OSI networking model:

1. Physical layer (bits)

    Electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specs, i.e. Ethernet, Token
Ring, etc.
2. Data Link layer (frames)
    MAC (802.3), LLC (802.2), etc.
3. Network layer (packets or datagrams)
    IP, etc.
4. Transport layer (segments)
    TCP, UDP, etc.
5. Session layer (data)
    NFS, SQL, RPC, X11, Appletalk session protocol, DNA SCP, etc.
6. Presentation layer
    PICT, TIFF, JPEG, MPEG, etc.
7. Application layer
    www, ftp, email, etc.

DDN/DOD networking model:

1. Network access layer
    Equates to OSI Physical and Data Link layers
2. Internet layer
    Equates to OSI Network layer
3. Host-to-Host layer
    Equates to OSI Transport layer
4. Process/Application layer
    Equates to OSI Session, Presentation, and Application layers

Cisco's 3 layer networking model:

1. Core layer
    Core of the network, high data rates, FDDI, ATM, Sonet, Fast Ethernet
2. Distribution layer
    Workgroup layer, routing, filtering, separate broadcast domains, and WAN
access
3. Access layer
    Desktop layer, separate collision domains, hubs, switches
Subnetting:
Binary bits (big endian): 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
                 example:   1  0  0  0 0 0 0 1 = 129

Bits                         Subnet           Hosts *      Wildcard (reversed!)

00000000 =   0       0    255     00000000 =   0
10000000 = 128       0    128     00000001 =   1
11000000 = 192       2     64     00000011 =   3
11100000 = 224       6     32     00000111 =   7
11110000 = 240      14     16     00001111 =  15
11111000 = 248      30      8     00011111 =  31
11111100 = 252      62      4     00111111 =  63
11111110 = 254     126      2     01111111 = 127
11111111 = 255     254      0     11111111 = 255

*  Routers can enable subnet zero to increase the host count by 1

(WARNING,
old BSD based UNIX systems use subnet 0 for broadcast!  If you have old
BSD
systems on your network, do not enable subnet 0)

CIDR addressing (RFC 1519, Introduction date: 1993)

The new (generally accepted around 1997 I guess) way of showing network
address ranges is CIDR addressing (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) which

is written as a slash and a number, i.e. "/24".  The slash number

represents
how many bits are in the netmask.  Thus, a /24 is 24 bits which is a
"classic" Class C address space (the bits go from left to right [big
endian]).
CIDR: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
mask:    255  .   255  .   255  .   0
range: x.x.x.0 - x.x.x.255  (remember, everything is octal so 2^8 - 1 is
255)
example: 10.0.0.0 - 10.0.0.255 (A "classic" Class C address space)

There are alot of weird address allocations now that CIDR is being
used (the old Class networks are no longer used for the most part).
For instance, a company may have a /23 address space which is:
CIDR: 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
mask:    255  .   255  .   254  .   0
range: x.x.x.0 - x.x.1.255
example: 10.0.0.0 - 10.0.1.255 (assuming the first subnet of /23)

A Class A network (/8, 255.0.0.0) can have 2^24 - 2 = 16,777,214 hosts

A Class B network (/16, 255.255.0.0) can have 2^16 - 2 = 65,534 hosts
A Class C network (/24, 255.255.255.0) can have 2^8 - 2 = 253 hosts

It's amazing how much address space is wasted.  I once consulted at a

company that had a full Class A allocation, but only had around 80,000
computers in the entire company.  (They were also really stupid and put
live addresses on each desktop instead of using private address space
and NAT).
 

Calculations: 256 - netmask = subnetwork

example: 256 - 240 = 16 so subnetworks are: 0,     16,      32,      48,
etc.
                             broadcast are:        15,      31,      47,
etc.
                           host ranges are:      1-14,   17-30,   33-46,
etc.

Number of subnets: 2^x - 2 where x = number of mask bits

example: mask of 192 is 2 bits, 2^2 - 2 = 2 subnets

Number of hosts: 2^x - 2 where x = number of unmasked bits

example: mask of 192 is 6 unmasked bits 2^6 - 2 = 62

Cables
Pinout for a Cisco console cable is: 1-8, 2-7, 3-6, 4-5, 5-4, 6-3, 7-2, 8-1  (using RJ-45)
(complete reverse).
Pinout for a T1 back to back: 1-5, 2-4, 4-2, 5-1  (using RJ-45)
Pinout of a T1 loopback:  1-5, 2-4 (using RJ-45)

MISC Notes:
- Interfaces are: type slot/port
- 802.2 frames have DSAP and SSAP fields
- ATM uses 53 byte cells (hardware cell size + header)(payload is 48)(US wanted 64byte
payloads)
- Gaint packet > 1518 bits
- runt packet < 64 bits
- Spanning tree is 802.1d
- 100baseT4 uses cat 3 or 4 cable
- Class 1 repeater max allow delay is 140 bit times
- Class 2 repeater max allow delay is 92 bit times (only supports 100baseTX and
100baseT4)
- ports for companies: 255 - 1023  < Is this correct?
- ports for public: 0 -255             < Is this correct?
- Arp entries last 4 hours in Cisco routers
- 802.3 Ethernet
- 802.5 Token Ring
- 802.3u  FastEthernet
- 802.3z/802.3ab  GigaEthernet
- 802.3ae 10 GigaEthernet
- RIPv2 uses multicast to send routing infomation (224.0.0.9)
- EIGRP and IGRP have default hop-count of 100

Administrative distance:

0         Directly connected interface

0         Static route pointing to an interface
1         Static route pointing to a next-hop neighbor
5         Summarized EIGRP route
20       External BGP route
90       Internel EIGRP route
100     IGRP route
110     OSPF route
115     IS-IS route
120     RIP route
140     EGP route
170     External EIGRP route
200     Internal BGP route
255     Unknown routing source

SWITCHING:
VLAN 1 is the management VLAN, don't use it for switching!
Static VLAN:  Typical and most secure.  VLAN is statically assigned to the physical port
and never changes.
Dynamic VLAN:  VLAN Management Policy Server (VMPS) automatically assigns
VLAN based on MAC.

Two types of links in a switched environment: Access and Trunk links.

-  Access links:  Links that are only part of one VLAN.  VLAN information is removed
from frame before it goes out the port.
-  Trunk links: Trunks carry multiple VLANs.  Used to connect to other switches, routers,
or servers.
     - Two types of Trunk framing: ISL (Cisco only) and 802.1.q
     - Can carry 1 to 1005 VLANs
- Frame tagging:  assignes user-defined ID to each frame, sometimes called a VLAN ID.
-  Frame types:  Inter-Switch Link (ISL) Fast Ethernet and GigaEthernet only.  Cisco
Only
                             - Adds a 26 byte header and a 4 byte FCS, can create a GIANT packet
(1522 bytes)
                             IEEE 802.1.q  IEEE standard
                             LAN emulation (LANE) used with ATM
                             802.10  used with FDDI
- VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP)
     Server, client, and transparent server
     Advertisements are sent every 5 minutes or whenever there is a change
     VTP pruning: Updates are onyl sent to devices on the VLAN that changed.  Off by
default.

CDP Cisco Discovery Protocol

Global or per interface
  cdp enable
  no cdp enable
Update every 60 sec (default) and hold down time is 180 sec

r2509#sh cdp nei

Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
                  S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater

Device ID        Local Intrfce     Holdtme    Capability  Platform  Port ID

r2514               Eth 0          162           R        2500      Eth 0
r2504               Ser 1          175           R        2500      Ser 0
r2501               Eth 0          178           R        2500      Eth 0

r2509#sh cdp nei detail

-------------------------
Device ID: r2514
Entry address(es):
  IP address: 10.0.0.14
Platform: cisco 2500,  Capabilities: Router
Interface: Ethernet0,  Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 124 sec

Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 11.2(17), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 04-Jan-99 17:27 by ashah

-------------------------
Device ID: r2504
Entry address(es):
  IP address: 172.16.1.2
Platform: cisco 2500,  Capabilities: Router
Interface: Serial1,  Port ID (outgoing port): Serial0

--<cut>--
  Novell/IPX
- IPX  80bits - 4 bytes for network, 6 bytes for node.  In Hex:
       00007C80.0000.8609.33E9   7C80 is node address
- SPX  Sequenced Packet Exchange
- RIP
- SAP  Service Advertisement Protocol
- NLSP Netware Link Services Protocol   replaces RIP
- NCP  Netware Core Protocol
- GNS  Get NearestServer  (IPX broadcast) (used by clients)

Ethernet_802.3    up to NW 3.11
Ethernet_802.2    since NW 3.12
Ethernet_II       supports both TCP/IP and IPX
Ethernet_SNAP     Appletalk, IPX, and TCP/IP

Interface       Novell frame type     Cisco Keyword

---------       -----------------     --------------
Ethernet        Ethernet_802.3        novell-ether (default)
                Ethernet_802.2        sap
                Ethernet_II           arpa
                Ethernet_snap         snap
Token Ring      Token-Ring            sap (default)
                Token-Ring_snap       snap
FDDI            Fddi_snap             snap (default)
                Fddi_802.2            sap
                Fddi_raw              novell__fddi

IPX routing is easy:

r2509#conf t
r2509(config)#ipx routing
r2509(config)#int e0
r2509(config-if)#ipx network 10
r2509(config-if)#int s1
r2509(config-if)#ipx network 10a
r2509(config-if)#end
r2509#sh ipx route
Codes: C - Connected primary network,    c - Connected secondary network

       S - Static, F - Floating static, L - Local (internal), W - IPXWAN

       R - RIP, E - EIGRP, N - NLSP, X - External, A - Aggregate

       s - seconds, u - uses

2 Total IPX routes. Up to 1 parallel paths and 16 hops allowed.

No default route known.

C         10 (NOVELL-ETHER),  Et0

C        10A (HDLC),          Se1
Note: "the 1 parallel paths".  To enable load balancing, enter
    r2509(config)#ipx maximum-paths 2
  To enable load balancing on a per host basis, enter:
    r2509(config)#ipx per-host-load-share

IPX subcommands:
r2509#sh ipx ?
  access-lists  IPX access lists
  accounting    The active IPX accounting database
  cache         IPX fast-switching cache
  compression   IPX compression information
  eigrp         IPX EIGRP show commands
  interface     IPX interface status and configuration
  nasi          Netware Asynchronous Services Interface status
  nhrp          NHRP information
  nlsp          Show NLSP information
  route         IPX routing table
  servers       SAP servers
  spx-protocol  Sequenced Packet Exchange protocol status
  spx-spoof     SPX Spoofing table
  traffic       IPX protocol statistics

ACCESS LIST
1-99       IP starndard
100-199    IP extended
200-299    Protocol type-code
300-399    DECnet
400-499    XNS standard
500-599    XNS extended
600-699    Appletalk
700-799    48-bit MAC address
800-899    IPX standard
900-999    IPX extended
1000-1099  IPX SAP
1100-1199  Extended 48-bit
1200-1299  IPX summary address

IP extended can be based on IP proto, eigrp, gre, icmp, igmp, igrp, ip,
ipinip, nos, ospf, tcp, udp, ahp, esp

WAN
FR    Frame Relay
ISDN  Integrated Services Digial Network
LAPB  Link Access Procedure, Balanced  (used with X.25)
HDLC  High-level Data Link Control (proprietary per vendor)
PPP   Point to Point Protocol
      Layer 2  NCP
               LCP
               HDLC
      Layer 1  EIA/TIA-232, V.24, V.35, ISDN

LMI   Local Mangement Interface.  Types: cisco, ansi, q933a

ISDN

NOTE: A U interface has a built in NT1, A S/T interface does not.  (some Sun computers
have a built in S/T.  Also, SGI Indy's have a S/T.)

  North America uses U interface (2 wire).  Needs NT1 to convert to 4

wire S/T
  TE1 Terminal Equipment type 1.  Can plug right into ISDN network
  TE2 Terminal Equipment type 2.  Older equipment, needs TA
  NT1 Network Termination 1 implements the ISDN physical layer for user
  NT2 Network Termination 2 is the provider's equipment, PBX, etc
  TA  Terminal Adapter converts TE2 to TE1 wiring.

  R reference point. Defines point between non-ISDN equipment (TE2) and

TA.
  S reference point. Defines point between customer's router and a NT2
  T reference point. Defines point between NT1 and NT2.  S and T can be
the same.
  U reference point. Defines point between NT1 and line-termination
equipment (NT2) (No TA/NT1 needed).

  ITU Protocols: protocols beginning with:

  E  deal with ISDN on existing network (POTS)
  I  deal with concepts, aspects, services
  Q  deal with switching and signaling

  isdn q921  layer 2

  isdn q931  layer 3