Fruit Tree Production

A Brief Guide to Growing Your Own

Fruit in the City
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Introduction
This report is based on a workshop held June 13, 2012 covering the basics of
Fruit Tree Production. The reports following this one will summarize workshops
on more specific topics including organic pest management, canopy
management, and fruit tree budding. They are all hosted by Evergreen in
Vancouver, BC; the hands on portions of the workshops are carried out in
Evergreen’s mobile urban orchard which consists of 60 dwarf apple trees.

This workshop was facilitated by Dr. Kent Mullinix, a pomologist who has been
studying fruit trees for the past 35 years. He attended the University of Missouri
where he earned a B.Sc. in Agriculture, M.Sc. in Horticulture (specializing in
Pomology) and Ph.D. in Agriculture Education (curriculum and program
development, crop sciences and soil conservation). He also earned a Ph.D. from
the University of British Columbia in Plant Science (specializing in integrated
pest management). He is a Professional Agrologist with the British Columbia
Institute of Agrologists and is currently working as Director, Sustainable
Agriculture and Food Security, Institute for Sustainable Horticulture, Kwantlen
Polytechnic University.

These workshops and learning modules are generously supported

by the Organic Sector Development Program, Vancity, the Sitka
Foundation, and the Gencon Foundation.

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Climate
Apple, cherry, peach, apricot, pear and plum trees all originate
from the hardwood forests of Eurasia/Asia. They are in the
rose family (Rosaceae) and are temperate zone deciduous,
requiring four distinct seasons in order to thrive and actively
produce fruit.
Fruit trees are ectothermic which means that the metabolism of the tree is
driven by the accumulation of ambient heat (ie. they do not regulate
internally). As the coast fails to accumulate large amounts of heat for prolonged
periods of time throughout the summer, fruit trees grown in coastal areas
exhibit different growth patterns than those in interior areas.

Apple trees begin photosynthesizing at 10 degrees Celsius and get to their

optimal rate of photosynthesis at 31 degrees Celsius (after which the rate drops
again). Different apple varieties have different heat requirements for fruit
maturity.

Days of Heat Required from bloom to harvest:

100 146 216 230

GALA RED DELICIOUS FUJI BRAEBURN

Note that due to the amount of cloud cover, rain and general lack of heat, on
the Pacific Northwest Coast, these timeframes are generally longer. The Gala
apple takes 130 days of heat to mature, which is almost a month longer than 3
what it would be in the interior or under more normal conditions.
 Climate

Although coastal areas don’t receive as

much direct sunlight, apples grown in
a city benefit from accumulated heat
through the heat island effect.

Essentially this means that as a result

of the asphalt, concrete, buildings and
lack of trees, heat gets trapped and
the temperature in an urban center is
much higher than the surrounding rural
Strange things happen when trees land.
fail to go dormant. At the Richmond
Sharing Farm (an example of a Apples also require direct sunlight in
coastal Orchard), there have been order to develop the pigment that
occurrences of flower occurs on their skin. This sunlight must
differentiation on 1 year old be applied to the apple specifically
(instead of 3 year old) wood. (not just the canopy) which therefore
However these flowers were unable increases the importance of adequate
to bear fruit. This shows how pruning and canopy management.
different environmental signals can
trigger changes in the trees usual Fruit trees (and apples in particular)
production cycle. also require cold winters during their
dormancy period. Apples need 1500
hours of chilling 0-7 degrees Celsius
(32-45 F), which coastal areas
regulated by the ocean don’t always
acquire throughout the winter months.

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Site
Soil
Fruit trees require well drained soil in order to survive and flourish; they do not
like wet feet or saturated soil conditions! They need at least a 2 foot depth of
soil; mounding the earth to create a berm (3 feet) is an excellent idea if there is
not enough space/depth where the tree is to be planted.

The roots of fruit trees grow in spring and fall (after the harvest) and if the soil
is too wet during these times they will suffocate. Soil types can vary: sandy,
gravelly, rocky or loams can all be cultivated as long as they are well drained.
The pH of the soil must be slightly acidic, around 6.5. However, growing trees
within the range of 5.5-7 can work with no immediate issues.

It is critical to maintain correct pH levels in the soil due to the fact that pH
directly affects the solubility of soil borne nutrients – meaning an incorrect pH
can prevent the tree from absorbing critical nutrients, essentially starving the
tree.

Here in the Pacific Northwest, our soils are generally more acidic than most plants
and trees are adapted to, so we need to amend the soil with a yearly addition of
lime. If you are unaware or doubtful of your soil conditions, it is possible to do
your own testing to determine your soil’s pH level. A home test kit can be bought
at most garden supply centers.

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Site
Area
Apple trees are best planted in areas that are protected from high winds as they
are generally shallow rooted (roots within the top 12 inches of soil are the most
functional) and therefore could fall over in high winds. Apple trees also need a
lot of their own space; you don’t want one tree shading another due to the
extreme importance of adequate sun exposure. Peach trees should be kept under
cover in areas with high amounts of precipitation in order to prevent disease.

Nutrients
Fruit trees require the following micronutrients:
• Nitrogen: At least ½ lb per year (deficiency: yellow leaves and small fruit.)
• Iron: (deficiency: Chlorosis)
• Zinc: (deficiency: Blank wood)
• Boron (deficiency: Blossom collapse)

Refer to Tree Maintenance on p.13 for methods to correct these

common deficiencies.

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Tree Propagation
Fruit trees are asexually propagated
and heterozygous. Their seeds are
open pollinated and therefore the
seeds are never of the same genetic
type as the mother tree. If you plant
an apple seed, the tree that grows
from it will be completely wild!
In order to propagate, and have control over Did you know that
the type of tree you grow, tissue must be taken tree grafting was
from the original plant (a stem or bud) and put
onto a root stock (called budding or grafting).
invented by the
Chinese over 1000
All fruit trees have two genetically different years ago?
parts: the rootstock is different than the rest of
the tree and fruit. As a result of this, every
specific variety of apple or fruit is genetically
identical to a mother tree that was discovered in
the past. For example, all Bing cherry trees are
genetically identical to the same tree that was
discovered 100 years ago.

Grafting and budding ensure that we get the

fruit we want - without this process we would
just end up growing wild and often inedible
fruit.
A grafted apple tree

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Tree Propagation

New Cultivars

New fruit cultivars come about through two distinct processes: either a
targeted breeding program or chance seedlings.

Targeting breeding: These programs can take at least 30 years to acquire a

new cultivar as the process includes plenty of experimentation. Breeding
programs take two tree varieties and cross pollinate them in a controlled
environment. Each seed is then taken and planted, and the resulting trees
grown and then tested for the qualities that the breeders are looking for. Both
Fuji and Gala apples were found in this way.

Chance Seedlings: Open pollination ensures that every seed is unique. Birds
and bears often eat the spoilt fruit left on orchard floors and then redistribute
these seeds into clearings or under high electric wires. These seeds will
germinate and perhaps someone might taste a fruit from a tree. If it produces
a good fruit, a cutting can be taken and then re-budded onto a rootstock to be
grown commercially! Anjou pear, Granny Smith and Ambrosia apples were all
found this way.

When you consume an apple or a pear with a full complement of seeds you are
consuming 11 different and genetically distinct organisms! This is because
each seed is genetically different through pollination (with 10 seeds) and the
apple itself is part of the mother plant stem tissue (another unique being!)

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Tree Propagation
Fruit trees are routinely selected for their disease resistance/tolerance, dessert
quality, ability to store and pack well, and maturation date. In terms of disease
resistance however, only apple varieties appear to have some evidence of
built-in tolerance to disease. You can find varieties that are resistant to apple
scab and powdery mildew.

These days, stone fruits in particular but also apples and pears are selected for
their ability to be packed by machines, sorted and stored for a year and shipped
across the world, not necessarily for dessert quality and taste. You can
however, visit places like Apple Annie’s in Abbotsford or the UBC Apple Festival
to taste rare and heritage cultivars. You will be surprised by the difference!

Rootstock
There is no distinct age of a fruit tree as the
rootstock is always at least two years older than
the scion. Therefore it is much more common to
refer to apple trees by what leaf they are in (ie.
first leaf, second leaf etc.). There are two different
ways to create rootstock: seedling rootstock and
clonal rootstock. Clonal rootstock is much more
commonly used in commercial agriculture.

Seedling Rootstock: This comes from a seed! The

tree is grown for one season, budded, and then
the next season the top is cut off to let the
budded section grow. This technique is less
popular because it takes 5-10 years to grow fruit,
and the tree often grows to 25 feet tall and 25
feet across.
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Tree Propagation
Clonal Rootstock: Good rootstock is cloned to achieve three characteristics:
Precocity (earlier fruit bearing), efficiency (increased # fruit per unit area of leaf)
and dwarfism (decreased size of the tree).

Dwarfism and precocity rise and fall in tandem; the smaller the dwarfing, the
earlier the tree will bear fruit. Some varieties include M9 (50-60% dwarf), M27
(25% dwarf! Only 5-6 feet at maturity), M26 (65% dwarf), M7a (75% dwarf) and
M111 (80% dwarf).

Clonal rootstocks are produced by layering, which is the process of asexually

propagating a plant while it is still attached to the ‘mother plant’. Almost all plants
can be layered.
Layering… step by step.

• Pin a tree or branch close to

the ground sideways.
• Pile sawdust over it, more
and more until light is
completely excluded.
• Add nitrogen to stimulate
growth of roots.
• In the fall, take away the
sawdust and cut each tree
from the mother plant.
• Plant individual trees in the
spring and that same
summer plant a bud 8’’ from
the soil line.
• Overwinter the tree and in
the spring cut off the top of
the original tree to let the
bud grow.
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Fruit and Flowers
Fruit Flowers
In Pomefruits (Apples and Pears) One center bloom (the king bloom)
fruit is (usually) borne on three will arrive two days before the five
year old wood. In the first year, blooms that will surround it. The
the shoot is allowed to grow. king bloom produces the biggest and
During the second year the tree best fruit – this is the bloom you
will grow lateral buds, which will want to keep when you’re thinning
usually only come to bear fruit in the blossoms.
the third year.
Remove all the flowers surrounding
When planning your pruning, you the king blooms to ensure optimal
want to have a good rotation of fruit production.
wood ages to ensure adequate fruit
production. As the wood gets older On stonefruit (peaches and plums)
the fruit quality declines; 3-6 year the buds differentiate on current
wood is ideal for producing good season growth, but at the end of the
quality fruit. growing season, so there is a flower
on 2 year wood. Canopy management
As wood gets too old (for example techniques for these trees differ
in its 6 or 7th year of growth), it is greatly as it is necessary to maintain
best to prune it just above a a good supply of first and second
lateral bud in order to ensure new year wood.
wood is grown in its place. This
new wood will be ready to bear
fruit in three years.

Prune yearly to ensure steady fruit

production and multiple ages of
wood on the tree.

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Fruit and Flowers
Crop Load Management
All trees produce more fruit that they can fully
mature. This is nature’s way of accounting for
any potential disasters and to ensure that at
least some of the fruit comes to maturity.

Peach and Apricot trees produce 90% more

fruit than can mature so often growers will
beat the branches with rubber bats when the
fruit is marble sized to knock off excess. Apple
trees produce 50-70% more, sothinning is
necessary to produce the quality and quantity
of fruit desirable. Dr. Kent Mullinix demonstrating apple
tree pruning
As fruit begins to grow, the tree produces a
hormone that affects flower bud differentiation
for fruit production the following year. Leaving There is only a week-
too many fruits on the tree increases embryo or-so window at
production which triggers the release of a bloom time to reduce
hormone that decreases the amount of flower
buds for next year. This makes apple trees the crop load. If you
alternate bearing (the first year they have lots don’t remove excess
of fruit and the next year, very little). fruit before it gets 5-
10mm in diameter
then the hormone will
still be released into
the tree no matter
how much you thin
the fruit afterwards!
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Tree Maintenance
It is important to check on and
diagnose any problems or
deficiencies found on fruit trees
throughout the season.

• Blank wood (a sign of Zinc

deficiency) can be identified by
long stretches of branch that
have not produced any growth
(see example to the left). Zinc
can be applied foliarly (directly
to the tree/leaves) to resolve
this problem.

• Stunted growth can result from a

lack of nitrogen. Trees should be
getting ~½ lb of N per year. This
can be applied by using
bloodmeal, feathermeal or fish
fertilizer.

Chlorosis (when the

veins are green but the
rest of the leaf is
lighter) is a sign of
Iron deficiency. Iron
Chelate can be applied
foliarly or added to
water. 13
Glossary
Alternate bearing: Alternate bearing (also called biennial or uneven bearing) is
the tendency of fruit trees to produce a heavy crop one year (called "on-crop")
followed by a light crop or no crop the following "off-crop" year.

Ambient heat: Heat that is available from environmental sources like the Sun for
heating water, building materials, or air.

Berm: A mound of earth or sand.

Cultivar: The variety of a plant/tree. However, technically there is a difference

between cultivar and variety. Cultivar is considered to be a product of intentional
breeding whereas variety is the product of accidental crossing.

Deciduous: (of plants and shrubs) shedding foliage at the end of the growing
season.

Differentiation: The process by which cells or parts of an organism change

during development to serve a specific function.

Dormancy: (dormant) in a condition of biological rest or suspended animation;

"dormant buds"; "a hibernating bear"; "torpid frogs“.

Ectothermic: The term ectothermic refers to living things (animals, plants, etc)
that warm their bodies using external sources.

Foliarly: Application to the leaves of plants.

Grafting: Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely used in

agriculture and horticulture where the tissues of one plant are encouraged to
fuse with those of another. It is most commonly used for the propagation of
trees and shrubs grown commercially.
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Glossary
Heterozygous: The state of a plant or animal having one or more recessive
characteristics in its genetic code and therefore not breeding true to “type.”

Lateral buds: Any bud on a tree other than the end one on the main stem or
side branch.

Open Pollinated: A plant that is pollinated by natural means, such as bees and
other insects, animals or the wind.

Precocity: When a tree comes into bearing (ie. grows fruit) earlier.

Propagate: The creation of plants, either by seeds or by means of cuttings,

division, grafting or layering.

Rootstock: A rootstock is a plant, and sometimes just the stump, which already
has an established, healthy root system, used for grafting a cutting or budding
from another plant.

Saturated Soil: Soil in which the pore space is completely filled with water.

Scion: A young shoot or twig of a plant, especially one cut for grafting.

Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved

Temperate Zone: The part of the Earth's surface between the Arctic Circle and
the Tropic of Cancer or between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn;
characterized by temperate climate.

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