Example 4.1 Consider a transmitter which radiates a sinusoidal carrier frequency of 1850 MHz. For a vehicle moving 60 mph, compute the received carrier frequency if the mobile is moving (a) directly towards the transmitter, (b) directly away from the transmitter, (c) in a direction which is perpendicular to the direction of arrival of the transmitted signal. Solution to Example 4.1 Given: Carrier frequency f, = 1850MHz 3x10° 1850 10' Vehicle speed v = 60 mph = 26.82 m/s ‘Therefore, wavelength 4 = ¢/f, = 0.162m (a) The vehicle is moving directly towards the transmitter. ‘The Doppler shift in this case is positive and the received frequency is given by equation (4.2) Fatetta= 1850 x 108 » 26.82 = 1850.00016 Miz (b) The vehicle is moving directly away from the transmitter. ‘The Doppler shift in this case is negative and hence the received frequency is given by Impuise Response Model of a Muipatn Channel 143 f= fo-fy = 1850 « 10° 26:82 (c) The vehicle is moving perpendicular to the angle of arrival of the transmit- ted signal In this case, © = 90°, cost = 0, and there is no Doppler shitt. ‘The received signal frequency is the same as the transmitted frequency of 1850 MHz. = 1349.999834 MHzExample 4.4 Calculate the mean excess delay, rms delay spread, and the maximum excess delay (10 dB) for the multipath profile given in the figure below. Estimate the 50% coherence bandwidth of the channel. Would this channel be suitable for AMPS or GSM service without the use of an equalizer? PAD) Figure B44 Solution to Example, The rms delay 5 the given multipath profile can be obtained using equations (4.35) delays of each profile are measured relative to the firat detectaklegs mean excess delay for the given profile g DSEERPPRE 0.1) 2) +001) 43645 [0.01 +00 +0.1+ 17 ‘The second moment for the given power delay profile can be calculated as FC? Gt) 7+ 0 @?+ OHO) Sos ype? 121 ° ‘Therefore the rms delay spread, o, = 421.07 (4.38)" = 1.37p0 ‘The coherence bandwidth is found from equation (4.39) to be 1 B= = 146 kHz maExample 4.5 Determine the proper spatial sampling intorval required to make small-scale propagation measurements which assume that consecutive samples are highly correlated in time. How many samples will be required over 10 m travel dis- tance if f, = 1900 MHz and v = 50 m/s. How long would it take to make these megsurements, assuming they could be made in real time from a moving vehi- cle? Wha: is the Doppler spread B, for the channel? Solution to Example 4.5 For correlation, ensure that the time between samples is equal to T,/2, and use the smallest value of T, for conservative design. Using equation (4.40.b) T,z 2 = Sh ee 93x10" COTE, TORO SRF 165 3.14% 50% 1900» 10° To = s65us ‘Taking time samples at less than helf Tg, at 282.5 ys corresponds to a spatial sampling interval of T, = He 0256516 © ggi4125m = tatem ‘Therefore, the number of samples required over a 10 m travel distance is 10 Na * xe” opraras ~ 708 samples 1om The time taken to make this measurementis equal to pu = 02s The Doppler spread ‘Types of Small-Scale Fading = 316.66 HzExample 4.6 For a Rayleigh fading signal, compute the positive-going level crossing rate for p = 1, when the maximum Doppler frequency (/,, ) is 20 Hz. What is the max- imum velocity of the mobile for this Doppler frequency if the carrier frequency is 900 MHz? Solution to Example 4.6 ‘Using equation (4.80), the number of zero level crossings is Np = S2n(20) (1)e' = 18.44 crossings per second ‘The maximum velocity of the mobile can be obtained using the Doppler rela- tion, fy mag = 2/A- Therefore velocity of the mobile at f,, = 20 Hz is b= fgh = 20H2(1/3 m) = 6.56 mis = 24 kavhr Example 4.7 Find the averege fade duration for threshold levels p = 0.01,p = 0.1, and p = 1, when the Deppler frequency is 200 Hz, Solution to Example 4.7 Average fade duration can be jound by substituting the given values in equa- tion (4.78) For p = 001 ° pet —£_1_ = 19.948 (0.01) 200.2% " For p = 0.1 t= =! _ srs (0.1)200 2% Forp = 1 ei (1) 200.an 3.43 ms.