Gravity Method
Bahan Kuliah Program Pasca Sarjana
T.Perminyakan – Usakti
Oleh: Untung Sumotarto
Exploration geophysics is the applied branch of geophysics which uses
surface methods to measure the physical properties of the subsurface
Earth, in order to detect or infer the presence and position of ore mine‐
rals, hydrocarbons, geothermal reservoirs, groundwater reservoirs,
and other geological structures.
Exploration geophysics is the practical application of physical methods
(such as seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic)
to measure the physical properties of rocks, and in particular, to detect
the measurable physical differences between rocks that contain ore de‐
posits or hydrocarbons and those without.
Exploration geophysics can be used to directly detect the target style of
mineralisation, via measuring its physical properties directly. For exam‐
ple one may measure the density contrasts between iron ore and silicate
wall rocks, or may measure the electrical conductivity contrast between
conductive sulfide minerals and barren silicate minerals.
PROC EDURA L ST A GES
F
C
A
E
D
B
Geophysical Methods
ANALYSIS
DETECTION OF
PREDICTION OF
UNCONFORMITIES
In Petroleum Industry
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
RECONSTRUCTION OF
STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP
TYPE AND STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT OF TIME -
DETERMINATION OF BASIN
ENVIRONMENTAL - FACIES
STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
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Mapping, meas uring, and des c ribing s ec tions GEOLOGIC
Sy s tematic c ollec tions of s amples FIELD
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and detailed f ac ies des c ription STUDY
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A ERIA L PHOTOGRA PHY C A NA LY SIS
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General c orrelation and interpretation SEISMIC
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Detail c orrelation and interpretation SURV EY S
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GRA V ITY SURV EY S
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MA GNETIC SURV EY S
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X REMOTE - SENSING SURV EY S
General us es in c orrelation and ELECTRIC
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gros s -f ac ies determination A ND
Detailed analy s es of c urv e s hapes OTHER W ELL
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and f ac ies boundaries SURV EY S
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General roc k-ty pe determination SA MPLE CUTTINGS
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X Detailed-f ac ies analy s is A ND CORES
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General regional s tratigraphy and s truc ture GEOLOGIC
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Detail c orrelation CROSS SECTIONS
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PETROGRA PHIC A NA LY SIS
EXPLORATION TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
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GEOCHEMICA L A NA LY SIS
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PA LEONTOLOGY - A GE
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PA LEONTOLOGIC - ENV IRONMENT
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DETERMINA TION OF ENV IRONMENTA L FA CIES
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ISOPA CH MA PS
FA CIES-DISTRIBUTION MA PS
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( e.g., is olith, three-c omponent, ratio, etc )
SPECIA L-PURPOSE MA PS
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X
(e.g., number of s ands > 20' thic k )
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PA LEOGEOGRA PHIC MA PS
GRAVITY METHOD
Prinsip Kerja
MAIN FIELD EQUIPMENTS
Gravimeter : 1 unit La Coste and Romberg.
Positioning : 2 set GPS‐Receivers LEICA
Elevation : 3 set Paulin Altimeter
Communication : 2 unit SSB radios ( 1 unit at field,
1 unit at head office), 4 unit Handy
talky, 2 vehicles
Data Processing : Laptop PC, printer, softwares,
diskettes, calculator
Crew : Geophysicist, Geodetist, 2 operator,
6 lokal labor
Peralatan
Worden Gravitymeter LaCoste & Romberg Gravitymeter
Peralatan
Setting Peralatan
Peralatan
Bagian-Bagian Peralatan
Peralatan
Bagian-Bagian Peralatan
Peralatan
Pengukuran Lapangan
DATA ACQUISITION PLAN
1. Calibration
Calibration of the gravimeter is carried out several
times: before and after a trip and every two weeks.
2. Base Station
The gravity base station in every location is established
by tying the base station to the nearest standard base
station to the location.
3. Data Acquisition Methods
DESIGN OF REMOTE DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
PC PIV-1 Gh
PC PIV-1 Gh
Telephone Net
Field Data Station
Modem Modem
Office Data Station
56.6 kbps 56.6 kbps
Field Data Station filter
Field Data Transceiver Protoc ol Modem
Field Data
in Spread Sheet by Zmodem or Kermit 56.6 kbps
in ASCII Format
Format Software Software
Office Data Station
Data Processing,
Modem Transceiver Protoc ol Data Media storage Implementation,
56.6 kbps by Zmodem or Kermit Hardisk 40 Gb. and Desktop Publishing
Software
Hidarrtan
DATA PROCESSING
The data obtained from the sites are sent directly
to the base camp and processed.
1. DATA REDUCTION
2. GRAVITY PROFILES
3. GRAVITY MAP
4. MODELING
1. DATA REDUCTION
The gravity data reduction consists of two types of
correction which are internal and external
correction.
The internal corrections are drift and tidal
corrections.
The external corrections are ellipsoid gravity value,
free air, bouguer, and terrain corrections.
DRIFT CORRECTION is applied to eliminate the effect
of spring fatigue of the La Coste instrument. This
correction is derived by double check the starting
base station at appropriate time interval.
TIDAL CORRECTION is applied to eliminate gravity of
the sun and moon which are time function due to
relative motion among earth, moon and sun. The
tidal correction had been calculated in advance using
computer by applying the Longman’s formula.
DATA ACQUISITION
* Gravity Measurement
* GPS Positioning
DRIFT and TIDAL
CORRECTION
GRAVITY
DATA
* FREE AIR CORRECTION
* BOUGUER CORRECTION
TERRAIN CORRECTION
PROCESSING
FLOW
* Inner (Field Processing)
* Outer (Head Office Processing)
* Bouguer Anomaly
CHART
* Complete Bouguer Anomaly
GRAVITY PROFILES
* Station Coordinate
* Station Elevation
* Gravity Value
ELLIPSOID EARTH GRAVITY reference has to be applied
to produce an earth gravity value at the mean sea level
as a function of location latitude.
This reference implies an homogenous mass distribution
of the ellipsoid earth model.
The ellipsoid model in the IUGG 1979 formula is :
gθ = 978.03185 (1 + 0.005278895 sin2 θ +
0.000023462 sin4 θ) , mgal
where
gθ = theoretical gravity as function of θ
θ = latitude of the observation point.
FREE‐AIR CORRECTION (FAC) is applied to estimate
the earth gravity at certain altitude of an
observation above mean sea level.
The free air correction formula is calculated for
average earth radius at elevation h in meters.
FAC = ‐ 0.3086 h, mgal
BOUGUER CORRECTION (BC) BC is applied to estimate the earth
gravity at elevation h above sea level with earth mass of
density ρ (gr./cm3) fill up the space of thickness h.
This theoretical Bouguer correction can be written as:
BC = 2h ρ Gh = 0.04187 ρ h, mgal
where :
G = 6.67 x 10‐9 Cgs unit
ρ = the chosen density in gr./cm3
H = altitude of observation point in meters.
BOUGUER ANOMALY (BA) BA is the difference between the
observation gravity value (gobs) and the expected earth normal
gravity at an observation point.
BA = gobs ‐ (gθ ‐ FAC + BC)
where the magnitude in the bracket is the expected earth normal gravity.
TERRAIN CORRECTION
Pengukuran gaya berat sering dilakukan pada daerah
dengan topografi yang cukup bervariasi.
Koreksi terrain harus dihitung untuk menghilangkan
efek relief permukaan bumi terhadap nilai anomali
Bouguer yang dihitung.
Koreksi ini dihitung sebagai efek gaya berat yang
ditimbulkan oleh suatu badan massa tiga dimensional
yaitu adanya bukit dan lembah di sekitar stasion
pengukuran gaya berat.
INNER ZONE CORRECTION
To apply this correction, a simple topographic survey
has to be performed at every gravity station along a
radius of ± 35 and ± 68 meters which may be done
before or after gravity reading.
Such survey should include the nature of local
morphology and the distance to the gravity station
which affects the observation.
The correction was directly calculated at the field by
using a certain gravity terrain inner correction chart.
OUTER ZONE CORRECTION
This correction was done by using the Hammer Chart,
usually based on a topographic map of 1 : 250.000
scale.
Applying the terrain correction, the Bouguer Anomaly
(BA) can be refined to be a Complete Bouguer Anomaly
(CBA) following this formula :
CBA = gobs ‐ (gθ ‐ FAC + BC ‐ TC)
or
CBA = BA + TC
Hidartan
METODA PERHITUNGAN KOREKSI TERRAIN
Metoda konvensional untuk menghitung koreksi
terrain adalah dengan menggunakan Hammer Chart
dan peta topografi berskala tertentu.
Sekarang ini perhitungan koreksi terrain dilakukan
dengan bantuan komputer, salah satunya adalah
Metoda Integrasi Numerik.
TERRAIN CORRECTION CALCULATION FLOW CHART
Topographic
Gravity
Map
Observation
Station Digitizing,
Position X, Y, Z Gridding and
Merging
N Projection
System Similar to
the Map
Transformation
of the Coordinate
Terrain Correction
DATA REDUCTION TABLE
Date Time Station Reading G-obs Latitude Longitude Elevation G-normal Comb. Corr Terrain Corr. BA CBA
(mgal) (mgal) (degree) (degree) (m) (mgal) (mgal) Inner Outer (mgal) (mgal)
2. GRAVITY PROFILES
Gravity profile will be produced for each line using its
reduced data to present the trend of gravity values
along the line.
3. GRAVITY MAP
Consists of CBA/BA anomaly map, regional gravity
map, residual gravity map.
Density of Common Geologic Material ( Telford et al. 1990 )
Density range Approximate average
3
No. Material Type ( Mg / m ) density ( Mg / m3 )
Unconsolidated Sediment
1. Alluvium 1.96 - 2.00 1.98
2. Clay 1.63 - 2.60 2.21
3. Gravel 1.70 - 2.40 2.00
4. Loess 1.40 - 1.93 1.64
5. Silt 1.80 - 2.20 1.93
6. Soil 1.20 - 2.40 1.92
Sedimentary Rocks
7. Sand 1.70 - 2.30 2.00
8. Sandstone 1.61 - 2.76 2.35
9. Shale 1.77 - 3.20 2.40
10. Limestone 1.93 - 2.90 2.55
11. Dolomite 2.28 - 2.90 2.70
12. Chalk 1.53 - 2.60 2.01
13. Halite 2.10 - 2.60 2.22
14. Glacier Ice 0.88 - 0.92 0.90
Igneous Rocks
15. Rhyolite 2.35 - 2.70 2.52
16. Granite 2.50 - 2.81 2.64
17. Andesite 2.40 - 2.80 2.61
18. Syenite 2.60 - 2.95 2.77
19. Basalt 2.70 - 3.30 2.99
20. Gabbro 2.70 - 3.50 3.03
Metamorphic Rocks
21. Schist 2.39 - 2.90 2.64
22. Gneiss 2.59 - 3.00 2.80
23. Phylite 2.68 - 2.80 2.74
24. Slate 2.70 - 2.90 2.79
25. Granulite 2.52 - 2.73 2.65
26. Amphibolite 2.90 - 3.04 2.96
27. Eclogite 3.20 - 3.54 3.37
( from John M. Reynolds, An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics, 1997 )
Densities of Minerals and Miscellaneous Materials ( Telford et al, 1990 )
Density Range Approximate average density
No. Material Type ( Mg/m 3)
( Mg / m3 )
Metallic minerals
1. Oxides, Carbonates
A. Manganite 4.2 - 4.4 4.32
B. Chromite 4.2 - 4.6 4.36
C. Magnetite 4.9 - 5.2 5.12
D. Haematite 4.9 - 5.3 5.18
E. Cuprite 5.7 - 6.15 5.92
F. Cassiterite 6.8 - 7.1 6.92
G. Woframite 7.1 - 7.5 7.32
H. Uraninite 8.0 - 9.97 9.17
2. Copper n.d 8.7
3. Silver n.d 10.5
4. Gold 15.6 - 19.4 17.0
5. Sulphides
A. Malachite 3.9 - 4.03 4.0
B. Stannite 4.3 - 4.52 4.4
C. Pyrrhotite 4.5 - 4.8 4.65
D. Molybdenite 4.4 - 4.8 4.7
E. Pyrite 4.9 - 5.2 5.0
F. Cobaltite 5.8 - 6.3 6.1
G. Galena 7.4 - 7.6 7.5
H. Cinnabar 8.0 - 8.2 8.1
Non-metallic minerals
6. Gypsum 2.2 - 2.6 2.35
7. Bauxite 2.3 - 2.55 2.45
8. Kaolinite 2.2 - 2.63 2.53
9. Baryte 4.3 - 4.7 4.47
Miscellaneous materials
10. Snow 0.05 - 0.88 n.d
11. Petroleum 0.6 - 0.9 n.d
12. Lignite 1.1 - 1.25 1.19
13. Anthracite 1.34 - 1.8 1.50
148
146
LHD-3
144 GRAVITASI
ANOMALI SISA
LHD-2
142 U
LHD-1 LHD-5 LHD-7
140
LHD-4,8,9,10 LHD-6
138
2 km
136
134
132
696 698 700 702 704 706 708 710 712
10.0
GRAVITASI
ANOMALI SISA (MGAL)
data
5.0
PROFIL
perhitungan
ANOMALI
SISA
DAN
0.0
MODEL
2-DIMENSI
-5.0
132 136 140 144 148
SELATAN UTARA
LHD-4 LHD-5 LHD-2 LHD-3
1.0
andesit basaltik terubah (2.5 gr/cc)
tuffa, ignimbrite (2.0 gr/cc)
0.0
andesit (2.6 gr/cc)
ELEVASI (KM)
-1.0 sedimen (2.2 gr/cc)
andesit (2.67 gr/cc)
-2.0
intrusi diorit (2.9 gr/cc)
-3.0
10.0
GRAVITASI
ANOMALI SISA (MGAL)
data
5.0
PROFIL
perhitungan
ANOMALI
SISA
DAN
0.0
MODEL
2-DIMENSI
-5.0
696 700 704 708 712
BARAT TIMUR
LHD-5 LHD-7
1.0 LHD-1
andesit basaltik terubah (2.5 gr/cc)
tuffa, ignimbrite (2.0 gr/cc)
0.0
andesit (2.6 gr/cc)
ELEVASI (KM)
-1.0 andesit (2.67 gr/cc)
intrusi diorit (2.9 gr/cc)
-2.0
-3.0
Bouguer Anomaly
Map of New Jersey
State, USA
1
1
2
Result Attribute Gamp 10_55 HZ line J53K to Prove Intrusion
DIORITE INTRUSIVE
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