Definition Of Programmed Instruction
Programmed learning or programmed instruction is a method
of education that behaviorist B. F. Skinner proposed in 1958 to "manage human
learning under controlled conditions.
Programmed Learning is the process of arranging the material to be learned
into a series of sequential steps, usually it moves the student from a familiar
background into a complex and a new set of concepts, principles and
understanding ------- Smith and Moore (1962)
Programmed learning is a method of designing a reproducible sequence of
instructional events to produce a measurable and consistent effect on
behaviour of each and every acceptable students. ----
-- Susan Markle
Programmed learning refers to the arrangement of instructional material in
prograssive sequences. ---------- Harold W.Bernard
Programmed learning has three elements:
It delivers information in small bites,
It is self-paced by the learner, and
It provides immediate feedback, both positive and negative, to the learner.
It was popular in the late 1960s and through the 1970s, but pedagogical interest
was lost in the early 1980s as it was difficult to implement and its limitations were not
well understood by practitioners. It was revived in the 1990s in the
computerized integrated learning systems (ILS) primarily in business management
education. Programmed learning remains popular in self-teaching textbooks.
The methodology involves self-administered and self-paced learning, in which the
student is presented with information in small steps often referred to as
"frames". Each frame contains a small segment of the information to be learned,
followed by a question which the student must answer. After each frame the student
uncovers, or is directed to, additional information based on an incorrect answer, or
positive feedback for a correct answer and advancing to the next frame.
Principles of Programmed Learning
Principle of Small Steps
Principle of Active Response
Principle of Immediate Confirmation
Principle of self –Pacing
Principle of Self Evaluation
Characteristics of Programmed Learning
Positive Characteristics
• Individualized Instruction
• Logical Sequence of material (Small Steps)
• Interaction between the learner and the programme
• Immediate Knowledge of results
• Organized nature of Knowledge
• Learners Own Speed (Self Pacing)
• Constant Evaluation
Negaitive Characteristics
– Not a Test
– Not an Audio Visual Aid
– No Chances for Real Objects
– There is no equality (gifted will learn soon when compare to slow learners)
– There is no Love and concern
– There are less auditory communication in PLM
– Personal values of the students cannot be evaluated
Types of Programmed Learning
Linear Programming
Branched Programming
Mathetics
Linear Programming
This was developed by B.F.Skinner and his associates.
In this method the subject method will be devided into very small steps each of which is
called as frame.
In each frame, the student to do something.
After giving the answer for the question immediately he can check wheather his answer in
correct or wrong
Branching Programming
This was developed by Norman, A.Crowder (1960) and it was called as intrinsic programme
In this method the subject should select the answer for the question(Objective Type).
If subject’s answer is correct he will lead to the next frame.
If subject’s answer is wrong he will lead to the remedial frame
After the remedial frame he will directed to the main frame
Mathetics
This was formulated by Thomas F. Gilbert
It begins with an instructional plan and an analysis if what is to be taught.
It concentrate on learner activities and not subject coverage.
It starts with most motivating task, generally it is the last step in any task and
goes to the introductory part
The tasks or frames have to be carefully chained, otherwise they will lose
relevance, sequence and logic.
Principles of Mathetics
a)Principles of chaining:
The stimulus and resoponses are arranged in a hain such that each response works as
stimulus for the next.
S1 R1 S2 R2 ...... Sn R1n
b)Principles of Discrimination:
Every stimulus and response is independent of each other i.e. Situation of learning is
different for stimulus hence the response is defferent.
S1 R1
S2 R2
Sn Rn
c)Principles of Generalisation:
In this type a group of stimulus emits a single response.
S1
S2 R2
S3
Examples of PLMs
Daily Oral Language and the Saxon method, a math programme, are specific
implementations of programmed instruction which have an emphasis on repetition
Well-known books using programmed learning include the Lisp/Scheme text The
Little Schemer[6] and Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess.[7]
Criticism[
Programmed Instruction has been criticized for its inability to provide adequate
feedback on incorrect answers and for its lack of student instigated conceptualization
opportunities.
It works best in basic courses which introduce the vocabulary of a discipline, heavily
fact-based courses, and rule-based technical courses.
1. References :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_learning
www.muthupandi.co.in/pl.ppt
