Machine Problem
Documentation
Members:
Billo, Karen Charisse S.
Billo Jr., Eduardo S.
Alvarez, Ian Karl
San Juan, Hannah Abigail
Narra, Kirby
Theoretical Concept
The Y-Δ transform, also written Y-delta, Wye-delta, Kennelly’s delta-star transformation, star-mesh
transformation, T-Π or T-pi transform, is a mathematical technique to simplify the analysis of an
electrical network. The name derives from the shapes of the circuit diagrams, which look respectively
like the letter Y and the Greek capital letter Δ. In the United Kingdom, the wye diagram is sometimes
known as a star. This circuit transformation theory was published by Arthur Edwin Kennelly in 1899.
A useful procedure in network analysis is to simplify the network by reducing the number of
components. This can be done by replacing the actual components with other notional components that
have the same effect.
Resistors are the most common components in a circuit. They are the basic elements that are included
in the model of more complex components, while they can be used as a stand alone component in a
circuit. Resistor is a component that shows resistance against the current passing through them.
A resistive circuit is a circuit containing only resistors, ideal current sources, and ideal voltage sources. If
the sources are constant (DC) sources, the result is a DC circuit. The analysis of a circuit refers to the
process of solving for the voltages and currents present in the circuit. The solution principles outlined
here also apply to phasor analysis of AC circuits.
A resistive circuit is an electrical circuit designed to use resistance as a means of controlling the
behaviour of the electrical current in the circuit. A light bulb is an example of a useful resistive circuit.
Many devices such as floor heaters, electric stoves, ovens, clothes dryers, etc. use resistive circuits to
generate heat.
Demonstration
Star and Triangle Conversion
The conversion between star and triangle configurations is a very useful solution to simplify
complex resistor networks. In the figure below these configurations are shown.
With proper resistor values for each configuration, they behave exactly the same. Therefore one
can replace one configuration with another, where it results in easier calculations. Below it is
shown how to extract conversion formulas for start to triangle configuration and back. The final
equations are enough for the conversion. But extracting these formulas is also a great practice to
solve for resistor networks.
Like the solutions for series and parallel configurations, you can assume different voltages across
each resistor and current through them. Then in order to get two similar circuits you can put the
voltages and currents on terminals of two configurations equal and calculate for the resistor
equations. Although this way works, it will take a tone of very complicated equations to solve.
Always try to find the best way to solve a circuit as improper equations can make it so hard to
solve a circuit.
In the case of any circuit, when you have the choice to assume voltages or currents for the
circuit, it is better to make as many as you can constant, like zero value and solve for the
remaining voltages and currents. This way you get fewer equations that are less complex. In the
case of these configuration, we assume V2 and V3 to be equal to zero in both circuits, achieving
the circuits below:
Now you can see how easier the circuits look having proper assumptions. Let's solve the star
circuit first to get its equivalent resistance between the remaining two nodes. Figure below shows
the steps taken to get the equivalent resistance of the star configuration.
First, R2 and R3 are in parallel, therefore we replace them with their equivalent resistance shown
as R2||R3. Then you see that two resistors in series remain. The equivalent resistance between the
two node is equal to Req = R1 + R2||R3. Now for the triangle configuration, you can see that both
sides of R'1 are connected to the same voltage, zero. Therefore the voltage across the resistor is
zero and from the formula V=R.I, it means that there is no current going through this resistor.
This leaves the resistor ineffective and we can eliminate it.
Note this: when two nodes are connected to the same voltage, it is exactly like shorting these
two together. Because no matter what is between these two nodes, because of the lack of energy
across them, no current goes true them and both nodes will have the same properties, similar as
two shorted nodes.
This simply means that the ends of the resistor R'1 are shorted. Therefore as mentioned in the
parallel equation above, we simply replace this with a short. Figure below shows the remaining
circuit for the triangle configuration and its equivalent resistance, which is simply shown as R'2||
R'3.
Now as mentioned before, both circuits must show the same properties. Therefore under the
same conditions mentioned above (V2 = V3 = 0) the equivalent resistance of both circuits must be
the same. This results in the first equation relating the resistances of both circuits together.
Similarly under two more condition, V1 = V3 = 0 and V1 = V2 = 0, we get two more equations.
They are all summarized below:
Wye-to-Delta Transformation
Now solving these equations gives us formulas to convert a star configuration to triangle and
back. To convert from a start to triangle configuration, we use the formulas below:
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
To convert from triangle to star configuration, we use the formulas below:
Problem Definition
Wye-Delta Transformation
When the source and the load are both in wye and delta, the analysis of the circuit is simple. However,
when the connections are different, the process is more involved as you must be attentive to the phase
shifts and the changes in magnitude between the line and phase quantities. An alternative method is to
find an equivalent load connection that matches that of the source. For example, if the source is wye-
connected and the load is delta-connected, it would be easier to analyze the circuit if the delta load is
replaced by an equivalent wye-load. This is known as the Y-delta transformation.
Let us consider the delta-load in the figure below where the phase impedance of the load is labelled Z-
delta. Our objective is to find its equivalent wye load shown in the latter figure. The phase impedance of
the equivalent wye is Z-y. But how does one find the value of Z-y so that the two circuits are equivalent?
The simplest is to treat both circuits as an impedance box with three terminals. The two circuits are
equivalent if the voltage applied between any two terminals in both circuits produces the same terminal
currents. This means the impedance between any two terminals in the delta circuit is equal to the
impedance between the same terminals in the wye-circuit. For example, the impedance measured
between terminals a and b, Z-ab , must be the same for both circuits.
Delta-Load Transformation
Wye-Load Transformation
Significance
WYE- DELTA Transformation
Significance:
1. Used to establish equivalence for networks with 3 terminals.
2. Generally used for large-ratio step-down transformers.
3. This method is actually reduced voltage but is accomplished by changing the motor
phase connections such that a winding that is designed to run with phase voltage equal
to line voltage on delta connection is wye connected for starting to put less than line
voltage on each phase.
Y-Δ transformation
The transformation is used to establish equivalence for networks with 3 terminals.
Significance:
1. Highly needed in commercial, industrial, and high-density residential locations, to supply
three different types of power from one power source
2. Essential in converting three-phase electric power without a neutral wire into 3-phase
power with a neutral wire.
3. In circuits with high voltages and therefore low currents, delta is the preferred method
In distribution where the load is not necessarily equal, then the neutral wire is needed
4. Generally used for large-ratio step-down transformers.
They both allow you transform one circuit into another equivalent to help with analysis.
One example of its significance in the industry can be found in high voltage transformers. The y
to delta is useful in interconnecting different transmission voltages. a delta is 3-wire. Using one
less wire saves allot of money when you need to run 1000s of miles of wire. And it is beneficial
in system for multiple voltages and adds a level of stability that is required when the legs have
varying loads. This method is lighter, smaller and cheaper than the others because it’s only 3
wires that’s why it requires much less external wiring than the bank of single-phase
transformers and can typically achieve a higher efficiency.
