JANUARY 1, 2018

RC STRUCTURES DESIGN NOTES

[DOCUMENT SUBTITLE]

KIRAN ACHARYA
[COMPANY NAME]
[Company address]
 RC STRUCTURES DESIGN NOTES

Table of Contents
1. Shear Wall 4
A. Geometry 4
B. Loads, Load pattern and Analysis 5
C. Concrete and Steel material Requirements 5
D. Design Steps 5
E. Design Summary 11
F. Important Notes 12
G. References 12

2. Coupling Beam 14
A. L/d ratio 14
B. Diagonally Reinforced Coupling Beam 15

3. Beams of Special Moment Frame 16

A. Dimensional limits 16
B. Longitudinal Reinforcement 17
C. Transverse Reinforcement 17
D. Shear Strength 17

4. Post Tensioning 21
A. Basic Concepts 21
B. Design Methods 23
C. Design Load Combinations 24
D. Limit on Material Strength 24
E. Pre-stressing forces and Losses 24
F. Pre-stressing Systems and Anchorages 26
G. Stresses at Anchorage Zone 29
H. Member Classification 29
I. Bonded Vs Un-bonded System 31
J. Terminologies 31
K. Design Steps 33
L. References 33

5. Anchors 34

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A. Post-fixed Anchors 34

6. Load Definition 35
A. Seismic Load 35
B. Wind Load 35
C. Wind Tunnel 35
D. Load Combinations 35

7. Major Concepts 36
A. Slenderness Ratio 36
B. Floor Vibration Analysis 36
C. Fire Resistant Design 36
D. Flexure Theory 36
E. Welded Wire Fabric 36
F. Types of Reinforcements for confinement and their details 36
G. Requirement for Structural Integrity 36
H. Façade Types 36
I. Points to note in Building Design and Construction 37

8. Seismic Engineering 38
A. Deterministic and Probabilistic Seismic Hazard 38

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1. Shear Wall
A. Geometry
a. Minimum Thickness
If a shear wall is designed as per Chapter 18, requirements of Chapter 11 need
not follow. However, for preliminary check, the initial dimension can be checked
as per table 11.3.1.1. Thinner walls are permitted if adequate strength and
stability can be demonstrated by structural analysis.

For bearing wall,

𝐿
a. min thickness, ℎ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (4 𝑖𝑛, 25)

b. Concrete cover
Minimum concrete cover is provided in Table 20.6.1.3.1

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B. Loads, Load pattern and Analysis

C. Concrete and Steel material Requirements

D. Design Steps

a. Estimate the loadings at SW base

Estimate the Axial force Pu, Moment Mu and Shear Vu at the base of the shear
wall.

b. Preliminary Wall thickness

i. Based on Code minimum requirements
ii. Based on Arch requirements
iii. Based on allowable shear stress (if Shear force is known)
iv. Practical consideration
Criteria Min wall thickness Ref
Code min max [4 𝑖𝑛,
𝑚𝑖𝑛( 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ,𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
] ACI-14 11.3.1
25
Arch Based on min architectural requirements
requirement
Allowable DE-Walls-i
shear stress Limiting shear stress, Vu/Lh, between psi
Practical 6 in for single layer of reinforcement and 10 in for double ACI-11 14.3.4

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c. Minimum Reinforcement and Spacing1

i. Check if (0.5*0.17*Acw*Sqrt(fc’)

ii. Maximum Spacing

- Longitudinal Reinforcement
𝐿𝑤
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min (3ℎ, 450 𝑚𝑚, 3
) (11.7.2.1 ACI-14)
- Transverse Reinforcement
𝐿𝑤
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min (3ℎ, 450 𝑚𝑚, 5
) (11.7.2.1 ACI-14)
iii. Number of layers
- If or , at least two layers of reinforcement
must be provided (18.10.2.2 ACI-14)

d. Design for Shear

i. Criteria
- If 𝑉𝑢 < 0.5∅𝑉𝑐 , Provide minimum reinforcement as per Table 11.6.1 (c.i)
- If 0.5∅𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 , Provide minimum reinforcement as per 11.6.2 (c.i)

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- If 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 , design the horizontal reinforcement for the required strength

ii. Maximum allowable Vu on the wall i.e. 𝑉𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (18.10.4.4 ACI-14) (21.9.4.4)
′
- For combined wall: 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅0.66𝐴𝑐𝑣 √𝑓𝑐
- For individual wall: 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅0.83𝐴𝑐𝑤 √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝐴𝑐𝑤 = ℎ𝑑 = ℎ ∗ 0.8𝑙𝑤
iii. Concrete Nominal Shear strength (∅𝑉𝑐 ) in SI (18.10.4.1 ACI-14) (21.9.4.1)
- Shear Design Requirement: 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑛
- ∅𝑉𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑐𝑣 (𝛼𝑐 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝜌𝑡 𝑓𝑦 )
Where,
ℎ𝑤
𝛼𝑐 = 0.25 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ≤ 1.5
𝑙𝑤

ℎ𝑤
𝛼𝑐 = 0.17 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ≥2
𝑙𝑤

e. Boundary Element
i. Requirement (21.9.6.2:ACI-11)

Boundary element is required if

Note: the formula has been revised in ACI 318-14

as below, with the addition of factor 1.5. (18.10.6.2
ACI-14)

ii. Geometry
o Height (21.9.6.2.b :ACI-11)

It should extend vertically from the critically section a distance maximum

of
o Length (21.9.6.4 :ACI-11)
-
- For flanged section, 300 mm inside the web and effective flance width along
the flange.
o Thickness
Refer 18.10.6.4 (in progress)

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iii. Special Transverse Reinforcement (confinement of Boundary element)

(21.9.6.4.c :ACI-11)
o Spacing 21.6.4.3 : ACI-11
Min (h/3, 6d, So)
Where, h= least dimension of the boundary element

d= diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar

hx= Max center to center horizontal spacing of crossties or
hoops legs on all faces. Refer 18.7.5.2 e and f (14) for the maximum limit of hx.

o Area 21.6.4.4 :ACI-11

As below, unless larger is required as per 21.6.5.
For Spiral or Circular hoop, 21.6.4.4a

𝜌𝑠 = max ( , )

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For Rectangular hoop reinforcement, 21.6.4.4b

Where, s= spacing of the hoop reinforcement

bc= Boundary element width-2* clear cover

Ash= transverse reinforcement required at every spacing s.

o Development of web transverse reinforcement (21.9.6.4e:ACI-11)

Should extend within 150 mm from the wall edge
Should be developed ld within the core, as illustrated in figure
above.
iv. If not required Requirement (21.9.6.5:ACI-11)

If boundary element is not required,

Calculate ρ, as below.

or

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Check ρ >2.8/fy

f. Special confinement of the web

Same equation to calculate the spacing and amount as confinement of the
boundary element

v. Development and Splice lengths (21.9.2.3 ACI-11)

The reinforcement in structural wall should be developed or spliced for fy in
tension as per chapter 12, except that:

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E. Design Summary

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F. Important Notes
1. Frame buildings depend primarily on rigidity of member connections (Slab-
Col or Beam-Col) for their resistance to lateral loads. So they are
uneconomical for building greater than 11-14 stories in moderate seismicity
region and 15-20 stories elsewhere.
2. Frame-wall interaction can be neglected for buildings of moderate size and
height.
3. Frame-wall interaction must be considered for high-rise structures where the
walls have significant effect on the frame: in the upper stories, the frame must
resist more than 100% of the story shears caused by the wind loads.
4. From practical standpoint, a minimum thickness of 6 in (150 mm) is required
for wall with a single layer of reinforcement and 10 in (250 mm) for a wall with
a double layer (ACI-11 14.3.4).
5. Columns can be designed as non-sway if total stiffness of walls ≥ 12 times the
gross stiffness of columns in that direction (ACI-11 10.10.1).
6. SW flexural design is based on displacement based approach (limiting
concrete strain to 0.003) from ACI 318-99 onwards. This results in less
flexural over-strength compared to walls designed using 953.
7. Displacement based approach is founded on concept that yielding is limited
to a single critical section, usually at the base of the wall3.
8. Modified stress based approach is used in the design of some perforated walls,
walls with setbacks, walls not controlled by flexure 3.

G. References
1. ACI 318-14
2. ACI 318-11

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3. ACI 318-99 Provisions for Seismic Design of Structural Walls, ACI Journal
Technical Paper by John W. Wallace and Kutay Orakcal- Jour-2
4. ACI RC Design Handbook SP-17:14

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2. Coupling Beam

A. L/d ratio
The design of the coupling beam depend on the L/d ratio, based on which
coupling beams can be grouped in to three categories as below

a. L/d ≥ 4

18.6 is the design of Beams of Special Moment Frames. That is if L/d ≥ 4 for a
coupling beam, it should be designed as Beams of Special Moment Frames.
The section 18.6 provides Guidelines for the following.

 Dimensional Limits
 Longitudinal Reinforcement
 Transverse Reinforcement
 Shear Strength
Refer Section 3 for more information on the design of such beams

b. L/d < 2

Coupling beams with L/d < 2 and Vu ≥ shall be reinforced with two
intersecting groups of diagonally placed bars symmetrically about the mid-span,
unless it can be shown that loss of stiffness and strength of conventionally
reinforced Coupling beams will not impair the vertical load-carrying ability of the
structure.

NOTE: The diagonally reinforced bars are intended to provide the entire shear
and corresponding moment strength of the beam. Design deriving their moment
strength from combinations of diagonal and longitudinal bars are not covered by
these code provisions

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c. 2 < L/d ≤ 4
Coupling beams with such span ratio can be reinforced either with intersecting
diagonal reinforcement or as per 15.6.3 through 18.6.5, which is conventionally
reinforced beams of special moment frame.

B. Diagonally Reinforced Coupling Beam

Note: Diagonally reinforced coupling beam need not required to be designed for
capacity shear.

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3. Beams of Special Moment Frame

Beams framing to special moment columns satisfying 18.7 or the coupling beams
of L/d >2 can be designed as per the procedures below.

A. Dimensional limits
a. Ln≥ 4.
(However, coupling beams of 2 < L/d ≤ 4 can also be designed as per followig
procedure)

b. 𝑏𝑤 = min( 0.3ℎ, 10 𝑖𝑛)

c. Beam projection beyond the column
Max Projection ≤ min( c2, 0.75c1)

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B. Longitudinal Reinforcement
a. Minimum and Maximum Quantity
 Beams should have min two continuous bars at both top and bottom face.
 At any section, for top as well as bottom, the amount of reinforcement
should be at least as required by 9.6.1.2 (shown below)
 Maximum reinforcement shall not exceed 0.025
 Positive moment strength at joint face should be minimum half of the
negative moment strength provided at that face of the joint.
 Both the negative and positive moment strength at any section along
member length should be at least one-fourth the maximum moment
strength provided at face of either joint.

b. Lap Splices
Check 18.6.3.3

C. Transverse Reinforcement
Check 18.6.4

D. Shear Strength
a. Design Forces
The design shear force Ve should be calculated as below.
𝑉𝑒 = 𝑉𝑈𝐷 ∓ 𝑉𝑃
𝑀𝑝𝑟1 + 𝑀𝑝𝑟2
𝑉𝑃 =
𝑙𝑛

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𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛
𝑉𝑈𝐷 =
2

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4. Foundation
A. Allowable Soil Pressure
The plan area of the footing is selected to limit the maximum soil bearing pressure
induced below the footing to within the safe limit.

The main consideration for determining the allowable soil pressure and the depth
of the foundation are:
i) The soil should not fail under the applied load.
ii) The settlement, both overall and differential should be within the limit.
The safety factor used in the soil mechanics lies in the range of 2-61

The safe soil bearing capacity (allowable soil pressure) qa, given by the
geotechnical consultant is applicable for Service Load Combination, as q a
includes factor of safety. Hence the design of the required area of footing must be
based on service load (1DL+1LL+WL/EL)
Gross Pressure: Includes the pressure due to the existing overburden (soil upt to
the founding depth)
Net Pressure: In excess of the existing overburden pressure.

Net Bearing capacity= Gross Bearing capacity-Pressure due to overburden soil

In traditional geotechnical practice, Net pressure is recommended.

The total load to be considered in calculating the maximum soil pressure q (<qa)
should be appropriately taken based on how qa is specified. If the specified qa is
based on the gross pressure, the calculation of q must include the weight of the
footing itself and that of the backfill. 1

a. Settlement
Most foundation failures are related to excessive movement rather than the loss
of load-carrying capacity. In recognition to this fact, settlement control should be
the first issue addressed2. The settlements are caused by the increase in pressure
over that currently existing from overburden.

b. Footing Area
The preliminary size of footing is determined considering settlement 2. That
means, the base area of the footing is determined using service (un-factored)
loads with the net permissible soil pressure3.
Spread Footing:

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B. Terminologies
a. Flotation effect
Theoretically, If the weight of excavation equals the combined weight of the
structure and mat, the system floats in the soil mass and no settlement occurs 4.

C. References
1. Reinforced Concrete Design, Third Edition by S Unnikrishna Pillai and Devdas
Menon, The McGraw Hill Companies
2. FEMA P-271, NEHRP Recommended Provisions: Design Examples
3. ACI 318-08 PCA Notes
4. Foundation Analysis and Design, Fifth Edition, Joseph E. Bowles

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5. Post Tensioning
A. Basic Concepts
The pre-stressing force “P” that satisfies the particular conditions of geometry
and loading of a given element is determined from the principles of mechanics
and of stress-strain relationships, as illustrated in figure below.
Upon the application of the pre-stressing force “P”, the compressive stress on the
beam cross section is uniform and has an intensity of

A minus sign is for compression and tension is positive.

When external load is applied which causes maximum moment “M” at the mid-
span, the resulting stress becomes:

Equation 1.2b indicates that the presence of pre-stressing reduces the tensile
flexural stress Mc/I to the extent intended in the design, either eliminating
tension totally (even inducing compression), or permitting a level of tensile stress
within allowable code limits. The section is then considered un-cracked and
behaves elastically.

As seen by the equation 1.2a, the top fibers of the beam due to pre-stressing are
compounded by the application of the loading stress- Mc/I. Hence, the
compressive capacity of the beam to take substantial external load is reduced by
the concentric pre-stressing force. In order to avoid this limitation, the pre-
stressing tendon is placed eccentrically below the neutral axis at mid-span, to
induce tensile stresses at the top fibers due to pre-stressing.

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If the tendon is placed at eccentricity “e”, from the center of gravity of the
concrete, termed the cgc line, it creates a moment Pe, and the ensuing stresses
at the mid-span become:

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(Ref: 1)

B. Design Methods

1. Basic Concept Method

2. C-Line Method
3. Load-Balancing Method: This technique is based on utilizing the vertical force
of the draped or harped pre-stressing tendon to counteract or balance the
imposed gravity loading to which a beam is subjected. Hence, it is applicable
to non-straight pre-stressing tendons.

(Ref: 1)

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C. Design Load Combinations

 Initial service load combination
o 1.0DL+1.0PT
 Service Load Combination
o 1.0DL+1.0PT
o 1.0DL+1.0LL+1.0PT
 Long-term Service Load Combination
o 1.0DL+1.0PT
o 1.0DL+0.5LL+1.0PT
 Strength Design Load Combination

(Ref: 5)

D. Limit on Material Strength

E. Pre-stressing forces and Losses

Pre-stressing Stage

 Stress at Transfer
 Stress at Service

Pre-stressing Loss1

It is a well-established fact that the initial pre-stressing force applied to the

concrete element undergoes a progressive process of reduction over a period of
approximately five years. Consequently, it is important to determine the level of
pre-stressing force at each loading stage, from the stage of transfer of the pre-
stressing force to the concrete, to the various stages of pre-stressing available at

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service load, up to the ultimate. Essentially, the reduction in the pre-stressing

force can be grouped into two categories:

 Immediate elastic loss during the fabrication or construction process,

including elastic shortening of the concrete, anchorage losses and frictional
losses.
 Time-dependent losses such as creep, shrinkage, and those due to
temperature effects and steel relaxation, all of which are determinable at
the service-load limit of stress in the pre-stressed concrete element.

An exact determination of the magnitude of these losses- particularly the time

dependent ones-is not feasible, since they depend on a multiplicity of interrelated
factors. Empirical methods of estimating loses differ with the different codes of
practice or recommendations, such as those of the Pre-stressed Concrete
Institute, the ACI-ASCE joint committee approach, the AASHTO lump-sum
approach, The Comite of Euro-international du Beton (CEB), etc.

Steel Stress Relaxation (R)

The magnitude of the decrease in the pre-stress depends not only on the
duration of the sustained pre-stressing force, but also on the ratio of
the initial pre-stress to the yield strength of the reinforcement. Such a loss in
stress is termed as stress relaxation.

The ACI 318-14 Code limits the tensile stress in the pre-stressing tendons to
the following:

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The range of values of fpy is given by the following1

(NOTE: For more detail about the pre-stressing loss, refer Chapter-3 in reference-1)

F. Pre-stressing Systems and Anchorages

b. Strands and Tendons

Strand Properties
Strands 0.5” 0.6”
Nominal Diameter 12.7 mm 15.2 mm
Nominal Ara 98.7 mm2 140 mm2
Tensile Strength, fpu 1860 N/mm2
Modulus of Elasticity 195 KN/mm2
Min Breaking Load of 180.7 KN 260.7 KN
Strand

c. Anchorage
Typical anchorage details are shown in the figure below.

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Typical dead-end anchorage details are shown below.

d. Other equipment
 Stressing Jack- Single strand and Multi strand stressing
 Duct: Flat Corrugated duct and Circular metal Duct

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 Coupler
 Chair

e. Photographs

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G. Stresses at Anchorage Zone

H. Member Classification
a. US Code
Based on the ft, the computed extreme fiber stress in tension in the pre-
compressed tensile zone calculated at service load, Pre-stressed Flexural
members are classified as follows4:

The stresses are checked for load combination of 1DL+1PT, which is initial
Service Load Combination.
Note: Stresses are in MPa

Class U members are assumed to behave as un-cracked members. Class C

members are assumed to behave as cracked members. The behavior of Class T
members is assumed to be in transition between un-cracked and cracked. The
serviceability requirements for each class are summarized in table below.

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b. IS Code
As per IS Code, Limit state of Serviceability (20.3.2), members are classified as
follow:

 Type-1: No tensile stress.

 Type-2: Tensile stresses are allowed but no visible cracking.
 Type-3: Cracking is allowed, but should not affect the appearance or
durability of the structure; the acceptable limits of cracking would vary
with the type of structure and environment. As a guide, the surface width
of cracks should not exceed 0.1 mm for members exposed to a
particularly aggressive environment such as the “severe” category and
not exceeding 0.2 mm for all other members.

I. Bonded Vs Un-bonded System

J. Terminologies
1. Harping and Draping: The change in eccentricity from the mid-span to the
support section is obtained by raising the pre-stressing tendon either abruptly
from the mid-span to the support, a process called harping, or gradually in a
parabolic form, a process called draping.

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2. Balance Load2: The balance load is the upward force created by the load in
the tendons trying to straighten out from their concave drape in the concrete.
The balance load will minimize and often effectively remove the dead weight
of the concrete from the stress and deflection calculation, making the long-
term deflection multipliers of 3 to 5 irrelevant, since the initial dead weight
deflection is basically zero.
A good balance load is typically between 70 and 100% of the weight of the
tributary structural floor system. Superimposed dead (partitions, flooring,
ceiling, mechanical, etc.) and live loads are not included in this percentage,
since they will not be present at the time of stressing.
Applying more balance load than the systems weighs is called over-balancing.
This can occur in every post-tensioned project, but is typically prevalent on
slabs that will support large superimposed loads or slabs that are too thin for
their respective spans.

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K. Design Steps

L. References
5. Pre-stressed concrete- A Fundamental Approach 5th Ed. By G. Naway (TB.PT-i)
6. Common PT design and Construction Issues by Bryan Allred, S.E.
7. ACI 318-14
8. ACI 318-11
9. Post Tension Concrete Design for ACI 318-08
10. IS 1343-2012 Code of Practice for Pre-stressed Concrete

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6. Anchors
There are two types of anchors, Post-fixed anchors and Pre-fixed anchors.

A. Post-fixed Anchors
Post fixed anchors can be of two types: Adhesive anchors, Mechanical Anchors,
Undercut anchors

a. Adhesive Anchors

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7. Load Definition
A. Seismic Load

B. Wind Load

C. Wind Tunnel

D. Load Combinations

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8. Major Concepts

A. Slenderness Ratio

B. Floor Vibration Analysis

C. Fire Resistant Design

D. Flexure Theory

E. Welded Wire Fabric

F. Types of Reinforcements for confinement and their details

Single or overlapping Spirals
Circular hoops
Rectilinear hoops
Cross-ties
Hooks

G. Requirement for Structural Integrity

As per section 7.13: ACI-11

H. Façade Types

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I. Points to note in Building Design and Construction

a. Location of Construction Joints
b. Planning of Pour Strips
c. Allowable crack width in various members

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9. Seismic Engineering
A. Deterministic and Probabilistic Seismic Hazard
There is a great deal of uncertainty about the location, size and resulting shaking
intensity of future earthquakes. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)
aims to quantify these uncertainties and combine them in to produce an explicit
description of the distribution of future shaking that may occur at a site. The goal
of PSHA is to quantify the rate of exceeding various ground-motion levels at a site
given all possible earthquakes.
Traditionally, peak acceleration (PGA) has been used to quantify the ground
motion in PSHA. Today the preferred parameter is Response Spectral Acceleration
(SA), which gives the maximum acceleration experienced by a damped, single-
degree-of-freedom oscillator (a crude representation of building response). To
keep things simple, PGA will be used as the ground-motion parameter.

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10. Analysis
A. Bending Moment and Shear Force
a. General
Notes:

1. Slope of shear force diagram, dV/dX= Intensity of the distributed load

2. Slope of Moment diagram, dM/dX= Shear
3. Integrating the distributed loading diagram = change is shear
4. Integrating shear diagram= Change in moment
5.
6.

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