GEOMETRY 2.

1 Conditional Statements
 and distance.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

When is a conditional statement true

or false?

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
oWrite conditional statements.
oUse definitions written as conditional statements.
oWrite biconditional statements.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
CONDITIONAL

A type of logical statement that

has two parts, a hypothesis and
a conclusion.
A conditional can be written in
IF-THEN form.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

SHORTHAND

If HYPOTHESIS, then CONCLUSION.

If P, then Q.
In the study of logic, P’s and Q’s are universally
accepted to represent hypothesis and conclusion.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE 1

If I study hard,
hard then I will get good grades.

HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE HYPOTHESIS AND
CONCLUSION?

If today is Monday, then tomorrow is Tuesday.

Hypothesis: today is Monday

Conclusion: tomorrow is Tuesday.

Note: IF is NOT part of the hypothesis, and THEN is

NOT part of the conclusion.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 YOUR TURN
Underline the hypothesis and circle the conclusion.

1. If the weather is warm, then we should go swimming.

2. If you want good service, then take your car to Joe’s Service Center.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

REWRITING STATEMENTS.
oUse common sense.
The hypothesis always follows “IF.”
oDon’t over analyze it.

No “if?” The first part is usually the hypothesis.

oMake sure the sentence is grammatically correct.

Make your English teacher proud!

Does it sound right?

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE 2A
Rewrite the following statement in if-then form:
All birds have feathers.

What is the hypothesis? All birds

What is the conclusion? have feathers

If-then form?

If an animal is a bird, then it has feathers.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE 2B
Rewrite the following statement in if-then form:
You are in Texas if you are in Houston.

What is the hypothesis? You are in Houston

What is the conclusion? You are in Texas

If-then form?

If you are in Houston, then you are in

Texas.
September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
EXAMPLE 2C
Rewrite the following statement in if-then form:
An even number is divisible by 2.

What is the hypothesis? An even number

What is the conclusion? Divisible by 2.

If-then form?

If a number is even, then it is divisible by 2.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 YOUR TURN
Rewrite the conditional statement in if-then form.
3. Today is Monday if yesterday was Sunday.
If yesterday was Sunday, then today is
Monday.
4. An object that measures 12 inches is one foot long.

If an object measures 12 inches, then it is one

foot long.
September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
NEGATION
The negative of the original statement.
Examples:
I am happy.
I am not happy.
mC = 30°.

mC  30°.
A, B and C are on the same line.
A, B and C are not on the same line.
September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
NEGATION

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE 3
Write the negation of each statement.
a. The ball is red.
The ball is not red.
b. The cat is not black.
The cat is black.
c. The car is white.
The car is not white.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
RELATED CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
Looking at the conditional statement: If p, then q.

There are three similar statements we can make.

o Converse
o Inverse
o Contrapositive

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

CONVERSE If Q, then P.

The converse of a statement is formed by

switching the hypothesis and the conclusion.

Conditional:
If you play drums, then you are in the band.

Converse:
If you are in the band, then you play drums.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE 4
Write the converse of the statement below.

If you like tennis, then you play on the tennis team.

Answer:
If you play on the tennis team, then you like tennis.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

INVERSE If not P, then not Q.

The inverse is formed by taking the negation

of the hypothesis and of the conclusion.
Conditional:
If x = 3, then 2x = 6.

Inverse:
If x  3, then 2x  6.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE 5
Write the inverse of the statement below.

If today is Monday, then tomorrow is Tuesday.

Answer:
If today is not Monday, then tomorrow is not
Tuesday.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 CONTRAPOSITIVE If not Q, then not P.

The contrapositive is formed by switching and negating

the hypothesis and the conclusion.
(Take the inverse of the converse, or, the converse of the
inverse.)
Conditional:
If I am in 10th grade, then I am a sophomore.
Contrapositive:
If I am not a sophomore, then I am not in 10th grade.
September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
EXAMPLE 6
Write the contrapositive of the statement below.

If x is odd, then x + 1 is even.

Negate Negate x + 1 is not even
x is not odd

If x+1 is not even, then x is not odd.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 LOGICAL STATEMENTS
If I live in Mesa, then I live in Arizona.
Converse: (switch hypothesis and conclusion)
If I live in Arizona, then I live in Mesa.
Inverse: (negate hypothesis and conclusion)
If I don’t live in Mesa, then I don’t live in Arizona.
Contrapositive: (switch and negate both)
If I don’t live in Arizona, then I don’t live in Mesa.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 YOUR TURN. WRITE THE CONVERSE,
INVERSE, AND CONTRAPOSITIVE.
If mA = 20, then A is acute.
Converse: (switch hypothesis and conclusion)
If A is acute, then mA = 20.
Inverse: (negate hypothesis and conclusion)
If mA  20, then A is not acute.
Contrapositive: (switch and negate both)
If A is not acute, then mA  20.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

REVIEW: LOGICAL STATEMENTS

Conditional: If P, then Q.
Converse: If Q, then P.
Inverse: If not P, then not Q.
Contrapositive: If not Q, then not P.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 DEFINITION: PERPENDICULAR LINES
Two lines that intersect to form a right angle.
n
Notation:
m mn

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

USING DEFINITIONS
You can write a definition as a conditional statement in if-then
form. Let’s look at an example:
Perpendicular Lines: two lines that intersect to form a right angle.
The conditional statement would be:

If two lines are perpendicular, then they intersect to form a

right angle.
The converse statement also ends up being true:
If two lines intersect to form a right angle, then they are
perpendicular lines.
September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
DAY 2 2.1 Conditional Statements
TRUTH VALUES

•A conditional is either True or False.

•To show that it is true, you must have an
argument (a proof) that it is true in all
cases.
•To show that it is false, you need to
provide at least one counterexample.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE 7
True or false? If false provide a counter example.

If x2= 9, then x = 3.

FALSE!
Counterexample: x could be –3.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE 8
If x = 10, then x + 4 = 14.
True! Proof:
x = 10
x + 4 = 10 + 4
x + 4 = 14

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EQUIVALENT STATEMENTS
When two statements are both true or
both false, they are called equivalent
statements.
A conditional statement is always
equivalent to its contrapositive.
The inverse and converse are also
equivalent.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EQUIVALENT STATEMENTS
Original:
If mA = 20, then A is acute. TRUE
Converse: (switch hypothesis and conclusion)
If A is acute, then mA = 20. False
Inverse: (negate hypothesis and conclusion)
If mA  20, then A is not acute. False
Contrapositive: (switch and negate both)
If A is not acute, then mA  20. TRUE
September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
 EXAMPLE 9
Statement: If x = 5, then x2 = 25. TRUE
Contrapositive: If x2  25, then x  5. TRUE

Converse: If x2 = 25, then x = 5. FALSE – could be –5.

Inverse: If x  5, then x2  25. FALSE

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

JUSTIFYING STATEMENTS

In math, deciding if a statement is true or

false demands that you can justify your
answers. “Just because”, or, “It looks like
it” are not sufficient.
Justification must come in the form of
Postulates, Definitions, or Theorems.

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 Statement
EXAMPLE 10 D, X, and B are collinear.

Truth Value
TRUE
A Reason
Definition of collinear
points.
D X B

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 Statement
EXAMPLE 11
AC  DB
Truth Value
TRUE
A
Reason
Definition of
D X B Perpendicular lines

Def  lines

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 Statement
EXAMPLE 12 CXB is adjacent
to BXA
Truth Value
A TRUE
Reason
D X B Def. of adjacent angles
Def. of adj. s

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 Statement
EXAMPLE 13 DXA and CXB are
adjacent angles.
Truth Value
FALSE
A
Reason
There is not a common
D X B side. (Or, they are
vertical angles.)

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 VERY IMPORTANT!

In doing proofs, you must be able to

justify every statement with a valid
reason. To be able to do this you must
know every definition, postulate and
theorem. Being able to look them up is no
substitute for memorization.

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

YOUR TURN

A D

E B C H

F G

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

YOUR TURN

A D
False (they are not collinear)

E B C H
True (add to 180 )

True (post. 8) F G
False (no rt.  mark)

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

YOUR TURN

True (def.  lines) A D

False (they are supplementary)

E B C H

True (half of 180 is 90 -- a right )

F G

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 BICONDITIONALS
When a conditional statement and its converse are both TRUE,
they can be written as a single biconditional statement. Let’s look
at an example:

Conditional

If 2 s are complementary, then their sum is 90°. True

Converse
True
If the sum of 2 s is 90°, then they are complementary.
Biconditional

2 s are complementary if and only if their sum is 90°.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

BICONDITIONALS (Continued)

Written with p’s and q’s a biconditional looks like this:

p if and only if q.
or
p iff q.

Iff means “if and only if”.

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

Statements In words In symbols

Conditional If p, then q 𝑝→𝑞
Converse If q, then p 𝑞→𝑝
Inverse If not p, then not q ~𝑝 → ~𝑞
Contrapostive If not q, then not p ~𝑞 → ~𝑝
Biconditional p if and only if q 𝑝↔𝑞

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE 14
Let P be the statement: “x = 3”
Let Q be the statement: “2x = 6”
Write:
PQ

If x = 3, then 2x = 6.
QP
If 2x = 6, then x = 3.
PQ
x = 3 if and only if 2x = 6.
or 2x = 6 iff x = 3.

September 7, 2016 2.3 DEDUCTIVE REASONING 51

DEFINITIONS
ALL definitions are biconditionals.

Example: Definition of Congruent Angles

Two angles are congruent iff they have the same measure.

Conditional: If two angles are congruent, then they have the

same measure.

Converse: If two angles have the same measure, then they

are congruent.

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

TRUTH VALUES OF BICONDITIONALS

A biconditional is TRUE if both the

conditional and the converse are true.
A biconditional is FALSE if either the
conditional or the converse is false, or
both are false.

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE 15

Biconditional
False!
x = 5 iff x2 = 25. True or False?

Conditional
If x = 5, then x2 = 25. True
true or False?

Converse
If x2 = 25, then x = 5. True
False!or False?

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 YOUR TURN
Write the following biconditional statement as a
conditional statement and its converse.

An angle is obtuse iff it measures between 90 and 180.

Answer
Conditional: If an angle is obtuse, then it measures
between 90 and 180.
Converse: If an angle measures between 90 and 180,
then it is obtuse.

September 7, 2016 GEOMETRY 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
Geometry is stated in rules of logic.
We use logic to prove things.
It teaches us to think clearly and without error.
It impresses girl friends (or boy friends).
You can talk like…

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
 ASSIGNMENT
2.1 DAY 1 #2-20 EVEN, 50, 64-68 EVEN
2.1 DAY 2 #26-36 EVEN, 37, 38, 46, 48
CHALLENGE PROBLEM #62

September 7, 2016 2.1 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS