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Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing Are

The document discusses p-values and their use in statistical hypothesis testing. It defines p-values as the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results of a statistical hypothesis test, given that the null hypothesis is correct. A lower p-value provides stronger evidence against the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The document also discusses the types of statistical hypotheses, including the null and alternative hypotheses. It defines two types of errors in hypothesis testing - type I errors, or false positives where the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, and type II errors, or false negatives where the alternative hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.

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296 views2 pages

Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing Are

The document discusses p-values and their use in statistical hypothesis testing. It defines p-values as the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results of a statistical hypothesis test, given that the null hypothesis is correct. A lower p-value provides stronger evidence against the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The document also discusses the types of statistical hypotheses, including the null and alternative hypotheses. It defines two types of errors in hypothesis testing - type I errors, or false positives where the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, and type II errors, or false negatives where the alternative hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.

Uploaded by

Somanna
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The p-value is the level of marginal significance within a statistical hypothesis test representing the

probability of the occurrence of a given event. The p-value is used as an alternative to rejection points
to provide the smallest level of significance at which the null hypothesis would be rejected. A smaller
p-value means that there is stronger evidence in favour of the alternative hypothesis.

The use of p-values in statistical hypothesis testing is common in many fields of research such as
physics, economics, finance, political science, criminal justice etc.

Importance of p-value -

 P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
 P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability
that the data were produced by random chance alone.
 A p-value does not measure the size of an effect or the importance of a result.

There are particularly two kinds of statistical hypotheses:

1) Null hypothesis: It is a default position that there is no relationship between two measured
phenomena. The null hypothesis is represented by H0.

2) Alternative hypothesis: The hypothesis that some random cause influences the sample observations
is known as alternative hypothesis. It is represented by Ha or H1.

For Example: A researcher has been observing the water quality over the years. Here, the null
hypothesis may be "no change in water quality in first half as compared to second half". Against this,
an alternative hypothesis may be that the quality is poor in second half in the observation.
Types of errors in hypothesis testing are-

1. Type I Error or false positive.

A type I error, or false positive, is asserting something as true when it is actually false. This
false positive error is basically a “false alarm” – a result that indicates a given condition has
been fulfilled when it actually has not been fulfilled.

We can use the example of shepherd and wolf to explain Type I error better. Let’s say that our
null hypothesis is that there is “no wolf present.” A type I error would be “crying wolf” when
there is no wolf present. That is, the actual condition was that there was no wolf present;
however, the shepherd wrongly indicated there was a wolf present by calling “Wolf!
Wolf!” This is a type I error or false positive error.

2.Type II Error or false negative.

A type II error is where a test result indicates that a condition failed, while it actually was
successful. A Type II error is committed when we fail to believe a true condition.

Continuing our shepherd and wolf example. Again, our null hypothesis is that there is “no
wolf present.” A type II error (or false negative) would be doing nothing (not “crying wolf”)
when there is actually a wolf present. That is, the actual situation was that there was a wolf
present; however, the shepherd wrongly indicated there was no wolf present and continued to
play Candy Crush on his iPhone. This is a type II error or false negative error.

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