1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The effectiveness in solving crimes in the

community lies on the enforcement of the state and

through the fairness in the implementation of judicial

system. The active performance of police personnel

through complying their duties and responsibilities is

also one of utmost part to totally eliminate crime.

However even if the government is so serious in

solving crimes and detecting menace of society it is

somehow inevitable that there are still some who commit

illicit action that is contrary to public moral, public

society and even to the general welfare and convenience

of the people. The controlling power of the government

in maintaining peace and safeguarding community are

considered the most pervasive, the least limitable and

the most demanding from other governmental functions.

It may exercise as long as the activity or the property

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sought to be regulated has some relevance to the public

welfare. One might say, if a commonplace is permitted,

that it operates from the womb to the tomb, protecting

the person even before he is born and prescribing

structures and requirements as to the disposition of

one political body. Owing to the need to protect

society from the inordinate assertion of individual

liberty, it has been held that the police power may not

be bargained away through the medium of a contract or

even a treaty. The impairment clause must yield to the

dedicated principles of the state whenever there is

insurgency affecting the public welfare.

It can be seen in any cases that properly

exercised, the government through its different

departments can be an effective instrument for the

furtherance of the public welfare. There is in fact no

better instrument for its purpose in a free society.

Indispensably of course, the two criteria just examined

must be strictly complied with least their disregard

debase the rectitude of government body. In such a

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case, the free society will deteriorate into a police

state with absolute power over the individual. The

ideal of the greatest good for the greatest number will

subordinated to the wicked scheme of perpetuating

despotic authorization. This unfavorable government

power will lead to the decay of democracy itself.

However, the importance of solving crimes in the

society should be adhered and must be consistent

through implementing laws and ordinance all throughout

the nation.

The researchers come up with this study to assess

what are the lacking factors on the part of the

government in solving crime and why there are still

felonies act arises in the community despite the

specific appropriation of the government allocated in

promoting peace and order in the entire country.

Background of the study.

Almost ordinary citizens aspire freedom, equality

and peace in the community. No one wants crime, they

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want it to resolve properly if it comes on way. It is

further elaborated in this study without levity albeit

with no claim to originality, that due process had its

beginnings in the Garden of Eden. The bible tells us

that when Adam and Eve disobeyed the stricture that

they do not eat the forbidden fruit, God did not

immediately punish them. The first thing the all-

knowing said was “Where are thou, Adam?” thereby giving

him notice. Then the culprit timorously appearing, the

Omniscient who did not need to be told nevertheless

inquired: “Didst thou eat of the forbidden fruit?”-

Thereby giving him the chance to be heard. The minimum

rights to notice and hearing were thus first observed

by the Eternal Judge, and in this way was the

groundwork of justice and fair play established.

In the Dartmouth college case, that historically,

the origins of due process are traceable to the Magna

Carta, which was wrung by the barons from Prince John

in 1215 the forever committed the English throne to the

vow that “no man shall be taken or imprisoned or

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disseized or outlawed, or in any manner destroyed, nor

shall we go upon him, nor send upon him but by the

lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the

land”. Subsequently, the more popular equivalent of the

phrase “law of the land” was used for the first time,

when King Edward III, statute 28, it was declared that

“no man of what state or condition whoever he be, shall

be put out his lands, or tenements, nor taken, nor

imprisoned, nor indicted, nor put to death without he

be brought in to answer by due process of law. It is

this immortal phrase that has resounded through the

centuries as the formidable champion of life, liberty

and property in all freedom-loving hands.

Daniel Webster affirmed that common law crimes are

wrongful acts which the community or society condemns

as contemptible even through there is no law declaring

the act criminal. It should also be declare that the

law of the land meant “the general law, a law which

hears before it condemns, which proceeds upon inquiry

and render judgment only after trial”. This statement

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in accord with the original understanding of the

guaranty which called only for the observance of the

procedure laid down by the law, regardless of its

intrinsic validity. Parliament was legally omnipotent,

its acts could not be abrogated by the King or annulled

by the courts and the law of the land as enacted by it

was a limitation only on the monarch and his

magistrates. Thus, if parliament allowed an accused the

right to trial by combat with his accuser, denial of

his right from him would constitute a violation of due

process even if the method itself was an absorb method

of proving one’s innocence. As long as the legislature

willed it, it was the law of the land and therefore had

to be obeyed.

When the due process guaranty was exported to the

other countries, however, it underwent a substantial

transformation. A new form of government was

established there providing for three separate branches

among which legislative, executive and judicial powers

were distributed. These department were equal.

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Consequently, it was not long before Chief Justice was

asserting for the judiciary the power not only to see

to it that the executive was enforcing the law properly

but also to determine whether or not the law was

enacted by Congress was valid in the first place. Due

process thus assumed another facet, to wit, the

substantive, as a limitation on the legislative itself.

In the aspect of criminality, a person’s life may

be validly claimed by the law as when he is required to

render services in defense of the state or when it is

declared forfeit that commission of a heinous offense.

On the other hand, there would be unlawful deprivation

if he were sentenced to death for conviction of a petty

offense as the disparity between crime and punishment

would make the law unreasonable. So also would a law be

arbitrary if it required the execution of person’s

mentally or physically handicapped even if the purpose

be improve or preserve the beauty and vitality of the

race.
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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine unsolved crime in the

year 2013-2015 in five selected Municipalities in the

first District of Northern Samar: Assessment, academic

year 2016-2017.

Specifically, it further sought to answer the

following questions:

1. How may the respondents profile be described in

terms of:

1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Civil Status
1.4 Monthly Salary
1.5 Educational Attainment
1.6 Training/Seminar Attended

2. What are the reasons to crime which unsolved from

year 2013-2015?

3. What are the factors that prevent the cases to be

properly heard and decided by the court?

4. What are the remedies made by the judicial system

and penal system of the Philippines to resolved

cases immediately?
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5. How may this study be a guiding principle and

cognizant to the community who aspire equal

treatment in justice?

Assumption of the Study

Based from the statement of the problem, the

researchers formulate an assumptions that would best

facilitate the main objective of the study.

1. That if the personal background of the respondents

are the main variables of this study that would

create a guide to focus on its purpose in

conducting this study.

2. That if those crime appear in the data or registry

office of the BJMP has been resolved already

through a cogent cooperation among the police

personnel and members of the judiciary.

3. That if the factors that prevent the cases to be

properly heard and decided by the court will be

judiciously studied and to be implemented in

accordance with the legal principles, thus it will

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resolved the current issues concerning the said

problem.

4. That if, all the remedies available in the judicial

system of the Philippines will be implemented and

everyone will adhere then crimes and other social

problems will be resolved.

5. That if, the researchers conduct a thorough

investigation and used effective methods to get the

needed objectives in the study, this research will

eventually prospective in nature.

Conceptual Framework

Ortega (2016) states that there are instances

where an intended felony could already result from the

acts of execution already results from the acts of

execution already done. Because of this, there are

felonies where the offender can only be determined to

have performed all the acts of execution when the

resulting felony is already accomplished. Without the

resulting felony, there is no way of determining

whether the offender has already performed all the acts

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of execution or not. It is in such felonies that the

frustrated stage does not exist because without the

felony being accomplished, there is no way of stating

that the offender has already performed all the acts of

execution. An example of this is the crime of rape. The

essence of the crime is carnal knowledge. No matter

what the offender may do to accomplish a penetration,

if there was no penetration yet, it cannot be said that

the offender has performed all the acts of execution.

One can only say that the offender in rape has

performed all the acts of execution when he has

effected a penetration. Once there is a penetration

already, no matter how slight, the offense is

consummated. For the reason, rape admits only of the

attempted and consummated stages, no frustrated stage.

Cruz in his statement (2007) the significance of

resolving issues that involves crime is the fact that

the offender has a life. Life as understood under the

due process clause connotes in the first place the

integrity of the physical person. The meaning is that

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it is not permissible for the government to deprive the

individual of any part of his body and this is true

even if it be a punishment for crime. Accordingly, it

will be unlawful to amputate his hands if he is a thief

or castrate him if he is a rapist or strike out his

eyes for unjust vexation or cut off his tongue for

objectionable remarks he may have made. Any measure

that would even only endanger his health or subject him

to unnecessary pain or to unreasonable physical

exertion, would also be subject to challenge. Thus, in

sustaining the law requiring the sterilization of

incurable hereditary imbeciles, the U.S. Supreme Court

observed that the operation only involved a minimum of

pain, or none at all and did not endanger the life or

health.

In the further attributes of Justice Cruz he said

that those detained who are merely innocent in nature

are deprived by their liberty. For this that access to

quasi-judicial system is significant. For liberty is

the freedom to do right and never wrong. Liberty as

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guaranteed under the due process clause is not

unbridled license, it is liberty regulated by law. A

person is free to act but he may exercise his rights

only in such manner as not to injure the rights of

others. One’s own liberty must be enjoyed consistently

with the enjoyment of a life liberty by others. In

other words, the individual, as a creature of society

should be prepared to surrender part of his freedom for

the benefit of the greater number of recognition of the

time honored principle.

Thus, to illustrate one’s freedom of expression

cannot be used to unfairly destroy another reputation

or to incite rebellion or to offend public morals,

neither may be abuse the sanctity of his home or by

converting it into a den of criminality or a hotbed of

disease, nor be may insist on selling his goods at

black market prices, if they be prime necessities, to

the detriment of the consuming public. Subject only to

the reasonable restrictions of the law, a person is

free to do as he pleases. He may marry for love or for

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money, pursue a profession or engage in manual labor,

establish his own business or merely hire out as an

employee, isolate himself from the community or mix

with his neighbors, profess a religion or embrace

atheism-in short, do anything that does not offend the

public welfare.
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Paradigm of the Study

Input Process Output

 Integrate the
 Ideal community
files of the

respondents

 Study carefully
 Respondents  Resolved crime
the crimes
Profile
committed to
 Solved and
find solution
Unsolved Crime  Equality in the
 All factors
 Factors that law
that prevent
prevent crime
crimes should
 Remedies by the
be addressed to
judicial system  Proper
come up better
 Guiding implementation
result
Principles of laws
 Implement all

the laws in the

community and
 Sound policies
apply the true
approach
justice system.
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Significance of the Study

The findings of this study would certainly bring

great benefits in the light of understanding to the

following:

Police Officers – As the visible pillar of the criminal

justice system of the Philippines the output of this

study will help them to comply the basic doctrine in

which they take an oath from the time they assumed into

public service.

Detainees – As the immediate recipient of this study,

the findings of their study will help them to be fully

aware on their rights that they have to exercise

because it is constitutionally given to them.

Community – The output of this study will serve as a

guiding principles to all concern citizen in the

community that they have to fully use the privileges

and rights endowed to them by the state.

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Teachers – As the facilitator of learning, they have to

inculcate into their students the best ideologies that

they could be able to use their future life or career

as not to injuries others life.

Local Government Unit – Being the local legislators and

administrators, the output of this study will truly

awaken their mindset in formulating new ordinance that

would fill in the lacking parts in the society’s

welfare.

National Government – For them to renew the

appropriation act that would increase the funds in the

penal system particularly in the BJMP bureaucracy so

that every detainee will be facilitated properly

without sacrificing their health and state in life.

Future Researchers–the output of this study will serve

as a literature to all future researchers in conducting

the same type of study. However further research as to

the variables and locale of the study is further

suggested.
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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focused on Unsolved cases in the

year 2013-2015 in five selected Municipalities in the

first district of Northern Samar.

This research will be conducted in the first

Congressional District of Northern Samar particularly

in the Municipality of Allen, Lavezares, San Isidro,

Bobon and San Jose Northern Samar. This research will

be conducted from the month of July and presumed to

finish in gathering data as to validating it in the

month of October this school year 2016-2017.

The primary respondents of this study are the

active members of the law enforcement agency as well as

the local government units, barangay officials and

civilian.
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Definition of Terms

The terms herein defined theoretically and

conceptually for better understanding of the readers.

1. Pervasive - existing in every part of something:

spreading to all parts of something.

2. Stricture – a law or rule that limits or controls

something

3. Insurgency–a usually violent attempt to take control

of a government: a rebellion or uprising.

4. Rectitude – the quality of being honest and morally

correct.

5. Menace- these are persons who are considered peril by

the society.

6. Peril- literally means danger

7. Illicit- the term means not legal in its provision

8. Scheme- this means an idea or method in accomplishing

things.

9. Deteriorate- means the things go down or weaken

10. Despotic- the term used means tyrannical or

repressive.
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CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The second chapter of this research deals on

synthesis with relevance to the solved and unsolved

crimes which could be a guide to the present proponent

in conducting further research.

Local Literature

Roberto Conception (1998) states that many

criminologists conclude from this experiment that there

is no crime prevention effect of adding patrol presence

in a big city, where low density of crime makes the

extra patrol a mere drop in the bucket . Yet the

experiment has been criticized for its failure to

measure the actual differences in patrol dosage and the

possible lack of them, its inadequate statistical power

to detect large percentage differences in crime as not

due to chance, and its failure to assign patrol dosage

at random. Similar limitations are found in the Foot

Patrol Experiment (Police Foundation, 1981), where

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despite large victimization surveys no crime prevention

effects were detected in association with adding or

eliminating daytime and early evening foot patrols from

selected patrol beats.

The weakness of the evidence is even greater for the

one study claiming to find a crime prevention effect

from random patrols not focused on crime risks. The

design of this study was limited to recorded crime and

calls for service, with no victimization surveys. After

daytime foot patrols were added to 14 beats in some

cities for three years, the official crime counts in

those beats were down by 9% in the foot patrol beats

and up 10% in the other beats city-wide. Large

increases in burglary and robbery in the foot patrol

areas were matched by reportedly greater increases in

the rest of the city. No significance tests were

reported, nor were there any controls for the

demographic characteristics of the areas selected for

foot patrol compared to the rest of the city. Since the

foot patrol areas were not selected at random, it is

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possible that those areas might have experienced

different crime trends even without the foot patrols.

The fact that the increase in burglary and robbery

occurred largely at night when the foot patrols were

not working is perhaps the most interesting fact in the

study, supporting the conclusion reached from

evaluations of directed patrols focused on high crime-

risk times and places.

Racela (1998) disclosed that the crime prevention

effects of extra uniformed patrol in marked police cars

at high crime "peaks" are especially evident in two

very different research designs imposed on one large

study designed to improve upon the Preventive Patrol

Experiment. Based on the Philippine Jurisprudence-

funded research showing extreme concentrations in

spatial and temporal distributions of crime, the

NAPOLCOM reorganized its entire patrol force to test a

pattern of directed patrols at hot spots during hot

times. With the unanimous consent of the DILG, the

department substantially reduced patrols from low-crime

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areas in order to provide 2 to 3 hours of extra patrol

each day during high crime hours at 55 street corner

hot spots. The corners were randomly selected for extra

patrols from a carefully compiled list of 110 high

crime locations that were visually separate from each

other. Under a million grant, both the patrolled and

unpatrolled hot spots were subjected to over 7,000

randomly selected hours of observations by independent

researchers over the course of a year. The observers

recorded every minute of 24,813 instances of police

presence in the hot spots, and 4,014 observed acts of

crime and disorder. Analysis of the Hot Spots Patrol

data found a very strong relationship between the

length of each police patrol presence (which averaged

14 minutes) and the amount of time the hot spot was

free of crime after the police left the scene. The

longer the police stayed before they left, the longer

the time until the first crime (or disorderly act)

after they left. This relationship held for each

additional minute of police presence from one to

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fifteen minutes, after which the relationship began to

reverse. Thus the "curve" in the data suggests the

optimum length of a police patrol visit to a hot spot

for the purpose of deterring crime is about 15 minutes.

Correlational analysis of all police presences

observed in both the extra-patrol and no-extra-patrol

hot spots combined is consistent with the results of

comparisons of the two groups. The experimental

analysis found that there was an average of twice as

much patrol presence and up to half as much crime in

the extra-patrol hot spots as in the no-extra-patrol

group. The observational data showed crime or disorder

in 4 percent of all observed minutes in the control

group compared to 2 percent in the experimental group.

Most of the difference in the observed crime was found

when police were not present in the hot spots. Crime-

related calls for service increased for both groups of

hot spots over the one-year experiment as well as city-

wide, but the average growth per hot spot was up to

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three times as great in the no-extra-patrol group (17%)

as in the extra patrol group (5%).

Foreign Literature

Sherman (2012) pointed out that the more police we

have, the less crime there will be. While citizens and

public officials often espouse that view, social

scientists often claim the opposite extreme: that

police make only minimal contributions to crime

prevention in the context of far more powerful social

institutions, like the family and labor markets. The

truth appears to lie in between. Whether additional

police prevent crime may depend on how well they are

focused on specific objectives, tasks, places, times

and people. Most of all, it may depend upon putting

police where serious crime is concentrated, at the

times it is most likely to occur: policing focused on

risk factors.

The connection of policing to risk factors is the

most powerful conclusion reached from three decades of

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research. Hiring more police to provide rapid 911

responses, unfocused random patrol, and reactive

arrests does not prevent serious crime. Community

policing without a clear focus on crime risk factors

generally shows no effect on crime. But directed

patrols, proactive arrests and problem-solving at high-

crime "hot spots" has shown substantial evidence of

crime prevention. Police can prevent robbery, disorder,

gun violence, drunk driving and domestic violence, but

only by using certain methods under certain conditions.

These conclusions are based largely on research

supported by the National Institute of Justice, the

research arm of the Office of Justice Programs in the

U.S. Department of Justice. In recent years, increasing

numbers of police executives have incorporated these

findings into their crime prevention strategies.

University of Wisconsin law professor Herman

Goldstein's (1979) paradigm of "problem-oriented

policing" directed research attention to the specific

things police do, and how they can focus their

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resources to attack the proximate causes of public

safety problems. The Justice Department's adoption of

this perspective has yielded an increasingly complex

but useful body of knowledge about how policing affects

crime.

One of the most striking recent findings is the

extent to which the police themselves create a risk

factor for crime simply by using bad manners. Modest

but consistent scientific evidence supports the

hypothesis that the less respectful police are towards

suspects and citizens generally, the less people will

comply with the law. Changing police "style" may thus

be as important as focusing police "substance." Making

both the style and substance of police practices more

"legitimate" in the eyes of the public, particularly

high-risk juveniles, may be one of the most effective

long-term police strategies for crime prevention.

This study begins with a review of the eight major

hypotheses about how the police can prevent crime. It

then describes the varying strength of the scientific

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evidence on those hypotheses, in relation to the

"rigor" of the scientific methods used to test them.

The available studies are summarized for both their

conclusions and their scientific rigor. The chapter

then attempts to simplify these results by answering

the questions about what works, what doesn't, and

what's promising. Major gaps in our knowledge are also

examined. The chapter concludes with recommendations

derived from these findings for future federal

investment in both evaluation research and police

methods to be developed for evaluation. Eight Major

Hypotheses About Policing and Crime Other things being

equal, 1. Numbers of Police. The more police a city

employs, the less crime it will have. 2. Rapid Response

to 911. The shorter the police travel time from

assignment to arrival at a crime scene, the less crime

there will be. 3. Random Patrols. The more random

patrol a city receives, the more a perceived

"omnipresence" of the police will deter crime in public

places. 4.Directed Patrols.The more precisely patrol

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presence is concentrated at the "hot spots" and "hot

times" of criminal activity, the less crime there will

be in those places and times. 5. Reactive Arrests. The

more arrests police make in response to reported or

observed offenses of any kind, the less crime there

will be. 6. Proactive Arrests. The higher the police-

initiated arrest rate for high-risk offenders and

offenses, the lower the rates of serious violent crime.

7. Community Policing. The more quantity and better

quality of contacts between police and citizens, the

less crime. 8. Problem-Oriented Policing. The more

police can identify and minimize proximate causes of

specific patterns of crime, the less crime there will

be.

Wilson(1992) focused his studies on proactive

arrestslike directed patrol, proactive (police-

initiated) arrests concentrate police resources on a

narrow set of high-risk targets. The hypothesis is that

a high certainty of arrest for a narrowly defined set

of offenses or offenders will accomplish more than low

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arrest certainty for a broad range of targets. In

recent years the theory has been tested with

investigations of four primary high risk targets:

chronic serious offenders, potential robbery suspects,

drug market places and areas, and high-risk places and

times for drunk driving. All but the first can be

tested by examining the crime rate. The hypothesis

about chronic serious offenders is tested by examining

the rate at which such offenders are incapacitated by

imprisonment from further offending.

Another version of the proactive arrest hypothesis is

called "zero tolerance," based on the "broken windows"

theory. The theory is that areas appearing disorderly

and out-of-control provide an attractive climate for

violent crime--just as a window with one broken pane

attracts more stones than a completely unbroken window.

The crime prevention hypothesis is that the more

arrests police make for even petty disorder), the less

serious crime there will .

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The hypotheses about community- and problem-

oriented-policing are less focused than the others, so

much so that some observers have even advised against

trying to test them. They both involve far more

variations and possible combinations of police

activities than the narrow deterrence hypotheses. As in

the community- and school-based programs reviewed in

chapters 2 and 4, community and problem-oriented

policing are put into practice more like a "stew" of

different elements than a single type of "food." Yet it

is just this flexibility that proponents hypothesize to

give them their power. Crime problems vary so widely in

nature and cause that effective policing for prevention

must vary accordingly, and arguably require many

elements to succeed.

While community and problem-oriented policing are

often said to be overlapping strategies, they actually

have very different historical and theoretical roots.

Community policing arises from the crisis of legitimacy

after the urban race riots of the 1990s, the proximate

 32

causes of which several blue-ribbon reports blamed on

police (President's Commission on Law Enforcement and

Administration of Justice, 1997; National Advisory

Commission on Civil Disorders, 1998). The reports

claimed police had lost contact with minority group

residents, both by changing from foot patrols to radio

cars and by taking a more legalistic approach to law

enforcement. In various ways, most notably "team

policing" (Task Force Report; Sherman, et al 1993), the

police were urged to increase their contact with

citizens in more positive settings than just responding

to emergencies. Thus for almost three decades the

Community Policing hypothesis has been that increasing

the quantity and quality of police-citizen contact

reduces crime.

Problem-oriented policing, in contrast, arose from

the crisis of police effectiveness at crime prevention

provoked in the 1990s by some of the very studies

reviewed in this chapter. As one of its early sponsors,

Gary Hayes (1999), put it, the studies told police

 33

chiefs that nothing they were doing--putting more

police on the street into random patrols, rapid

responses--was working to fight crime. The strategy of

problem-oriented policing conceived by Professor

Goldstein (1999) provided a new paradigm in which to

focus innovation, regardless of any contact with the

citizenry. Where the core concept of community policing

was community involvement for its own sake, the core

concept for problem-oriented policing was results: the

effect of police activity on public safety, including

(but not limited to) crime prevention. Nonetheless,

community policing has also been justified by its

hypothesized effects on crime, not the least of which

has been the rationale for the 100,000 federally funded

police officers.

Related Studies

Chirot (1997) pointed out that there is no doubt,

every person who harms another should be punished, but

also rehabilitated so that the crime is prevented from

reoccurring. Punishment is good for two reasons: it

 34

shows the offender that one cannot get away with doing

the wrong things, and as a form of prevention - the

fear of punishment is often (but not often enough) main

reason for law-abiding citizens not to slip to the

other side of the tracks. However, the question is how

severe the punishment should be. A sentence that is

longer than 2 years can have contra-effective results,

apart from the cost for us taxpayers. Coming out after

too many years being locked has proven to be more

difficult to re-integrate and make it out there, and

more easy to resort back to crime. Investing in

improving the system instead of in accommodating

prisoners seems more effective long-term.

Richard Claude (1996) remodeling the system

(educational, economic, jurisdiction...) that breeds

criminals is a core necessity. There is a saying

telling that if you want to change others, start by

changing yourself. Everything is related and we all are

in a way responsible for the way our world is. By

transforming the causes (one of which is the system) we

 35

can both prevent and reduce crime. One major theory

about the crime prevention benefits of hiring more

officers is that it reduces police response time. The

research on this theory is an excellent example of how

different conclusions can result from research results

with very different levels of scientific strength. The

initial studies of the response time hypothesis

produced strong support, suggesting that shaving

minutes off response time could lead to the arrest of

many more offenders. The extension of this hypothesis

into a strategy of policing included the development of

911 systems to speed victim contact with police radio

dispatchers, and the hiring of more police nationwide

in the early 1990s in order to reduce average response

times and deter crime through greater certainty of

arrest. Only the 1996 NIJ response time analysis in

Kansas City study, and the NIJ replications in four

other cities, were able to call that strategy into

question, and open the door to more focused

alternatives.
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Relevance of the Study and Literature

The present study has a relevance to reviewed

literature and studies as it focused on assessing crime

solved and unsolved. The output of Lawrence as he

discussed the eight major policing and crime. The

connection of policing to risk factors is the most

powerful conclusion reached from three decades of

research. Hiring more police to provide rapid 911

responses, unfocused random patrol, and reactive

arrests does not prevent serious crime. Community

policing without a clear focus on crime risk factors

generally shows no effect on crime. But directed

patrols, proactive arrests and problem-solving at high-

crime "hot spots" has shown substantial evidence of

crime prevention. Police can prevent robbery, disorder,

gun violence, drunk driving and domestic violence, but

only by using certain methods under certain conditions.

The work also of Wilson has significance in the

realization of this study as he disclosed While

community and problem-oriented policing are often said

 37

to be overlapping strategies (Skogan, 1990; Moore,

1992), they actually have very different historical and

theoretical roots. Community policing arises from the

crisis of legitimacy after the urban race riots of the

1990s, the proximate causes of which several blue-

ribbon reports blamed on police (President's Commission

on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, 1997;

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 1998).

The reports claimed police had lost contact with

minority group residents, both by changing from foot

patrols to radio cars and by taking a more legalistic

approach to law enforcement. In various ways, most

notably "team policing" (Task Force Report; Sherman, et

al 1993), the police were urged to increase their

contact with citizens in more positive settings than

just responding to emergencies. Thus for almost three

decades the Community Policing hypothesis has been that

increasing the quantity and quality of police-citizen

contact reduces crime.

 38

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the methods of research

used whether it may be historical, descriptive, and

experimental or a case study. This section will be

organized on the following: Locale of the study,

research design, the respondents, population and

sampling, research variables, research instruments,

validation of the research instrument, data gathering

procedure, and statistical treatment of data. The

techniques used under descriptive research methods as

well as the data gathering tools and analytical tools

used will be further explained in this chapter as well

as the methods used in developing and evaluating the

study.

Locale of the Study

The municipality of Lavezares is politically

subdivided into 26 barangays. Twelve (12) of which are

considered inland barangays and fourteen (14) coastal

barangays, which can be sub classified into 5 island

 39

barangay and 9 barangay situated along the coast of the

mainland. It has a land area of 11, 950 hectares, with

a topography that is generally characterized by very

rugged terrain with many steep and elevated areas

classified as undulating to hilly. Technically, there

are only two hills in the area, these are located in

the southern most part of Barangays Chansvilla

andToog. No mountain can be found in the area.

There are also major plains and a few flatlands

that are not very extensive. The coastal areas of

Lavezares are limited and have generally moderately

terrain. Bacolod which serves as natural breakwater on

the different coasts of the municipality can be found

along the coast of Barangay Balicuatro, Villa, Bani and

Magasaysay among others.

Land reclamation in different parts of the

municipality particularly in inland barangays of San

Juan, San Isidro, Magsaysay and Bani is continuously

done. The coastal baarangays along the mainland are

similarly reclaiming lands which include the coasts of

 40

Barangay San Isidro, Cataogan, SabangTabok, Urdaneta

and Barobaybay.

The total population of the Municipality of

Lavezares is around 28,670 based from the last survey

made by PSA. The present economic condition of

Lavezares may seems unsatisfying to others as it shows

that some of the residents are unemployed, but on the

other hand there are small scale industry that operates

in the town that somehow gives or provides livelihood

to its residents. Like the different boutique, food

business and other types of commercial system. However,

still remain of the residents in Lavezares relied their

income on agricultural products and in aquatic

resources.

The municipality of Allen is located in the

northwestern tipoff the Province of Northern Samar. The

town borders the municipality of Victoria to the south,

the municipality of Lavezares to the East, and the

strategic San Bernardino straight both to the north and

west.
 41

Allen is known for being an import part for the

inter-island transport, specifically between the island

of Samar and the big island of Luzon. It is politically

subdivided into 20 barangays.

The town of Allen has a total population of

25,978 and being the main transport or gateway to

Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao gives tremendous benefits

to its residents as they use it as opportunity in doing

businesses and source of livelihood. Aside from it,

some residents of Allen has their own way of earning

income like sari-sari store business, salon and other

means of creating income.

The Municipality of San Jose is politically

subdivided into 16 barangays. The municipality can be

found in the map at 12 degree North latitude and 124

degree East longitude. It is located at the north

central part of the Province of Northern Samar, about

nineteen kilometers west of Catarman, Northern Samar,

the provincial capital and about thirty kilometers east

of Allen, Northern Samar, where the ferry terminal

 42

which connects the island of Samar, Leyte and Mindanao

via the Pan Philippines Highway(formerly the Maharlika

Highway). It is approximately one hundred fifty(150)

kilometers north-northeast of Tacloban City, the

Regional Center of Region VIII or Eastern Visayas.

Politically, the municipality is bounded on the north

by the Pacific Ocean, on the East by the Municipality

of Bobon, on the South by the Municipality of Victoria

and on the west by the Municipality of Rosario. It has

a total land area of 8,867 hectares is generally

underlain by well-bedded and moderately undulating

terrain.

The town of San Jose has a total population of 17,561

based from the last survey made by the Philippine

Statistical Authority last 2015. The town of San Jose

has a good economy due to its businesses which is seen

in different parts of the municipality. From the

different types of industry and commercial sectors like

buying and selling copra, general merchandise that

gives local revenue to the municipality. The primary

 43

source of income of the residents of San Jose is

farming due to the wide agricultural space.

Bobon is politically subdivided into 18 barangay,

acerida, arellano, Balat-balud, Dancalan, E. Duran

(Himaraganan), Gen. Lucban (Pob.), Jose Abad Santos,

Jose P. Laurel (Casulgan), Magsaysay (Doce), Calantiao

(Pangobi-an), Quezon (Panicayan), Salvacion, San

Isidro, San Juan (Pob.), Santa Clara (Pob.), Santander,

Somoroy and Trujillo.One of the things that make Bobon

a great vacation destination is its beaches. For many

Bobonanons, a homecoming is not complete without a

picnic at one of its many beaches. The Calirucan Beach

is just across the Bobonriver and can be reached by

boat. Dancalan Beach is a few kilometers away from the

poblacion and forms part of the barrio of Dancalan.

Among all the beaches, this is the one that has been

developed into a commercial resort complete with beach

houses, a training center, and other picnic facilities.

Sawangan was our swimming pool when we were growing up

back in the 1960s. This was not considered as a beach

 44

resort but this was where most of us learned how to

swim. Mombon is the little island across Sawangan which

was not considered as a beach resort either. Some say,

however, that Bobon may have gotten its name from this

little island.

The town of Bobon has a total population of 23,668

from last 2015 census. It could be seen that the town

of Bobon has a booming economic condition considering

that it was the first center town of the Province of

Northern Samar. Bobon has two public secondary school

the ETBMSF ( Eladio T. Balite Memorial School of

Fisheries) and CRAFTSMEN- Bobon School for Philippine

Craftsmen and almost barangays offers their primary

education.

San Isidro is a coastal a town in the south-western

part of the Province of Northern Samar facing the Samar

Sea. It is about 64 kilometers (40 mi) from the capital

town of Catarman and approximately 54 kilometers

(34 mi) north-west of Calbayog City. Its boundaries are

defined by the Municipality of Victoria in the north

 45

and north-east, by the City of Calbayog in the south

and southeast, the Municipality of Bobon in the east,

and by Dalupirit Pass and Samar Sea in the west. San

Isidro has a total land area of 25,590 hectares (63,200

acres),of which 9088 is commercial forest, 418 is non-

commercial forest, 10754 is logged cover area and rest

are classified into reproduction brush land, cogon open

land, mosey forest, cultivation, plantation and marsh

swamp land.

It has a total population of 27,420 (2016

census). The present economic condition of the

Municipality of San Isidro is considered average in

terms of industrial, commercial and agricultural

situations. They are rich in agricultural products

particularly trees and other household materials. Based

from the residents of San Isidro, they produce high

quality of trees which is used for building houses, and

other construction purposes. For this reason that most

of sources of income of the residents in the town of

 46

San Isidro is farming like copra and cutting trees due

to its richness in forest materials.

The topography of the land is characterized from plains

to rolling hills and steep mountain ranges. The

lowlands are along the coast but in a few sections of

this area, the mountains rise from 30 meters to 61

meters high above sea level. The highest elevation is

Mount Soomong, which is 522 meters above sea level. The

hinterlands are cress-crossed by logging roads and most

of the plateaus are already developed agricultural

lands.

Its rivers and creeks intersperse throughout the length

and breadth of the municipality. It has ten (10) small

un-navigable rivers. Majestic Mawo River traverses the

eastern portion of the hinterlands finding its way at

the town of Victoria before discharging into the Samar

Sea. Among River has its outlet at Barangay Seven

Hills, Caaguit-itan River at Barangays Alegria and

Balite, San Juan River at Barangay San Juan, Palanit

and Maludbalud Rivers at Barangay Palanit, Veriato

 47

River at Barangay Veriato and Caglanipao River at

Barangay Caglanipao.

The Municipality does not lie along any known fault

zones/lines. As to its bedrock foundations, old

sediments and pyroclastic which are more stable than

poorly consolidated sediments (e.g. limestone, shale or

alluvial deposits) in terms of compressive

strength/load bearing capacity comprise roughly 67.50%

of the total municipal land area. The remaining 32.50%

is composed of metamorphosed rocks, volcanic and highly

crystallized rocks which are situated in areas of

highest relief.

Research Design

The descriptive-survey method was employed to

identify the problems encountered throughout the

process. To define the descriptive type of research,

Creswell (1994) stated that the descriptive method of

research is to gather information about

the present existing condition.

 48

The aim of descriptive research is to verify formul

ated hypotheses that refer to the present situation in

order to elucidate it. The descriptive approach is

quick

and practical in terms of the financial aspect. Moreove

r, this method allows a flexible approach, thus, when

important new issues and questions arise during the

duration of the study, further investigation may be

conducted. A survey is a structured way of learning

about a larger group of people by obtaining information

from a representative sample of that particular group

of people.

The Respondents

The respondents of this study are active members of

law enforcement agency, local government units,

barangay officials and other civilian authority in five

selected municipalities in the first district of

Northern Samar. There will be a total of 100

respondents that will be included in this study.

Population and Sampling

 49

The proponents decided to use the unstructured

random sampling techniques since the population is well

in the research of statistical evaluation.

To justify the point, the use of sloven’s formula

was utilized in the formula of: N = N / 1 + N (e) 2

Where in:

n = Sample size

N = Total population

e = Margin of error (.01 to .05)

Research Variables

The population of this study were taken because of

its relatedness on the current study, the researchers

make decided to use 30 respondents in assessing the

importance of the study.

Part I of the questionnaire was about the personal

profile of the respondents as to the following:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

1.3 Civil Status;

 50

1.4 Educational Attainment;

1.5 Family Income;

1.6 trainings and seminars attended; and

Part II, III, IV and V is about the study of crime

solved and unsolved cases in the year 2013-2015 in five

selected municipalities in the first district of

Northern Samar , there are different Criteria in the

questionnaires for the respondents as to the following

components.

2. What are those crimes which has been resolved

already and unsolved from year 2013-2015?

3. What are the factors that prevent the cases to

be properly heard and decided by the court?

4. What are the remedies made by the judicial

system and penal system of the Philippines to

resolved cases immediately?

5. How may this study be a guiding principle and

cognizant to the community who aspire equal

treatment in justice?
 51 35

Research Instruments

These are the instruments or tools for gathering

data researched as basis for drawing conclusions or

making inferences. Some of these tools are

questionnaires, interviews, empirical observations,

research and analysis used by the proponents as they

conduct the proposed study.

1.Interview – an interview is defined as a meeting

of two people face to face to confer about something or

an act of questioning to receive a desired answer that

is necessary in solving the specific study or problem.

These is where data gathering occurs by asking

questions for much needed information from the

interviewee verbally and directly.

2. Observation– these technique is used when the

researcher cannot secure adequate or valid data through

the use of questionnaire or some other technique. It is

considered to be the most direct means of studying

people in so far as their overt behavior is concerned.

Observation of the current operating procedure is

another data gathering tool seeing the system in action

 52

gives you additional perspective and better

understanding of the system procedure.

3. Research– research is simply, the systematic

research for pertinent information on a specific topic

or problem. It is systematic study or investigation or

something for the purpose of answering questions posed

by the researcher. It includes reviewing journal,

periodicals, and books to obtain background

information, technical material, and news about

industry trends and development.

4. Questionnaire– a pre-written series of questions

used in gathering important information’s from one or

more persons. This will be given to the individual who

have a direct bearing of the study and in order to

satisfy the proponent’s goal that is to get and measure

the opinions, polls and attitude of the respondents of

the study.

5. Analysis – analysis is the process of breaking

up the whole study into its constituent parts of the

categories according to the specific questions under

 53 36

the statement of the problem. This is to bring out into

focus the essential features of the study.

6. Statistical Tool – statistics is one way of

getting the information’s organized. To have a general

view of the whole scenario of the study, statistical

tool is used. This also includes the scaling system,

which is used by the proponent as technique to monitor

the respondent’s interpretation of facts

Validation of the research instrument

The researcher made a simple and reliable

questionnaire which is patterned to the need of the

study, questions were formulated by the researchers

that is connected and or suited in order to address the

problem existing. To validate the instrument used the

researcher submitted the questionnaire to the adviser

for further assessment, correction and approval for the

improvement of data gathering, then right after the

researcher used the instrument to conduct a pre

assessment to the scope of their study.

Data gathering Procedure

 54

In order to gather the research data, the

researchers used the following research procedures:

1. The researchers constructed a concise and

simple questionnaire with translation in their natural

dialect. They consulted their advisor for necessary

corrections and rephrase to be more accurate in

acquiring the data needed for my research study.

2. For the process of research work, the

researchers ask approval first from my advisor and to

the Chairman of the Department of criminology to

conduct interview and disseminate questionnaires to the

locale of my study.

3. The researchers personally conducted the survey

followed by detailed explanations on each item to be

more understood by the respondents.

4. The retrieved questionnaire for the three types

of respondents were scored and tallied in a statistical

table; analyzed and interpreted using the appropriate

statistical
 55

5. Request the assistance of the statistician for

the computation and textual presentation of the data

based on to the sub-problem of the study.

6. Consult the adviser as to the status and

progress of the research study.

Scoring and Interpretation

To regulate the mean of the following criteria

pertaining to the assessment on the crime solved and

unsolved cases in the year 2013- 2015 in five selected

municipalities in the first district of Northern Samar,

the researchers used a point system as follows:

To determine and measures the level of awareness of

the respondents about the demand as to the assessing

and comparing the solved and unsolved cases in the

specific fiscal year of 2013-2015 the researchers used

the following scoring and interpretation.

 56

Scale Mean Interpretation Symbol

5 4.20 – 5.00 Strongly Agree SA

4 3.40 – 4.19 Agree A

3 2.60 – 3.39 Uncertain U

2 1.80 – 2.59 Disagree D

1 1.00 – 1.79 Strongly Disagree SD

Statistical treatment of Data

The profile of the respondents was presented in a

statistical table using frequency counts and

percentages and then it is interpreted using the data

that was gathered.

Below are the Formulas used to arrive to the computation

used by the Statistical Tool:

1. Frequency and Percentage

Formula: f x 100 %
P = -----------------
N
Where: P – is the percentage (%)

f – is the number of respondents

N – total number of respondents

 57

2. Weighted mean. Weighted mean was computed to

present data to the responses of the respondents as to

unsolved crimes

Formula: _ ∑x
X = -------------
N

Where: X – sample mean

∑x – sum of the sample observation

N – the sample size

 58

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyze and interprets the

result on the study of solved and unsolved crime in the

year 2013-2015 in five selected municipalities in the

first district of Northern Samar as an assessment.

Respondent’s Profile
Table 1.1
Distribution of Respondents by Age
Age(years) Frequency Percentage
18-below O 0%
19-29 years 15 15%
30-39 years 33 33%
40-49 years 46 46%
50 above 6 6%
Total 100 100%

The data above shows the distribution of

respondents by age. It is presented here that out of

100 respondents, 15 or 15 % are 19 or 29 years old 33

or 33% are at the age bracket of 30-39 years old, 46or

46% are at the age bracket of 40-49 years old, 6 or 6%

are at the age bracket of 50years old and above.

The table revealed that most of the respondents are

at the age bracket of 40 to 49 years old.

 59

Table 1.2

Distribution of Respondents by Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 75 75%
Female 25 25%
Total 100 100%

Table 2 shows the distribution of respondents by

gender. As shown in the table, 75 or 75% are male and

25 or 25% are female.

In the above table it could be observed that almost

of the respondents are male and this only shows that

majority of the respondent are male.

Table 1.3
Distribution of Respondents by Civil Status
Civil Status Frequency Percentage
Single 16 16%
Married 82 82%
Widow/er 2 2%
Legally cohabited 0 0%
Total 100 100%

. In the table 3, it pertains the respondent’s civil

status. It is further observed that out of 100

respondents, 16 or 16 percent are single, 82 or 82

percent are married, and only 2 or 2 percent are widow.

 60

The data presents that almost of the respondents

are married as it contains the highest frequency of 82

out of 100 respondents.

Table 1.4
Distribution of Respondents by Monthly Income
Monthly Salary Frequency Percentage
10,000 below 26 26%
10,001-20,000 36 36%
20,001-30,000 36 36%
30,001 above 2 2%
Total 100 100%

As to the monthly income of the respondents in table 4,

it presents that between the income of P 10,001-20,000

and P 20,001 and 30,000 both has an equal frequency of

36 or 36 percent., while others have a frequency of 26

or 26 percent in the bracket of 10, 000 and below and 2

or 2 percent in the bracket of P 30,001 and above.

This income, shows in the above table gives a

preferential clarification of notice that respondents

have satisfactory income.

.
 61

Table 1.5
Distribution of Respondents as to their Educational
Attainment
Educational Frequency Percentage
Attainment
Elementary 2 2%
Level/Graduate
Secondary 10 10%
Level/graduate
Tertiary 88 88%
Level/graduate
Vocational 0 0%
Graduate
Total 100 100%

Table 5 presents the distribution of respondents by

educational attainment. It is shown in this table that

the highest frequency which is 88 or 88 percent are

either college level or college graduate, while 10 or

10 percent are secondary level or secondary graduate

and only 2 or 2 percent are elementary level or

elementary graduate.
 62

Table 1.6
Distribution of Respondents as to their
Trainings/Seminars attended
Trainings/ Frequency Percentage
Seminars Attended
Basic Recruit 0 0%
Training
Field Training 48 48%
In Service 35 35%
Training Program
Department 9 9%
Training Program
National and 2 2%
International
Convenient on
Policing
none 6 6%
Total 100 100%
As to the distribution of the respondents trainings/

seminars attended, the table 6 presents that most of

the respondents had field training, this is natural

result for the reason that most of the respondents are

police officers. Other frequency 35 or 35 percent had

In service training program, 9 or 9 percent had

department training program and 2 or 2 percent had

National/International Convenient on Policing and 6 or

6 percent do not have training background.

 63

Table II
Distribution of Respondent’s Responses on the reasons
of crimes still unsolved from year 2013 to present.
Indicators Responses Tot Weight Inter Rank
al ed preta ing
5 4 3 2 1
tion
Mean
1. Neglect of duty 15 44 25 15 1 100 3.57 Agree 4
or nonfeasance
2.Irregularities in 21 37 30 7 5 100 3.62 Agree
the implementation of 3
justice

3. Financial 13 48 29 9 1 100 3.63 Agree 2

constraint of the
accused
4. concealment or 11 50 19 10 10 100 3.42 Agree 6
distortion of truth
5. Unfair Practice of 9 35 42 13 1 100 3.38 Uncer 7
tain
Law
6 . Lack of the 20 59 12 7 2 100 3.88 Agree 1
witness to testify
7. Ignorance of the 9 38 38 10 5 100 3.56 Uncer 5
tain
truth or law
General Weighted Mean 100 3.55 Agree

Table II presents the distribution of Respondent’s

Responses on the reasons of crimes still unsolved from

year 2013 to present. As presented in the table lack of

the witness to testify with a mean of 3.87 is the most

common reason of crime which is still unsolved.

Followed by financial constraint of the accused with a

mean of 3.63 which means that due to lack of financial

means to spend during court trials it impedes them to

appear and defend themselves in court. The third

 64

response is irregularities in the implementation of

justice with a mean of 3.62 which means that there are

biases or discrimination on the accused especially

between affluent and pauper.

On this point that table II agreed that indicators

given are reasons of crime still unsolved based on the

result of general weighted mean.

 65

Table III
Distribution of Respondents Responses on the factors that
prevent the cases to be properly heard and decided by the court
Indicators Responses Tot Weig Inter Ran
preta
5 4 3 2 1 al hted tion kin
Mean g
1. Admissibility of 8 54 32 4 2 100 3.62 Agree 5
illegally seized
Evidence
2.Lack in the assistance 0 66 24 8 2 100 3.54 Agree 7
of good counsel
3. Constitutional 2 33 56 7 2 100 3.26 Uncer 9
tain
provision on the
presumption
of innocence
4.Lack of complaint or 9 50 32 7 2 100 3.57 Agree 6
information
5.The principle of fair 8 46 38 6 2 100 3.52 Agree 8
play of justice
and consistency
6.Difficulty on the 19 47 25 5 2 100 3.70 Agree

determination of 4
probable cause
7.Unjust treatment of the 19 38 28 11 4 100 3.57 Agree 6
court to affluent
And marginalized offender.
8.Lack of Evidence 21 59 9 10 1 100 3.89 Agree 2
9. Bribery of Law Enforcer 30 37 22 5 6 100 3.80 Agree 3

10. The use of Palakasan 29 47 15 5 4 100 3.92 Agree 1

or Kumpadre System
General Weighted Mean 100 3.64 Agree

Table III shows the distribution of respondents’

responses on the factors that prevent the cases to be

properly heard and decided by the court. As shown in

the table the use of Palakasan or Kumpadre System is

the greatest factor that prevent the case to be heard

 66

with a mean of 3.92 and Constitutional provision on the

presumption of innocence has the lowest mean of 3.26.

Other responses such as . Admissibility of illegally

seized Evidence, Lack in the assistance of good

counsel, Lack of complaint or information , The

principle of fair play of justice and consistency,

Difficulty on the determination of probable cause,

Unjust treatment of the court to affluent and

marginalized offender, Lack of Evidence and Bribery

of Law Enforcer.
 67

Table IV
Distribution of Respondent’s Responses on the Remedies made by the
judicial system and penal system of the Philippines to resolved cases
immediately
Indicators Responses Tot Weigh Inter Rank
5 4 3 2 1 al ted preta ing
Mean tion
1. Strict application of 22 54 16 5 3 100 3.87 Agree 4
laws suited to the
crime committed by the
offender.
2. If there is 10 55 27 5 3 100 3.64 Agree 5
subsequent law which is
lenient
to the offender, then it
should be adopted.
3. If the penalty is too 11 48 17 16 8 100 3.38 Uncer 6
harsh then executive tain
clemency must be
suggested by the judge.
4. Implement the 37 44 10 8 1 100 4.08 Agree 2
necessary legal
procedures
in every cases to avoid
discrepancy.
5. Equal justice should 40 41 5 13 1 100 4.06 Agree 3
always prevail
regardless of the race
and personal
circumstances of the
culprit.
6. Division of cases 33 49 10 7 1 100 4.06 Agree 3
among the branches of
the judiciary must be
implemented to avoid
delayed on resolving
cases.
7. Conspiracy among the 42 42 9 5 2 100 4.17 Agree 1
legal counsel regarding
the cases they are
handling should be
prohibited
to fully exercise the
true justice.

General weighted Mean 3.89 Agree

 68

Table IV presents the Distribution of Respondents

Responses on the Remedies made by the judicial system

and penal system of the Philippines to resolved cases

immediately. The data revealed that .Strict application

of laws suited to the crime committed by the offender,

If there is subsequent law which is lenient to the

offender, then it should be adopted, If the penalty is

too harsh then executive clemency must be suggested by

the judge, Implement the necessary legal procedures in

every cases to avoid discrepancy, equal justice should

always prevail regardless of the race and personal

circumstances of the culprit, division of cases among

the branches of the judiciary must be implemented to

avoid delayed on resolving cases and conspiracy among

the legal counsel regarding the cases they are handling

should be prohibited to fully exercise the true

justice. As to remedies by the judicial system and penal

system to resolved cases immediately is it on the

response conspiracy among the legal counsel regarding

the cases they are handling should be prohibited to

 69

fully exercise the true justice is the most answered

with the highest mean of 4.17.

 70

Table V
Distribution of Respondent’s Responses on the Current Study to be the
Guiding Principles which is cognizant to the Community who aspire
equal treatment in justice
Indicators Responses Tota Weig Interp Ran
retati
5 4 3 2 1 l hted on kin
Mean g
1. In case of doubt in 16 51 26 7 0 100 3.76 Agree 5
the interpretation of
the laws it should be
construed liberally in
favor of the offender
that is consistent to
the principle of
restorative justice.
2. There should be a 39 46 8 7 0 100 4.17 Agree 4
Comprehensive National
Intervention program
that formulate and
recommend policies and
strategies in
consultation of
administration of
justice.
3. Ensure the 45 41 7 7 0 100 4.24 Strong 2
ly
realization of mandate agree
of all laws so that law
enforcer may not abuse
their authority in
fulfilling their
duties.

4. An implementation 43 43 14 0 0 100 4.29 Strong 1

ly
of justice is equal to agree
avoid discrimination
and so that it will
promote true
mandate of law to
everyone.
5. Advocate and 42 42 9 7 0 100 4.19 Agree 3
recommend to all local
legislations in
promoting the
participation of all
citizens so that laws
are easily addressed.
General Weighted Mean 4.13 Agree
 71

Table V presents the current study to be the

guiding principles which is cognizant to the community

who aspire equal treatment in justice . In the above

table, it is An implementation of justice is equal to

avoid discrimination and so that it will promote true

mandate of law to everyone has the highest mean of 4.29

and in case of doubt in the interpretation of the laws

it should be construed liberally in favor of the

offender that is consistent to the principle of

restorative justice has the least mean of 3.76. Other

responses such as There should be a Comprehensive

National Intervention program that formulate and

recommend policies and strategies in consultation of

administration of justice, Ensure the realization of

mandate of all laws so that law enforcer may not abuse

their authority in fulfilling their duties, and

Advocate and recommend to all local legislations in

promoting the participation of all citizens so that

laws are easily addressed. The data revealed that the

current study could be a guiding principles which is

 72

cognizant to the community who aspire equal treatment

in justice.
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Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings

generated in this study. The corresponding conclusion

drawn as well as recommendations that were formulated

in the end is in view of the study of solved and

unsolved crime in the year 3013-2015 in five selected

municipalities in the first district of Northern Samar

as an assessment.

Summary

This study sought to determine the profile of the

respondents in terms of age, gender civil status,

monthly salary, educational attainment and trainings

and seminars attended. Likewise this study sought to

describe the reasons of crimes still unsolved from year

2013 to 2015, factors that prevent the cases to be

properly heard and decided by the court, remedies made

by the judicial system and as the current study to be

 74

the guiding principles which is cognizant to the

community.

Further this study described the unsolved crime in

the said five municipalities. There were 100

respondents in this study equally represented from five

towns of the First District of Northern Samar these are

the town of San Isidro, San Jose, Lavezares and Allen

and Bobon. The inquiry was conducted during the school

year 2016-2017.

The data were gathered through a questionnaire. The

study used descriptive design. It adapted frequency

counts, percentages and weighted mean as statistical

tools.

After the data collection, the data were tabulated,

computed, interpreted and analyzed using the frequency

counts, percentages, weighted mean and multiple

regression analysis or simply by ranking.

The study found out that out of the 100

respondents, 46 or 46 percent were 40 to 49 years old

 75

which comprised almost half of the samples and seventy

five (75) percent of the respondents were male. Also

out of the 100 respondents, majority of them were

single. The common monthly income of the respondents

ranged between P10,001 to 20,000 and P 20,001 to 30,000

Most of them are college graduate with a total

frequency of 88 out of 100 respondents.

Majority has trainings or seminars on field

training which consist of 48 percent.

 As to the reasons of crimes still unsolved from

year 2013 to present it is due to lack of witness

to testify is the mostly agreed by the respondents

with a mean of 3.88.

 As to the factors that prevent the cases to be

properly heard and decided by the court it is due

to the use of palakasan or kumpadre system as well

as lack of evidence which has the highest mean that

signifies that they the most agreed by the

respondents.
 76

 As to the remedies made by the judicial system and

penal system of the Philippines to resolved cases

immediately it is due to conspiracy among the legal

counsel regarding the cases they are handling

should be prohibited to fully exercise the true

justice.

 As to the current study to be the guiding

principles which is cognizant to the community who

aspire equal treatment in justice it is on the

response an implementation of justice is equal to

avoid discrimination and so that it will promote

true mandate to law everyone which has the highest

weight of 4.29.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of this study, the following

conclusions and implications were drawn.

1. The majority of the respondents are 40 to 49

years old; male; married, college graduate, have

had an income of P10,001 to 20,000 and P20,001 to

30,000, and has trainings or seminars especially

 77

field training. In the said result of the study,

it means that respondents are well educated for

the reason the 88 of them are college graduate

out of 100 respondents and well experience in

their chosen field.

2. With regards to the reasons why crimes is still

unsolved witnesses are afraid of their safety

that is why they will never or did not want to

testify. The country is still lack of securing

the life of the primary witness that is why even

if there many crimes happen in the society it is

still in the dockets of records and still

unsolved.

3. Generally, respondents believed that the use of

palakasan system and lack of evidence are the

factors that prevent the case to be properly

heard and decided by the court. So for this

reason the principle of “no evidence no crime” is

sustain. If this is the usual things that happen

 78

in the society it will make or lead many crimes

unsolved.

4. As to the remedies made by the judicial system

and penal system of the Philippines to resolved

cases the member of the bar being the expert in

the science of law are said to conspire. This

means that there is an abuse of authority and

used their expertise to denied the access of

equal justice to everyone.

5. The respondents truly agreed that an

implementation of justice should be equal to

avoid discrimination and so that it will promote

true mandate of law to everyone. This means that

in every case the plaintiff and the respondent

must be treated by the court as innocent and it

should be on the preponderance of evidence that

will give rise if who is really accused.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of this

study, the following recommendations are forwarded.

 79

1. The presumption of innocence which should be

paramount before sentencing into jail is

sometimes abused and tolerated. Abused if not

favor to the authority and tolerated if they have

reciprocal relation. Thus, the researchers

recommend to truly implement the meaning of

equality without any discrimination to the

accused.

2. The government must enhance the protection

witness program in the country to promote and

encourage more witnesses in the crime. Mainly for

the reason that if there will be no witness,

crime may not be resolved easily.

3. Those in the authority should not tolerate the

palakasan or kumpadre system so that the people

will trust the government and those who commits

crime may be put to answer for the commission of

the offense.
 80

4. The member of the bar, being expert in the

science of law should not use their knowledge in

concealing evidence but rather make their

knowledge in revealing the truth.

5. Further research regarding unsolved crimes

should be made in a qualitative way of research

to find other variables which is not included in

this present work so that it would expand the

present study.
 81

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books

Broto, Antonio S. “ Statistics Made Simple” National

Bookstore. Manila
Philippines.2002
Calderon, Jose F. Methods of Research National
Bookstore, 1999
Gregorio, Antonio “ Criminal Law” Rex Bookstore Manila.
Philippines
Cruz, Isagani
Ortega, Manuel
Conception, Roberto
Racela, Jose
Wilson, William A. 1992. Behavior of Criminals. Mil-
Waukee: The Bruce Publishing Company Co.

Sherman, Lawrence. 2012. Criminal Justice. New

York:Harper.
Chirot, Daniel. 1997 .Criminal Jurisprudence. Harper
Collins

Claude, Richard (1996)

B. Other Sources

www.unsoled crime in the Philippines.com

www.criminal justice system in the Philippines

.
 82

APPENDICES
 83

APPENDIX A
 84

APPENDIX B
 85

APPENDIX C
 86

APPENDIX D
 87

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Domingo B. Flores Jr.

Address: Brgy. Libas, Lavezares N. Samar

Date of birth: June 2, 1991

Gender: Male

Civil status: Single

Educational Background

Primary: Lavezares Central Elementary

School (LCES)

Secondary: BBCMAIS

College: Colegio De San Juan Samar

 88

Lavezares, Northern Samar

Philippines, 2016-2017

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Domingo B. Flores Jr.

Address: Brgy. Londres, Allen N. Samar

Date of birth: October 19, 1995

Gender: Male

Civil status: Single

Educational Background

Primary: Londres Elementary School (LES)

Secondary: Allen National High School

College: Colegio De San Juan Samar

Lavezares, Northern Samar

 89

Philippines, 2016-2017

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

90
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