHILUM, McVan Clifford

MALA, Salahodin A.
I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Water is a fundamental human need. A clean source of water is

necessary not only to an individual but as a community. Without proper safe

and clean water, it could be have a major impact and complication to the health

of a person. Which is why there is a great emphasis why we value and give

importance to health.

Each person on Earth requires at least 20 to 50 liters of clean, safe water

a day for drinking, cooking, and simply keeping themselves clean. Most of us

today do not realize the importance of water to our overall health. True health

cannot occur without proper hydration of the body. Nevertheless when the

body does not receive a constant, reliable supply of fresh water, it has to ration

what's available and cut back on certain functions in order to make the supply

go round.

In our day-to-day lives, we take this necessity for granted. Like polluted

water, it isn’t just dirty it’s deadly. Some 1.8 million people die every year of

diarrheal diseases like cholera. Tens of millions of others are seriously sickened

by a host of water-related ailments many of which are easily preventable

(WHO–UNICEF, 2012).

Water is obviously essential for hydration and for food production but

sanitation is an equally important, and complementary, use of water. A lack of

proper sanitation services not only breeds disease, it can rob people of their

basic human dignity.

We could prevent such ailments and diseases, because we tend to be

blind, people suffer. Others experience severe cases such as essential systems

like the brain, being impaired due to the contamination of water and even the

skin, being the least important, is rationed the least amount of water.

Chronically dry skin and/or dandruff are signs of advanced bodily dehydration,

as are asthma and hyperventilation. Other signs of mild dehydration include

chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headaches and

constipation. Constipation is a sure sign of water starvation, as the body's

intestinal peristaltic action extracts every precious drop of water from your

food, to save losing it, creating gridlock (Pure New, 2006). The United Nations

considers universal access to clean water a basic human right, and an essentials

step towards improving living standards (Batmanghelidj, 2014).

Water is the prime and most essential commodity needed, without water

life would not be possible. Nevertheless, one must be physically and

emotionally healthy for them to render human activity efficiently. There are

three basic and essential needs for a person to survive, which are shelter, food

and water. These three basic necessity is vital to the survival of each individual,

absence of such necessity would mean detrimental to the health of an

individual.
 In Barangay Magtuod, Purok 2-B in Davao City has problem in water

supply and circulation. Due to the mountain that hinders the water

transportation, it needs more pressure, time and effort for it to flow in the

community, which is why they result to tapping other water sources such as

aquifers and springs. But still it imposes health related issues, such as the safety

and cleanliness of water for drinking. Thus, this leads the researchers to

conduct effective ways of implementing a water system.

The researcher purpose of conducting this study is to help the

community, to give them knowledge and be aware of their surroundings

especially their health and what they could attain from this studies especially

business opportunities to help them elevate economic growth in the

community.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to design a water filtration and storage tank in purok 2-

B, Barangay Magtuod Davao City. Specifically aims to answer the following:

a) To design a water tank.

b) To design a water filtration.

c) To design a water distribution direct to the community.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Input Process Output

Data Gathered From *Design Water

Barangay Filtration
*Design Water Water Filtration
*Potential Source Storage Design
*Community Profile *Data Analysis And Water Tank
*Discharge Data *Computation
*Location *Water Distribution
System

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The range of this study is to implicate and induce a method of an

efficient, sustainable and reliable source of water system in the community of

Barangay Magtuod Purok 2-B in Davao City. This study is conducted by the

researchers from University of Mindanao.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The outcome of the study will be a great help to the community of

Barangay Magtuod community because water-poor communities are typically

economically poor as well, their residents trapped in an ongoing cycle of

poverty. Education suffers when sick children miss school, children and

women bear the brunt of these burdens. Economic opportunities are routinely
lost to the impacts of rampant illness and the time-consuming processes of

acquiring water where it is not readily available. With the result of this study it

will help the community to progress without decrementing their health and feel

safe. Along with the collaboration of the Local Government and the DOH it

will be an assistance for their agency to launch this project proposal which the

community will benefit.

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section deals with the review of existing writing and the related

studies of the proposed study. They are revealed and condensed keeping in

mind the end goal to give the reader a foundation of the issue within reach. It

likewise gives a foundation of significant data that will guide and improve the

furtherance of this study.

Potable or drinking water is a critical requirement of human life.

Without it, our continued existence on earth would be immediately threatened.

It is for this reason that the provision of potable water in adequate quantity and

quality is a primary national and international concern of nations. In particular,

the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target that 86.6 percent of the

population of countries would have adequate access to safe drinking water by

2015 (NEDA 2007). For its part, the Philippine government aims that 92 to 96

percent of its citizens would have sufficient water supply at an even earlier

date, by 2010 (NEDA 2004).

 In another study, Inocencio et al. (1999) studied the basic household

water requirement to maintain good health and proper sanitation and computed

the lifeline or minimum consumption block of about 10 cubic meters per month

for a family of 6 members. Inocencio and David (2001) further indicated that

the provision of water for the poor and poor communities can be a potent tool

for alleviating poverty as it impacts on health, income and consumption and

gender and social inclusion.

Some economic studies have already been done that reviewed or

analysed the potable water situation in the Philippines. In a study of water

demand and supply in Metro Manila, Ebarvia (1994) stated that most of the

surface water resources in Metro Manila were already contaminated and that

for these to be fit for drinking, tertiary water treatment was required. The

World Bank Group (2003) further indicated that up to 58 percent of the

groundwater supply in the country intended were drinking are contaminated

with coliform and needed treatment. It further asserted that 31 percent of

illnesses monitored during a five-year period were water-related diseases.

On institutions, WSP (2004) suggested that rural water supply projects

with significant investments in capacity and institution building produced the

most sustainable rural water supply. It further argued that the involvement of

the local government and communities aids the preparation, planning,

implementation, and management of such systems. The study also suggested

that the success of projects will require strengthening local capacity and

building institutions to operate and maintain systems, developing mechanisms

for cost recovery, explicitly targeting the needs of the poor, and providing more

incentives for local investment. Another institutional study by Singh (2006)

suggested that policy makers in the Philippines should give due attention to

institutional transformation or the creation of appropriate and new institutions

as the country moves towards decentralization.

On alternative potable water sources, Magtibay (2004) explained that a

portion of the population of the Philippines has shifted their preference to

alternative sources of drinking water and that the demand at the water refilling

stations or water stores that sell purified water is now increasing. It asserted

that the quality of purified water conforms to national standards for drinking

water and is even better than the quality of water produced by traditional water

supply systems particularly in terms of removed impurities.

On the issue of accessibility of potable water, Greenpeace (2007) and

World Bank (2005) stated that one out of five Filipinos did not get water from

formal sources. Furthermore, it explained that only 77 percent of the rural

population and 90 percent of those in urban areas have access to an improved

water source and only 44 percent have direct house connections. Madrazo

(2002) further mentioned that those without house connections only access

water from wells, springs, communal faucets, and/or from small-scale informal

providers.

On the issue of financing water projects in the Philippines, Johnson et al.

(1996) explored innovative ways to finance water districts particularly in

relation to its financial donors. Finally, on the issue of meeting development

goals, ADB (2006) projected that the Philippines will have rural water supply

for only 77 percent of the rural population by 2015, which is offtrack in

attaining MDG targets. ADB (2007) further said that for the Philippines in

2004, overall water supply coverage achieved was only 85 percent (87% urban

and 82% rural), with overall sanitation coverage of 72 percent (80% urban and

59% rural). It asserted therefore that progress on meeting MDG targets needs to

be improved.

Filtration does not only come in a very small level but to its extremely

small level as well. In the multi barrier approach to water treatment, the process

after precipitate into small lumps is the filtration step. The filtration step can be

conducted by using granular media filters or membranes. The most common

filtration process is media filtration with membrane filtration a more recent

application. (Hill, 2002).

It has many forms of filtration; Filtration can be performed in constant

pressure or contact flux modes. In constant pressure operations, the TMP is

maintained as a constant, and the flux declines with time as the filter membrane

is fouled with solids. For constant flux operations, the TMP are manipulated in

an attempt to maintain a constant permeate production rate. As the filter fouls

with retained material, the TMP must be increased to maintain permeate flux.

(Owsiamy, 2007)

There are related studies that has been conducted by the Philippine

Government that gives essential data and information that would help the

researchers study. There are two related sub topics that is related to the study
namely, water resources due to the climate change and water progression in

rural areas.

WATER RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE

According to the searchable database (World Resources Institute, 2012),

the Philippines has total annual renewable water resources of 479 billion cubic

meters (m3) from its surface water and groundwater sources. This translates

into an annual per capita availability of about 6,100 m3, which is twice that of

the rest of Asia, and 6 times the global scarcity threshold of 1,000 m3.

The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) estimates total available

groundwater supply to be 20,200 million m3/year. Based on an 80%

probability for surface water, the total dependable surface water supply is

206,230 million m3/year, implying a total mean supply of 226,430 million

m3/year. Agricultural use accounts for 83% to 85% of this amount, the

remainder being shared by the industrial, commercial, and domestic sectors.

Growing population especially in the urban areas together with water pollution,

wasteful and inefficient use, continued denudation of forest cover (particularly

in watersheds), and saltwater intrusion caused by excessive withdrawal of

groundwater (particularly in the metropolitan area of Cebu, Davao City, and

certain areas of Metro Manila), are the major challenges facing the country’s

water resources.
 In the Philippines, climate change is also a concern for planners,

particularly with regard to its impact on mean and extreme precipitation rates.

Modeling 50 years into the future, a time-series-based analytic model

formulated by the United Kingdom-based Climate Research Unit showed two

key results for the Philippines: an increase in June–August precipitation under

all scenarios, but a decrease in December–February precipitation under the

high carbon dioxide emission scenario. How these changes might affect the wet

and dry seasons in the country is still to be studied. In any case, there seems to

be a general consensus among climatologists that over time, climate change

will heighten the severity of droughts and deluges. A challenge will be

downscaling relevant global data on climate change to the city and

municipality level, and translating this data to the sector level. A further

challenge is compiling a comprehensive and meaningful information database.

A report such as the Philippine Environment Monitor, for example,

could be a good tool for monitoring and reporting this comprehensively,

including data related to the health of the environment and water supply and

quality degradation.

WATER PROGRESSION IN RURAL AREAS

In the Philippines, the water systems are classified into one of three

levels: Which are Level I, Level II, and Level III. The World Health

Organization (WHO)–United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Joint

Monitoring Programme (JMP) reported in March 2012 (the JMP March 2012

Report) that the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of 92% coverage has

been met for drinking water. The JMP estimated that national coverage in the

Philippines was 92% in 2010, with 93% coverage in urban areas and 92% in

rural areas. The National Statistics Office (NSO) reported a lower figure of

84.8% of the population nationally having access to potable water (Levels I, II,

and III) in 2011, noting a slight increase from 82.9% in 2007.

The JMP March 2012 Report stated that 43% of the country’s

population had access to water piped into private premises (Level III) in 2010.

However, the report highlighted a wide disparity in access between urban and

rural areas: 61% in urban areas compared to only 25% in rural areas. There are

no validated numbers for Level III water service providers (WSPs), and there is

no harmonized national database for water supply coverage. In several sector

reports, the number of Level III water systems in the country is estimated to

range from 3,000 to 6,000, reflecting the broad array of WSPs, including many

small-scale WSPs in smaller cities and municipalities, especially in rural areas.

There are numerous community-based small-scale WSPs such as cooperatives,

rural waterworks and sanitation associations (RWSAs), barangay water and

sanitation associations (BWSAs), homeowners associations, and property

developers that supply water. The vast majority of these are not registered with

the NWRB, nor are they attached to a national agency. There are also no

comprehensive sector statistics on water distribution service levels and quality

among WSPs (i.e., continuity of water supply [e.g., 24 hours per day, 7 days
per week], quality of water supplied, or supply of water on a per capita basis).

The Philippine Sustainable Sanitation Roadmap (PSSR) forecast that the

2015 MDG sanitation target can be achieved. The JMP March 2012 Report

noted 74% national sanitation coverage in 2010, with 79% in urban areas and

69% in rural areas. However, according to NSO figures cited by the National

Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) in July 2012, 92.5% of households had

access to basic sanitation (i.e., sanitary toilets) in 2011, up from 76.0% in 2008,

though the figure is projected to decrease to 83.8% by 2016.

While statistics from various sources differ, consistent observations are

that inadequate water supply, sewerage, and septage management investments

have kept sector coverage low, and that infrastructure spending has been biased

toward Metro Manila (including investments by the two private

concessionaires in Metro Manila) and other urban areas. Overall, lack of up-to-

date, integrated, harmonized, and comprehensive data on the sector continues

to handicap both planning of developed water and sanitation infrastructure, and

assessment of development gaps.

With this information that have been gathered, it is really necessary for

the researcher to conduct this study.

III. METHODS

In this chapter, we exhibited the methods that were used on the detailed

interview. It contains research design, sample size, sampling design and

technique, subjects/participants, research instruments, research procedure and

statistical treatment

Constraints

In this study the researcher has meet the realistic constraints such as

economical, health and sustainability outcomes of our program (BSCE). We as

researcher must know that this research can help a lot to the community, it can

give hope and progress to the community.

This research was economical because the community can afford the

water, they can save their own money. The community was less their time to

spent to went down to aquifer to get a water, it will give life to the community

because they can use a clean water for everyday they needs.

This research can also sustain to the community because it meets all the

necessary needs of the community, because the design water tank is an

accordance to the NSCP 2010 that meets the standards and specification of the

design water tank.

This research will also provide a good health impact to the community

where in the result of this will give answers to the present problem. The society

is falling by providing good and clean potable water.

Research Design

This study utilize a descriptive design since the proponents will be

designing filtration system and a storage tank intended for the community in

Barangay Magtuod Purok 2-B.

Research Procedure:

1.) The researcher need to gather information in regards of the Purok 2B

Magtuod in the Barangay, regarding its population, number of household,

source of water and other inclination that is related to the study.

2.) To design the water tank and volume that is to be implemented, the

researchers need to based it from the data gathered from the barangay which

has a 50 families in the Purok 2B Magtuod that has an average of 6 family

members each. Data and information, such as the volume of water that they

used everyday, the amount of water they need and other purpose that includes

the usage of water.

3.) The researchers must need to know the discharge of the water source per

day to determine the design volume of the tank and the location of it, as to

where it is most appropriate to be placed. In installing the tank design, the

researcher must as well consider the elevation of the location.

4.) To design a water filtration based on the data gathered from the water

source.
 Thus, this research project will be a descriptive - phenomenological

quantitative type. Quantitative descriptive will measure the inclinations of the

opinions of the community regarding the implementation of water system and

filtration as a means for reliability, sustainability and viability clean and safe

source of water. It will also measure the discretion of the community who will

likely want to implement this proposed project. These measurements are

primary descriptive data collected from the towns people themselves and

transposing it as a quantitative data that is to use in the research.

The community’s response will be coded so that this data may be

manipulated for statistical analysis. Measure of central tendencies such as

mean, median, mode and range will be used. Frequencies and percentage will

be provided too and since the study has not yet been conducted it will be

measured using the benefit over cost ration.

Data will be processed with the use of Microsoft excel and other

statistical software. This will be presented in column and line charts, and

frequency table.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

In this section, definition of terminology is given so that the readers of

this study will easily refer to this section which will provide definition of words

that they might find hard to understand. It is necessary that we use different and

unfamiliar words which is imperative to express the ideas, methods and

techniques that was being employed in this studies.

Bore Wells - A well constructed by boring a vertical hole (often subsequently

fitted with a casing).

Chronically - in a habitual and longstanding manner; "smoking chronically";

in a slowly developing and long lasting manner; "chronically ill persons

Climatologists - The scientific study of climates, including the causes and

long-term effects of variation in regional and global climates. Climatology also

studies how climate changes over time and is affected by human actions.

Communal faucet system or standposts)- is a system composed of a source, a

reservoir, a piped distribution network,and communal faucets. Usually, one

faucet serves 4 to 6 households. Generally suitable for rural and urban fringe

areas where houses are clustered densely to justify a simple piped system.

Consensus - general agreement ; the judgment arrived at by most of those

concerned.

Crohnbach Alpha - is not a statistical test - it is a coefficient of reliability (or

consistency). Cronbach's alpha can be written as a function of the number of

test items and the average inter-correlation among the items.

Degradation - the act of degrading; Physical Geography. the wearing down of

the land by the erosive action of water, wind, or ice;Chemistry. the breakdown

of an organic compound.

Denudation - denudation is the long-term sum of processes that cause the

wearing away of the Earth's surface by moving water, ice, wind and waves,

leading to a reduction in elevation and relief of landforms and landscapes.

Discretion - the quality of behaving or speaking in such a way as to avoid

causing offense or revealing private information; the freedom to decide what

should be done in a particular situation.

Filtration – The act or process of filtering.

Fouled - Containing dirt, impurities, or other foreign matter; dirty; pollute

Groundwater Sources - Groundwater is the water found underground in the

cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is stored in and moves slowly

through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers.

Hyperventilation is a condition in which you suddenly start to breathe very

quickly. Healthy breathing occurs with a healthy balance between breathing in

oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide.

Peristaltic-The wavelike muscular contractions of the digestive tract or other

tubular structures by which contents are forced onward toward the opening.

Permeate - To pass through the openings or interstices of: liquid permeating a

membrane; To spread or flow throughout; pervade.

Precipitation - is rain, snow, sleet, or hail any kind of weather condition

where something's falling from the sky.

Reliability - is an attribute of any computer-related component (software, or

hardware, or a network, for example) that consistently performs according to

its specifications. It has long been considered one of three related attributes that

must be considered when making, buying, or using a computer product or

component.

Surface Water - natural water that has not penetrated much below the surface

of the ground : drainage water compare groundwater, rainwater, springwater.

Sustainability - is the ability to continue a defined behavior indefinitely.

To define what environmental sustainability is we turn to the experts. Herman

Daly, one of the early pioneers of ecological sustainability, looked at the

problem from a maintenance of natural capital viewpoint.

Viability – is ability to live, especially under certain conditions; the capacity to

operate or be sustained.
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