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Torsion Testing of Materials Explained

When a torque is applied to a circular shaft, it causes twisting or torsional forces that produce shear stress around the shaft's axis. Torsion testing determines the maximum torque a material can withstand before yielding. It simulates real-world conditions to check product quality and design limits. Random errors from instruments and surroundings can be reduced by collecting more data, while systematic errors require identifying and fixing their source. Shear stress from torsion is highest at the shaft's outer surface. The polar moment of inertia and shear modulus determine a shaft's resistance to twisting and its angle of rotation under an applied torque. Proper experimental procedure measures specimen dimensions and applies incremental torque loads until failure.

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MUHAMMAD NURNAJMI
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224 views7 pages

Torsion Testing of Materials Explained

When a torque is applied to a circular shaft, it causes twisting or torsional forces that produce shear stress around the shaft's axis. Torsion testing determines the maximum torque a material can withstand before yielding. It simulates real-world conditions to check product quality and design limits. Random errors from instruments and surroundings can be reduced by collecting more data, while systematic errors require identifying and fixing their source. Shear stress from torsion is highest at the shaft's outer surface. The polar moment of inertia and shear modulus determine a shaft's resistance to twisting and its angle of rotation under an applied torque. Proper experimental procedure measures specimen dimensions and applies incremental torque loads until failure.

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD NURNAJMI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

0 INTRODUCTION

Torque defines as a moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis.the
twist effect is of primary concern in the design of drive shafts used in many type of inventions
nowadays. We can show the physically that happens when a torque is applied to a circular shaft
by considering the shaft to be made of a highly deformable material such as steel, aluminum and
many more. These materials may be composed of metals, plastics, woods, polymers, composites,
or ceramics among others and commonly take the forms of fasteners, rods, beams, tubes and
wires.

The purpose of a torsion test is to determine the maximum force of the material or test
sample exhibits effect when twisted or under torsional forces as a result of applied moments that
cause shear stress about the axis. By testing these products in torsion, manufacturers are able to
simulate real life service conditions, check product quality, verify designs, and ensure proper
manufacturing techniques. By these test we can know what is the maximum torque that can be
apply in the shaft based on their material type.
When we conduct the experiment, there were random error and systematic error that will
happen during this experiment. A random occur due to the measuring instrument and the way it
is affected by changes in the surroundings. To minimize random error, we need to take more
data. Random errors can be evaluated through statistical analysis and can be reduced by
averaging over a large number of observations. Spotting and correcting for systematic error takes
a lot of care. To reduce the systematic error of a data set, you must identify the source of the
error and repair it. Unfortunately, unless you do that, you will never reduce the systematic
error by taking more measurements.
2.0 THEORY

 Shear stress
Shearing stress is a force that causes layers or parts to slide upon each other in opposite
directions. An example of shearing stress is the force of two connecting rocks rubbing in
opposite directions.

the maximum shear stress in the shaft, which occurs at the


outer surface
T The resultant internal torque acting at the cross section. Its value is
determined from the method of sections and the equation of moment
equilibrium applied about the shaft’s longitudinal axis
r/c the outer radius of the shaft
J the polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area
The polar moment of inertia, also known as second polar moment of area, is a quantity
used to describe resistance to torsional deformation (deflection), in cylindrical objects (or
segments of cylindrical object) with an invariant cross-section and no significant warping or out-
of-plane deformation
Angle of twist
For a shaft under torsional loading, the angle through which fixed end of a shaft rotates with
respect to the free end is called the angle of twist.

T the internal torque, found from the


method of sections and the equation of moment equilibrium
applied about the shaft’s axis
J the shaft’s polar moment of inertia
G the shear modulus of elasticity for the material
L the length of the shaft

Modulus of rigidity
The elasticity coefficient for shearing or torsion force. Sponsored Links. Modulus of
Rigidity - G - (Shear Modulus) is the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing force. It is
defined as. "The ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample length (shear

strain)".
3.0 Apparatus:

 Vernier caliper.

 Torque meter.

 Dog-bone specimen
 Torsion machine.
4.0 Experimental Procedure.

I. Measured the specimen dimension such as length and diameter using vernier caliper.
II. Fixed both end of the specimen at the machine.
III. Turn the handle clockwise to put some preload to the specimen to verify that the load is
already can be measured.
IV. After the preload is set, the gauge is calibrated to zero according to the preload.
V. Set bar gauge to zero.
VI. For the first load, increment of the rotation is 90°.
VII. For the second and third rotation the increment is 180°.
VIII. For the fourth rotation until the specimen fracture the increment of 360° Is done
IX. All the data in each rotation will be taken from the torque meter.

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