Table of Content

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 Objectives

 Determining Cause and

Effect is a strategy to find
a causal relationship
between or among events,
conditions, or behaviors.
 To determine the cause of
something, ask why it
happened. To determine
the effect of a cause, ask
what happened.
 Guide Card

Identifying cause and effect relationships

within a story helps students focus on two
important elements of comprehension: what
happens in the story and why it happened.
Looking for cause and effect gives students an
opportunity to look carefully at the
consequences of characters' actions and to
think about how different actions might have
different effects. Be sure that students
understand that a cause is an action or event
the makes something else (the effect) happen.
If necessary, review simple cause and effect
relationships such as, "If I knock that glass over
(cause), the water will spill (effect)."
 How to Determine Cause
and Effect

Determining Cause and Effect is a strategy to find

a causal relationship between or among events,
conditions, or behaviors. Why? This strategy
givens reasons and explanations for events,
conditions, or behaviors. It is an analysis tool to
display possible cause of a specific condition or
event, or the possible effects of a specific condition
or event. How? Often cause and effect are subtle
and hard to distinguish. Be sure not to confuse
cause and effect. To determine the cause of
something, ask why it happened. To determine the
effect of a cause, ask what happened. Three
general causal relations can exist when a cause
and effect relationship exists: • Necessary cause –
one that must be present for the effect to occur. •
Sufficient cause – one that can product an effect
unaided, though there maybe more than one
sufficient cause of a given effect. • Contributory
cause – one that helps to produce an effect but
cannot do so by itself.
Cause and Effect
Cause and effect is a common way to organize
information in a text. Paragraphs structured
as cause and effect explain reasons why
something happened or the effects of
something. These paragraphs can be ordered
as causes and effects or as effects and then
causes. The cause and effect text structure is
generally used in expository and persuasive
writing modes.
To put it another way: when an author gives
reasons why something happened, he or she is
explaining what caused an effect (reasons are
causes and the thing that happens is the
effect). Also, when a writer explains the results
of an action, he or she is explaining
the effects of a cause (results are effects and the
thing that occurs is the cause). The cause and
effect text structure is used so commonly that
you have probably written a paragraph using
it and not noticed.
Example: Many people think that they can get sick
by going into cold weather improperly dressed;
however, illnesses are not caused by temperature-
they are caused by germs. So while shivering outside
in the cold probably won’t strengthen your immune
system, you’re more likely to contract an illness
indoors because you will have a greater exposure to
germs.

In the above example, the paragraph explains how

germs cause illnesses. The germs are the cause in the
paragraph and the illness is the effect.
 Now let’s try to
read a poem

Who Loves Mother Best?

“Oh happy birthday, mama dear’”.

Sang Ben, Liz and Bess with cheer.
“We love you much, we love you true”.
They kissed their mother, hugged her too.

Then quickly Ben skipped out to play.

And went with playmates all the day. Then rushed home in time
to see His sister Liz aglow with glee.

For help up an ice cream cone, Enjoying it, she eat sat alone.
Ben grabbed the cone, and slipped away,
So Liz cried out, “for that you’ll pay!”

Like cats and dogs the two did struggle.

Each making sure to win the battle.
They tried to push and then to pull.
While Mama almost lost her cool.

But little Bess with Mom she stayed,

She set the table, drink she laid
And helped to serve Mom’s friends and guests
Now tell me, who loves Mother best?
After reading the poem
let’s try to understand
to characters talking
about the poem read.

“Because it is
Why did Bess, Ben and
their Mother’s
Liz kiss and hug their
birthday...”
Mother?”

“Why was Liz aglow with

glee?”

“Liz was aglow with glee

because she was eating a
cone of ice cream”
“Why was Liz aglow
“Liz was aglow with
with glee?”
glee because she was
eating a cone of ice
cream”

“Liz cried out

“What made because Ben
Liz cry out, grabbed cone
“for that you’ll then slipped
pay” away”
 (Show picture of a girl eating ice cream)

“A girl is
“What do you see
eating a
on the picture?”
cone of ice
cream”

““Liz was happy

“What happened to Liz (aglow with
when she was eating a glee)
cone of ice cream?”
 Liz was aglow with glee answers what happens to Liz
when she eats a cone of ice cream. This is called effect.

Look again at the picture.

“What do you notice on Liz face?”

“Why was Liz aglow with glee?”

Because she was eating a cone of ice cream,

answers why Liz was aglow with glee. This is called
the cause.

And that’s what we call the cause-and effect

Relationship.

“A cause of effect relationship describes something that

happens and why it happens”.

“What happens is called the effect, and why it happens is

called the cause”.

“The cause is usually introduced by the connective

because
 Activity Card
1
1. Identify the CAUSE in the following sentence:

Nancy joined the book club because she loved to read.

A. Nancy joined the book club
B. she loved to read
C. because
D. Not here
2. Identify the EFFECT in the following sentence:
Jim burned his hand when he took the lid off of the hot pan.
E. took the lid off the hot pan
F. Jim burned his hand
G. when
H. Not here
3. Identify the clue word or words that indicates a CAUSE/EFFECT relationship.
Dad cooked hamburgers and hot dogs in order to have enough for the picnic.
A. Dad cooked hamburgers and hot dogs
B. to have plenty for the picnic
C. in order
D. Not here
4. Select the CAUSE for the following EFFECT:
beautiful flowers
E. red flowers
F. in a vase
G. outside
H. hard work in the flower garden
5. Select the EFFECT for the following CAUSE:
A stranger came to the door
A. the dog started barking loudly
B. because
C. dark night
D. Not here
H. Not here

6. Identify the CAUSE in the following sentence:

Mom had a lot of laundry to do after the camping trip.
A. a lot of laundry
B. after
C. the camping trip
D. Not here
F. Donna was punished
G. Yesterday

H. Not here
 Activity Card
2

Read the following sentences. Write C before the sentence

for the cause and write E for the part that is the effect.

______ 1. Because it is her birthday.

______ 2. Ben, Liz and Bess kissed and hugged their
mother.
______ 3. Liz cried out.
______ 4. Because Ben grabbed the cone of ice cream and
slipped away.
______ 5. Mama almost cost her cool.

Activity Card
3
 Assessment
Card 1

1. What is the EFFECT in the following sentence:

The mother bird gathers dried grass to build her nest.
A. mother bird
B. gathers
C. Build her next
D. gathers dried grass
2. What is the CAUSE in the following sentence:
The tree fell in the middle of the road because of the high wind.
E. high wind
F. because
G. tree fell
H. in the middle of the road

3. Select the best CAUSE for the following EFFECT.

cut her finger
A. outside
B. in the house
C. yesterday
D. Sarah picked up broken glass
4. Select the best EFFECT for the following CAUSE.
Ashley loved to read
E. story books
F. reading
G. she had many books
H. loved
5. What word or words indicated a CAUSE/EFFECT relationship?
When the fire alarm sounded everyone walked out of the classroom in a
quiet line.
A. everyone
B. When
C. sounded
D. walked
Assessment
Card 2

8
 Enrichment
Card 1

Match the cause to the effect. Cause Effect

1. _______ The car ran a red light. A. The horses
were thirsty.
2. _______ Ben stayed up late. B. She fell down.
3. _______ The students were quiet in class. C. She
was hungry at lunch.
4. _______ It rained. D. He was sleepy the next day.
5. _______ Lydia skipped breakfast. E. It boiled over.
6. _______ It was very hot outside. F. Everyone
laughed.
7. _______ Lucy’s shoes weren’t tied. G. It sank.
8. _______ The boat had a leak. H. Chris got wet.
9. _______ The puppy chased its tail. I. The teacher
gave them a reward.
10. _______ There was too much water in the pot.
 Enrichment
Card 2

What’s the Effect?

1. Cause: Robbie’s bicycle had a flat tire. Effect:
____________________________________________________________________
2. Cause: Dark clouds appeared in the sky. Effect:
____________________________________________________________________
3. Cause: Violet took swimming lessons. Effect:
____________________________________________________________________
4. Cause: The dog barked for hours. Effect:
____________________________________________________________________
5. Cause: Paul overslept. Effect:
____________________________________________________________________
6. Cause: Mrs. Winston put a dish on the shaky table. Effect:
____________________________________________________________________
7. Cause: The gate was open. Effect:
____________________________________________________________________
8. Cause: It snowed last night. Effect:
____________________________________________________________________
 Answer Card

Activity Card 1 Activity Card 2 Activity Card 3

Answer Answer Answer

1. A 1. C
1. d
2. F 2. C
2. a
3. C 3. E
3. g
4. H 4. C
4. e
5. A 5. E
5. j
6. C
6. b

7. l

8. c

9. i
Assessment Card 1 Assessment Card 3 10. h
Answer Answer

1. Clothes
1. C
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2. E
3. Sick
3. D
4. learn
4. G
5. wag Enrichment t Card 2
5. B Answer
6. skunk

7. pop

8. roll 1.J

2. D
Enrichment Card 1
Answer 3.I

4.H

5.C
1. Cause: Robbie’s bicycle had a flat tire. Effect:
6. A
2. Cause: Dark clouds appeared in the sky. Effect:
7. B
3. Cause: Violet took swimming lessons. Effect:
8.G
4. Cause: The dog barked for hours. Effect:
9.F
5. Cause: Paul overslept. Effect:
10.E
6. Cause: Mrs. Winston put a dish on the shaky
table. Effect:

7. Cause: The gate was open. Effect:

8. Cause: It snowed last night. Effect:

 Reference
Card

Fun English Reading Textbook pages 94-101.

K to 12 Curriculum grade 6