TOPIC 1 : REAL FLUID FLOW
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. To apply Hagen Poisseuille equation on laminar flows in
bounded system
2. To apply Darcy Weisbach equation on laminar and
turbulent flows in bounded system
3. To determine the flow friction factor, f using Moody chart
4. To determine head losses in pipe flow due to friction,
separation (sudden contraction & expansion) and pipe
fittings
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CHAPTER 1
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STEADY FLOW IN PIPES
1.1 Laminar Flow through Circular Pipes
1.2 Turbulent Flow in Bounded Conditions
1.3 Determining Friction Factor, f using Moody Chart
1.4 Different forms of the Darcy Equation
1.5 Pipe Problems
1.6 Separation losses in pipe flow
1.7 Equivalent Length
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LECTURE 1.3
STEADY FLOW IN PIPES
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Determining Friction Factor, f using Moody Chart
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INTRODUCTION
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Friction factor, f
– A function of many parameters which includes
• Velocity, v
• Diameter of pipe, d
• Roughness of the pipe walls, k
• Density, ρ
• Viscosity, μ
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ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS, k
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v = velocity
d = diameter of pipe
ρ = density
μ = viscosity,
k = Roughness of the pipe walls
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The table above shows the roughness size of some
materials commonly used for pipes
Roughness size sometimes called absolute roughness
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FRICTION FACTOR, f
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By combining some of the parameters into the
dimensionless forms, expression can be simplified to
the following expression
Since is the Reynolds number, Re equation can
be written
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Friction factor, f
A function of the Reynolds number and also the
relative roughness, k/d
To obtain friction factor, f
- Must identify the relationship between f and Re and
k/d
However, this relationship has been determined
from experimental works in form of charts and
equations
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RELATIONSHIP OF f, Re AND k/d
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Chart with the relationship between f, Re and k/d
called MOODY CHART Graphical way to
determine f
THE COLEBROOK WHITE EQUATION Also to
determine f complicated and solving equation is
not straight forward
– The part of Moody Chart within the transition region
is plotted using the Colebrook White equation
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FRICTION FACTOR,
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f
Moody
Colebrook
Chart
- White
Eqn.
•A logarithmic plot
of f vs Re for
different values of
k/d •Used eqn. to solve
•3 parts for f if Re and k/d
1. Laminar regime are known
(f= 16/Re) •Used iterative
2. Transition regime procedure of trial &
3. Turbulent regime error
1 k 1.26
4 log10
f 9/9/2014 3.71d Re f
Completely turbulent
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Friction factor, f
k/d
Laminar
Critical Transition
zone
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Reynolds Number
Moody Chart
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Reynolds number represented by the horizontal axis
For each k/d value, a curve drawn showing the
variation of f w.r.t Reynolds No.(Re)
3 types of regime:
I. Laminar regime
II. Transition regime
III. Turbulent regime
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Laminar regime
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The friction factor, f is obtained from straight line
curve for laminar flow
It is also can be calculated as
f is independent of the relative
roughness k/d
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Transition regime
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Friction factor, f decreases with increasing Re for a
particular k/d value
This is where the part of the curve before it
becomes horizontal
The curve represent the Colebrook White equation
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Completely turbulent
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Friction factor, f
k/d
Transition
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Reynolds Number
Completely turbulent regime
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Friction factor, f is independent of Reynolds number
Only dependent on relative roughness k/d
The part which is becomes horizontal
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Completely turbulent
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Friction factor, f
k/d
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Reynolds Number
Example 1.5
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Solution for Example 1.5
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Example 1.6
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A galvanised steel pipe 6km long and 100mm
diameter is used to convey water at a rate of
200L/min of water. Determine the head loss due to
friction using the Darcy formula. Estimate the friction
factor f by using the Moody chart. (The absolute
roughness for galvanised steel is 0.15mm)
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Solution for Example 1.6
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Q = 3.33x10-3m3/s
A= 7.85 x 10-3 m2
v = 0.4242 m/s
Re = 37210 > 2000. Thus, flow is turbulent.
k/d= 0.0015
f = 0.0067 (from Moody Chart)
hf = 14.7m 9/9/2014
