Fundamentals of Object-
Oriented Analysis and Design
Advanced Software Engineering
Ali Kamandi
Sharif University of Technology
March 2007
[email protected]4/11/2007 ١
Introduction
Object-Oriented analysis is based upon
concepts that we first learned in kindergarten:
objects and attributes, classes and members,
wholes and parts.
[Coad & Yourdon 1991]
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Introduction
To define all classes, the operations, the attributes, the
relationships and the behavior the following tasks must be
done:
Basic user requirements must be communicated
between the customer and the software engineer.
Classes must be identified.
A class hierarchy must be specified.
Object to object relationships should be represented.
Object behavior must be modeled.
Above Tasks must be reapplied iteratively until the
model is complete.
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OO analysis and design methods
Coad and Yourdon
Booch method OOSE
OMT
RDD
The Wirfs-Brock method (do not make
clear distinction between design and
analysis tasks)
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Coad and Yourdon
Analysis process: five layers (1989)
Finding classes
Identifying structures (Gen-Spec, Whole-Part)
Identifying subjects (subsystems)
Defining attributes
Defining services (operations)
Design process: four components (1991)
Problem domain Component
Human Interaction Component
Task Management Component
Data Management Component
Simplcity of notation
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Booch method
Design method (1991) , analysis method
(1994)
Design process: Incremental design
Macro Process & Micro Peocess
Notation: rich in symbols.
Discussion: complicated notation
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OOSE
Jacobson 1992 (Objectory 1987)
Full lifecycle
Analysis
requirement analysis, robustness analysis
Use Case Model, Domain Object Model, Interface
Description
Construction: design & implementation
Testing
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OMT (Rumbaugh 1991)
The process: three phase (analysis, system design
and object design)
Object Model (Object classes & their relationships)
Dynamic Model: Event-Trace diagram & state-chart
diagram)
Functional Model: Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
Pragmatic: OMTool. Published text.
Discussion: place more emphasis on specifying
what an object is rather than how it is used.
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OOA- A Generic View
• define use cases
• extract candidate classes
• establish basic class relationships
• define a class hierarchy
• identify attributes for each class
• specify methods that service the attributes
• indicate how classes/objects are related
• build a behavioral model
• iterate on the first five steps
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Unified Modeling Language (UML)
User model view. This view represents the system (product) from the
user’s (called “actors” in UML) perspective.
Structural model view. Data and functionality is viewed from inside the
system. That is, static structure (classes, objects, and relationships) is
modeled.
Behavioral model view. This part of the analysis model represents the
dynamic or behavioral aspects of the system.
Implementation model view. The structural and behavioral aspects of
the system are represented as they are to be built.
Environment model view. The structural and behavioral aspects of the
environment in which the system is to be implemented are represented.
UML analysis modeling focuses on the first two views of the system.
UML design modeling addresses the three other views.
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Domain Analysis
OOA at the business area level called Domain Analysis.
Domain Analysis is performed to create a library of reusable classes
applicable to an entire category of applications.
Using a robust class library produces the system faster, cheaper and
more reliable.
But where did such a library come from? By applying domain analysis.
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Domain Analysis Process
• The goal: to find or create those classes that are broadly applicable,
so that they may be reused.
• It can be viewed as an umbrella activity for the software process.
• The role of domain analyst is to design and build reusable
components that maybe used by many people working on similar but
not necessarily the same applications.
• Key inputs and outputs for the domain analysis process:
class taxonomies
technical literature
SOURCES OF reuse standards DOMAIN
DOMAIN existing applications DOMAIN ANALYSIS
KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS functional models MODEL
customer surveys
domain languages
expert advice
current/future requirements
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The OO Process Model: RUP
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The purposes of business modeling
To understand the structure and the dynamics of the
organization in which a system is to be deployed
(the target organization).
To understand current problems in the target
organization and identify improvement potentials.
To ensure that customers, end users, and
developers have a common understanding of the
target organization.
To derive the system requirements needed to
support the target organization.
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Artifacts of Business Modeling
Business Use Case Model
Business Object Model
Business Glossary
Business Rules
Business Vision
Target Organization Assessment
…
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Scope of Business Modeling
Organization Chart
Domain Modeling
One Business Many Systems
Generic Business Model
New Business
Revamp Business
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Organization Chart
Build a simple map of the organization and its
processes to get a better understanding of
requirements.
Business modeling is part of software
engineering project (Inception phase)
No change in organization (no BPI/BPR)
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Domain Modeling
Build a model of information at a business
level (without considering workflows)
As part of software engineering project
Inception and Elaboration
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One business- Many systems
Building a large system or a family of
applications
One business model will serve as input to
several SE projects.
Help to Find functional requirements and
architecture of the application family
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Generic Business Model
One application- several organizations
Avoid complex requirements
BPI
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New Business/ Revamp
Find requirements
Determine the feasibility of the new line of
business
Revamp: BPR
The business-modeling effort is, in these
cases, often treated as a project on its own.
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Business Process Modeling
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Business
Process
Modeling
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Business Object Model
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Requirement Management
To establish and maintain agreement with the
customers and other stakeholders on what the
system should do.
To provide system developers with a better
understanding of the system requirements.
To define the boundaries of the system.
To provide a basis for planning iterations.
To provide a basis for estimating cost and time to
develop the system.
To define a user-interface for the system, focusing
on the needs and goals of the users.
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Requirements: Artifacts
Use Case Model
SRS
Vision
Supplementary Specification
Glossary
…
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Analysis: Purpose
To transform the requirements into a design
of the system.
To evolve a robust architecture for the
system.
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Analysis: Artifacts
Analysis Model
Software Architecture Document
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A First Look
Analysis: Finding Classes
CRC Card
Responsibility Driven Method
Use Case Driven Method
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Analysis Phase: What’s Next?
Find the objects needed for the use cases
Determine the responsibility for each object
Determine what objects work together to
complete a use case
Verify all use cases are covered
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Identifying Objects
Work use case by use case
Extract noun phrases and build a list
Identify candidate objects
Physical objects
Conceptual entities
Categories of objects
External interfaces
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CRC Cards (1)
Class, Responsibility, Collaborator
Helps to find object interactions
Gives a physical entity (the card) to work with
4” x 6” note cards recommended
3 pieces of data:
Class – name and purpose of the class
Responsibility – what the class knows and the
behaviors it performs
Collaborator – Other classes that need to help with a
responsibility
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CRC Cards(2)
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CRC Card Format(3)
Class:
Responsibility Collaborators
Write class description on the back
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CRC Cards (4)
Make 1 CRC card for each object in your list
Fill in the class name
Naming is important – try to name classes so their role
in the problem domain is obvious
Use standard terminology where possible (i.e. from
domain glossary or dictionary)
Write description on the back of the card
Helps clarify why the card exists
Documents your thinking at this point in time
Leave other sections blank for now
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Analysis Phase: What’s Next?
Find the objects needed for the use cases
Determine the responsibility for each object
Determine what objects work together to
complete a use case
Verify all use cases are covered
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Responsibilities
The knowledge an object maintains
Actions an object can perform
Only the publicly available services at this
stage
Still only what gets done, not how
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Identifying Responsibilities
Work use case by use case
Identify verbs that represent an action an
object must perform
What does the class have to be able to do?
Identify information that some object must
maintain
What does the class need to know?
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CRC Cards (5)
Add responsibilities to CRC card as a phrase
E.g. “Know machine name of master controller”
If card fills up:
May have gone into too much detail
May be good indication to split class into several
classes
Leads to more flexible design
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Analysis Phase: What’s Next?
Find the objects needed for the use cases
Determine the responsibility for each object
Determine what objects work together to
complete a use case
Verify all use cases are covered
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Identifying Collaborators
For each responsibility ask:
Is the class capable of handling this responsibility
itself?
If not, what does it need (that it can’t do by itself)?
From what other class can it acquire what it
needs?
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Identifying Collaborations to Offer
For each class ask:
What does this class do or know?
What other classes need the information I have?
If a class has no interactions, discard it
Write the name of the class providing the
collaboration to the right of the responsibility
it helps fulfill
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Analysis Phase: What’s Next?
Find the objects needed for the use cases
Determine the responsibility for each object
Determine what objects work together to
complete a use case
Verify all use cases are covered
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Use Case Verification
Walk through all flows of all use cases
When an unmet responsibility is discovered
Add it to an existing class; or
Create a new class
When a missing class is discovered, make a
CRC card for it
Keep repeating until you can walk through
each flow without discovering a new class,
responsibility or collaborator
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Finding Objects: Use Case Realization
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Putting the Pieces Together
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Analysis and Design: Artifacts
Analysis Model
Software Architecture
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Architecting a dog house
Can be built by one person
Requires
Minimal modeling
Simple process
Simple tools
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Architecting a house
Built most efficiently and timely by a team
Requires
Modeling
Well-defined process
Power tools
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Architecting a high rise
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Early architecture
Progress
- Limited knowledge of theory
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Modern architecture
Progress
- Advances in materials
- Advances in analysis
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Modeling a house
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Philippe Kruchten
We all know that ...
Architecture and design are the same thing
<my favorite technology> is the architecture
A good architecture is the work of a single
architect
Architecture is flat, one blueprint is enough
Architecture is just structure
System architecture precedes software
architecture
Architecture cannot be measured and validated
Architecture is a Science
Architecture is an Art
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Mary Shaw, CMU
Grady Booch,
Philippe Kruchten,
Architecture defined (yet again) Rich Reitman
Kurt Bittner, Rational
Software architecture encompasses the set
of significant decisions about the organization
of a software system
selection of the structural elements and their
interfaces by which a system is composed
behavior as specified in collaborations among
those elements
composition of these structural and behavioral
elements into larger subsystem
architectural style that guides this organization
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Mary Shaw, CMU
Architectural style
An architecture style defines a family of
systems in terms of a pattern of structural
organization.
An architectural style defines
a vocabulary of components and connector types
a set of constraints on how they can be combined
one or more semantic models that specify how a
system’s overall properties can be determined
from the properties of its parts
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Architecture metamodel
Software Software
Architecture Architects
is part
of are actors in
System
is represented by
architecture
Architecture
Design Process
Software produces
Architecture Logical view
has Description
Process
is made of
view
relates to
Architecture is a Implemen-
Style guide tation view
Architectural Deployment
view view
has
Use case
Architectural style is made of view
has
constrains
is a Form Connection
depicts
Architectural
Pattern
Component Constraints
satisfies
Architectural
constrains Blueprint
Requirements
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Many stakeholders, many views
Architecture is many things to many different
interested parties
end-user
customer
project manager
system engineer
developer
architect
maintainer
other developers
Multidimensional reality
Multiple stakeholders
multiple views, multiple blueprints
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Architectural view
An architectural view is a simplified
description (an abstraction) of a system from
a particular perspective or vantage point,
covering particular concerns, and omitting
entities that are not relevant to this
perspective
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Architecturally significant elements
Not all design is architecture
Main “business” classes
Important mechanisms
Processors and processes
Layers and subsystems
Architectural views = slices through models
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Representing System Architecture
Logical View Implementation View
End-user Programmers
Functionality Software management
Use Case View
Process View Deployment View
System integrators System engineering
Performance System topology
Scalability Delivery, installation
Throughput Communication
Conceptual Physical
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Software Architecture
Shaw and Garlan
Buschmann et al
Architectural patterns A System of Patterns
Buschman et al
Booch
Layered
Pipes and filters
Distributed
Event-driven
Batch
Repository-centric
Blackboard
Interpreter
Rule-based
…
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The Design Process
Design is a messy,
iterative process
Early descriptions tend
to be less precise
Later descriptions add
more precision and
formality
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Object Oriented Design
OOD transforms the analysis model created using
OOA into a design model that serves as a blueprint
for software construction.
OOD results in a design that achieves a number of
different levels of modularity.
Subsystems: Major system components.
Objects: Data and the operations.
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…then get more precise
Object-Oriented Design
•The subsystem layer:
Representation of each of the subsystems
that enable the software to achieve its
customer defined requirements. responsibilities
design
•The class and object layer: The
class hierarchies, (generalization) and
representation of objects.
message
•The message layer: The design design
details of communication of each object
with its collaborators. (external and class and object
internal interfaces) design
•The responsibilities layer: Data
Structure and algorithmic design for all subsystem
design
attributes and operations.
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Object-Oriented Design
The design pyramid focuses exclusively on the design of
a specific product or system.
Another layer of design which forms the foundation on
which the pyramid rests, exists.
The foundation layer focuses on the design of domain
objects.
Domain objects play a key role in building the
infrastructure for the OO system by providing support for:
Human/computer interface activities,
Task management,
Data management.
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OOA and OOD
Attributes, operations,
collaborators responsibilities
Object- design
CRC relationship
Index Cards model
message
Use cases design
Class and object
Object-Behavior
design
Model
subsystem
design
THE ANALYSIS MODEL THE DESIGN MODEL
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Generic Components for OOD
Problem domain component—the subsystems that are
responsible for implementing customer requirements
directly;
Human interaction component —the subsystems that
implement the user interface (this included reusable
GUI subsystems);
Task Management Component—the subsystems that
are responsible for controlling and coordinating
concurrent tasks that may be packaged within a
subsystem or among different subsystems;
Data management component—the subsystem that is
responsible for the storage and retrieval of objects.
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Process Flow for OOD
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System Design Process
• Partition the analysis model into subsystems.
• Identify concurrency that is dictated by the problem.
• Allocate subsystems to processors and tasks.
• Develop a design for the user interface.
• Choose a basic strategy for implementing data
management.
• Identify global resources and the control mechanisms
required to access them.
• Design an appropriate control mechanism for the
system, including task management.
• Consider how boundary conditions should be
handled.
• Review and consider trade-offs.
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System Design
client request server
subsystem subsystem
contract
request
peer peer
subsystem subsystem
request
contract contract
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Subsystem Design Criteria
• The subsystem should have a well-defined interface
through which all communication with the rest of the
system occurs.
• With the exception of a small number of
“communication classes,” the classes within a
subsystem should collaborate only with other classes
within the subsystem.
• The number of subsystems should be kept small.
• A subsystem can be partitioned internally to help
reduce complexity.
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Object Design
A protocol description establishes the interface
of an object by defining each message that the
object can receive and the related operation that
the object performs
An implementation description shows
implementation details for each operation implied
by a message that is passed to an object.
information about the object's private part
internal details about the data structures that describe
the object’s attributes
procedural details that describe operations
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Case Study
Weather Station
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Use-cases for the weather station
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Subsystems in the weather mapping system
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Weather station architecture
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Weather station object classes
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Weather station subsystems
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Data collection sequence
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Weather station state diagram
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Design Patterns
... you’ll find recurring patterns of classes and
communicating objects in many object-oriented
systems. These patterns solve specific design
problems and make object-oriented design more
flexible, elegant, and ultimately reusable. They
help designers reuse successful designs by
basing new designs on prior experience. A
designer who is familiar with such patterns can
apply them immediately to design problems
without having to rediscover them.
Gamma and his colleagues [GAM95]
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Design Pattern Attributes
The design pattern name is an abstraction that conveys
significant meaning about it applicability and intent.
The problem description indicates the environment and
conditions that must exist to make the design pattern
applicable.
The pattern characteristics indicate the attributes of the
design that may be adjusted to enable the pattern to
accommodate into a variety of problems.
The consequences associated with the use of a design
pattern provide an indication of the ramifications of
design decisions.
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•Generally codify expert knowledge of
design strategies, constraints & “best
practices”
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End.
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