Chapter 4

1. Cholera affects millions of people around the world. It causes diarrhea, which can lead to
dehydration and even death. Cholera toxin affects a chloride transporter that secretes
chloride ion into the lumen of the small intestine. How does cholera toxin lead to
dehydration?
a. The toxin turns on the transporter, and water is actively transported with the ion
b. The toxin turns off the transporter, so water is no longer exchange for chloride ion
c. The toxin turns on the transporter, and water follows the ion due to osmosis
d. The toxin turn off the transporter, so the negatively charged chloride pushes water into
the lumen
Answer : C
2. Immune system cells use damaging proteases and reactive oxygen species to destroy
foreign invaders. The immune system cells are not harmed because the microbes are
sequestered in vesicles. How did the invaders get to the vesicles?
a. Exocytosis
b. Active transport
c. Pinocytosis
d. Phagocytosis
Answer: D

3. A cell is injected with ion X and placed into a solution. The following potentials are
measured inside and outside the cell, yet there is no net flow of X ions. Why?

a. X is a cation, so it remains in the cell

b. X must be transported via active transport, and there is no ATP
c. There is no permeability for X
d. X must be transported via facilitated diffusion, but there is no transport protein
Essay ;
1. S t a t e w h y c e l l s n e e d t o transport ions and molecules
across membranes. (2)
Answer:
Cells need to transport ions and molecules across
membranes in order to:
 i.obtain nutrients, such as oxygen for respiration and amino
acids for the synthesis of proteins;
ii.excrete metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide, or
remove undigested nutrient materials;
iii.secrete chemicals such as hormones, which have been
synthesised inside the cell;
iv.change the polarity of the membranes, for example during
resting and action potential in a neurone;
v.assist in the process of aerobic cell respiration and the
synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis.
2. E x p l a i n 3 d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s o f p a s s i v e t r a n s p o r t . ( 3 )
Answer :
There are 3 types of passive transport
DIFFUSION:
A few small, hydrophobic, non polar molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide
can pass directly through the lipid bilayer, according to their concentration gradients.
!aterials will move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration. A
few lipid-soluble chemicals like steroids can also di-use directly through the
phospholipid bilayer.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION:
Polar molecules and ions which cannot di-use through the lipid bilayer, may pass
through cross membrane, protein, channel molecules. Sometimes these proteins make
conformational changes to open or close, in order to collect and expel their cargo.
Examples of materials carried in this way are glucose and amino acids. Other integral
membrane proteins are permanently open to smaller ions such as Na+ and Cl-
OSMOSIS:
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across semi-permeable membranes such as cell
membranes. In situations where the solutes of a water solution cannot diffuse across a
membrane, the solvent water is able to diffuse down its concentration gradient and
cross the membrane. Water will move out of a cell through the lipid bilayer if the
solution on the inside is more dilute (ie has a higher water potential) than the solution
on the outside..

Chapter 5
1. How many chomosomes are shown in the picture? How many chromatids?
 a. 4 chromosomes, 4 chromatids
b. 4 chromosomes, 8 chromatids
c. 8 chromosomes, 8 chromatids
d. 8 chromosomes, 4 chromatids
Answer : D
2. This cell is in which stage of mitosis?

a. Early phophase
b. Late prophase (prometaphase)
c. Metaphase
d. Anaphase
Answer : B
3. What is the name of the plane marked by the dotted line?

a. Mitotic spindle
b. Centrosome
 c. Metaphase plate
d. Cell plate
Answer : C
Essay
1. Why is it important that the chromosomes are doubled ("copied") before mitosis? (2)
Answer :
Cells duplicate their DNA when they decide they need to divide. Cells divide for three
main reasons: growth, repair, and reproduction. This could be during mitosis or meiosis.
Mitosis is the dividing of your non-reproductive cells, and meiosis is the dividing of your
reproductive cells. In mitosis, there is a phase that happens before the cell divides called
interphase. Interphase can be further broken down into the G1, S and G2 phase. G1 phase
causes the cell to grow in size and produce new organelles, which prepare for S phase,
when the DNA replicates.
2. A) Describe what occurs during interphase of the cell cycle. (3)
Answer :
During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis. The stages of
interphase are:
G1 (Gap 1), in which the cell grows and functions normally. During this time, a high
amount of protein synthesis occurs and the cell grows (to about double its original size) –
more organelles are produced and the volume of the cytoplasm increases. If the cell is not
to divide again, it will enter G0.
Synthesis (S), in which the cell synthesize its DNA and chromosome number is
doubled.(via semiconservative replication).
G2 (Gap 2), in which the cell resumes its growth in preparation for division. The
mitochondria divide and the cell continues to grow until mitosis begins. In plants,
chloroplasts also divide during G2.
In addition, some cells that do not divide often or ever, enter a stage called G0 (Gap zero),
which is either a stage separate from interphase or an extended G1.

B) Name the four steps of mitosis and briefly describe what happens in each step. (4)
Answer :
Mitosis actually occurs in four phases. The phases are called prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase.
Prophase
Prophase begins as DNA threads in the nucleus condense into easily visible chromosomes.
The chromosomes were actually replicated towards the end of interphase, and each copy is
called a chromatid. A chromosome is x-shaped, with two chromatid copies joined together
at a point called the centromere. At the same time, spindle fibers extend from the two
centrioles towards the chromosomes. Later in prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks down,
spilling the chromosomes into the cytoplasm. The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres
and the two centrioles begin moving away from each other.
Metaphase
 Metaphase is the easiest portion of mitosis to identify under a microscope. After the
chromosomes are released from the nucleus by the breakdown of the nuclear membrane
near the end of prophase, the centrioles finish the migration to opposite sides of the cell.
The spindle fibers, which still attach the chromosomes to both centrioles, along with the
pulling force of the two centrioles, align the chromosomes along the cell equator. This
arrangement is called the metaphase plate.
Anaphase
The cell moves into anaphase the instant the chromatids are separated. The chromatids
become V-shaped as they are pulled at the center by the centrioles to the opposite sides of
the cell. At the same time, the cell begins to elongate in preparation for cell division.
Cytokinesis -- the actual cell division – begins toward the end of the phase. Anaphase is
rapid, lasting only a few minutes. While the beginning of the phase is easy to identify, the
transition line between anaphase and telophase is somewhat blurry.
Telophase
Telophase begins around the time the chromosomes stop moving after being separated in
anaphase. The condensed genetic material begins to uncoil and extend and spindle fibers
disappear. At the same time, two nuclear membranes form around the newly-migrated
DNA, and for a short time the cell has two complete nuclei. Cytokinesis continues
throughout the phase and is finished after telophase. Once division is complete, the cell
immediately moves back into interphase.

Chapter 6
1. What would be transcribed from this DNA base sequence?
A 3' –G–G–C–U–U–A–C–A–G– 5'
B 3' –G–G–C–T–T–A–C–A–G– 5'
C 5' –G–G–C–U–U–A–C–A–G– 3'
D 5' –G–G–C–T–T–A–C–A–G– 3'
Answer : C
2. Which bonds would you find in the primary structure of a protein?
I peptide bonds
II ionic bonds
III hydrogen bonds
A I only
B II only
C I and II only
D I, II, and III
Answer : A
3. What term is used to describe the process by which DNA is copied to produce two daughter
DNA molecules?
A reproduction
B replication
C translation
D transcription
Essay
1. What is meant by the semiconservative replication?
Answer :
 2. The diagram below shows a component of DNA

I. Name the parts A, B, and C. (3)

A………………………………………………………………………………….
B………………………………………………………….………………………
C………………………………………………………………………………….
II. Describe how a polymer of DNA would be different from a polymer of RNA (2)
Answer :
I. A. phosphate
B. Deoxyribose
C. (organic/nitrogenous) base
II. uracil in RNA thymine in DNA, RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded,
DNA is longer molecule than RNA, sugar is ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA

Chapter 7
1. What does the xylem transport in a plant?
a. Water and dissolved sugars
b. Water and dissolved mineral salts
c. Water and dissolved glucose
d. Water only
2. What is transpiration?
a. The movement of water from the root hair cells
b. The release of energy in plant cells
c. The evaporation of water from the leaves
d. The evaporation of water from the root
3. How do root hair cells absorb water?
a. By osmosis
b. By diffusion
c. By facilitated diffusion
d. By active transport
Essay
1. Why is the transport system important for plants? (2)
Answer :
1. To move substances from where they are absorbed to where they are needed
2. To move substances from where they are produced to where they are needed for
metabolism
3. To move substances to a different part of the plant tor storage
2. State 3 factors affecting transpiration. (2)
Answer:
a. Temperature
b. Light
c. Wind speed
d. Humidity