Requirements on piling plan

submission
Under BC (Amendment) Act 2007 & Regulations 2008

Er Dr Yet Nai Song

Building and Construction Authority
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Types of piling submissions Barrettes

Bored cast-in
place piles
Grouted
micropiles

2
Types of piling submissions

Driven piles

Jacked-in
piles
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 Objective
• To help Qualified Persons who
prepare the piling plans to
comply with requirements of
BC (Amendment) Act 2007 &
Regulations 2008

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Overview
1. Submission checklist
2. BC Regulations 10(2)
3. SS CP4 : 2003
4. BCA / IES / ACES Advisory Note on
Site investigation & Load test
5. Piling Annexes B, C, D
6. Good practices in design & construction
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(1) Submission
checklist

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Submission checklist
I. Piling plans endorsed by QP and AC
II. Design reports by QP and AC
III. Declaration forms by QP and AC
IV. Site investigation report, endorsed & certified by a PE
V. A plan showing the layout and location of the site, boundary
line and neighbouring buildings
VI. Impact assessment report, where applicable (eg. for
foundations located within influence zone of sensitive
structures, like MRT or CST tunnels)

VII. Clearance letters, where applicable, from the relevant authority

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Certifications by QP and AC on plans

PE AC

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Certifications by QP(geo) and AC(geo) on plans

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A C (g
eo)
E( g
P

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10
Certification by
PE for SI report

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Plan to show Site Location

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An example of project close to sensitive structures
Pile Raft for a 66-storey building

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CS T tu

dra l

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t at
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MRT lines

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(2) Building Control
Regulation 10(2)

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Regulations 2003
Regulation 10(2)

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 Regulations 2008
Regulation 10(2)

the location of piles and site investigation boreholes ;

the estimated pile penetration depth for each design zone ;

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Regulations 2008 – Reg 10A(5)
(Plans of foundation ≥ 30storeys)

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 Building Control Regulations 2008
Regulation 10(2)

the location of piles and site investigation boreholes ;

the estimated pile penetration depth for each design zone ;

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(a) Pile type & material specification, pile
joints, sectional details

I. Do the plans show the pile types and material specification ?

II. Do the plans show pile size and pile details?

III. Do the plans show the pile capacity ?

(i) allowable foundation capacity, before and after accounting

for negative skin friction,

(ii) allowable tension load, lateral load, where applicable.

Items to be shown on piling plan

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Pile capacity & Pile reinforcement

Pile diameter Pile reinforcement

Working load

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Details of Pile
reinforcement
Anchorage length

Lap length

Sectional details Full depth cage /12m cage

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Details of RC pile Pilecap connection details

Joint details Sectional details

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 (b) Site investigation borehole
I. Do the plans show location of site
investigation boreholes?
II. Is there any borehole within the footprint of
each block ?

For buildings of 10-storeys or more

III. Do number of boreholes exceed minimum ?

IV. Is depth of any borehole beyond proposed
pile penetration depth ? (see BCA/IES/ACES
advisory note 2003)
Items to be shown on piling plan
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Site investigation
boreholes (1)

Footprint of
tower block

Total = 5 boreholes

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Site investigation
boreholes (2)

Total = 10 boreholes
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Site investigation boreholes (3)

Total = 26 boreholes
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 (c) Pile depth & (d) Pile founding criteria

I. Do the plans show pile design zones (based on

site investigation information) ?

II. Do the plans show the following information ?

(i) pile founding criteria (eg. pile founding depth /

minimum embedment into competent stratum / pile
set criteria / magnitude of jack in load)

(ii) a description of soil / rock for founding layer.

Items to be shown on piling plan

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 28
Pile design zones based on boreholes
Example 1
Pile founding criteria (in hard soil)
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Example 2
Pile founding criteria
(in hard soil & rock)

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Example 3
Pile founding criteria (pile set)

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 (e) Geotechnical parameters

I. Do the plans contain unit shaft friction and unit

pile base resistance used for pile design ?
II. Are soil strata / rock type given for the above ?

Items to be shown on piling plan

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Unit shaft friction & base resistance
used in pile design

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 (f) Negative skin friction

I. Is there a design evaluation of the

possibility of negative skin friction ?
(i.e. whether the soil is still undergoing
consolidation at its final stress state ?)

II. Has negative skin friction been considered

in the design ?

Items to be shown on piling plan

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 (g) Allowable settlements

I. Are allowable total and differential foundation

settlements shown on plan ?
II. Are these allowable foundation settlements
consistent with the design calculation ?

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Sample variation of building settlement
with time during superstructure erection

10th – 1.5mm
20th – 3.0mm
30th – 4.5mm
40th – 6.5mm
43rd – 8.0mm

Settlement increases with building height.

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 (h) Vibration limits
I. Are allowable vibration limits specified on
the plan ?

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DIN 4150 : Part 3 “Structural vibration in
buildings” Guideline on Limit of vibration

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

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 (i) Verification tests
I. Do the plans contain the following information ?
(i) number of tests,
(ii) types of pile tests.
II. Are types and number of tests provided complied with
BCA/IES/ACES advisory note 2003 ?
III. Is location of ultimate pile load test shown on plan, and
correlated with borelog ?
IV. Will the preliminary piles for the ultimate pile load test be
instrumented, to verify the geotechnical parameters ?
(Applicable to piles where strain gauges could be installed
along the pile, eg. bored piles, hollow spun pile)

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2UL
T + 5W
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eed +
ed m
inim
9P D
um A
!

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Preliminary pile to be instrumented

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 a p
A re c Items to be shown on piling plan

a) Pile type & material specification, e) Skin friction & End

pile joints, sectional details bearing for pile design

b) Site investigation boreholes f) Pile capacity before &

after negative skin friction
c) Estimated pile length for each
design zone g) Allowable settlements

d) Minimum embedded depth into h) Allowable vibration limits

competent stratum
i) Pile load test & location

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(3) SS CP4 : 2003

(Code of Practice for Foundations)

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Code of Practice
CP4 : 2003

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 Design for pile foundations
[CP4 Clause 7.3.1]
• Every pile design has to satisfy 3 conditions:

1. Adequate safety factor against failure

2. Settlement of foundation under working

load should not affect the serviceability of
structure

3. Safety of nearby buildings should not be

put at risk

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 Pile Group Effect
(CP4 Clause 7.3.4)

I. Group settlement is
greater than
settlement of
individual pile
II. Differential
settlement between
two pile groups <
1:500

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 An example where pile group effect is dominant
with overlapping of stress bulbs of individual piles

300 nos 1.8m

piles within
60mx60m
footprint

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Effect of lateral forces during basement excavation
(CP4 Clause 7.4.5.3.2)

If bored piles are subject to lateral forces,

reinforcement should be adequately
provided for bending moments.
• to full pile length or
• to where bending moment is negligible.
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An example of effect of basement
excavation on foundation piles
• 15m excav
• Marine clay
• Dwall
• GMP
• 4 struts

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• Foundation piles should be designed for
the effect of basement excavation.

Table 1 Pile Ecc and Maximum Forces at Final Stage of Excavation

Pile Position from Max ecc Max N Max BM Max SF

Dwall [m] [mm] [kN] [kNm] [kN] Remarks
L1 4 20 2029 615 -595 in GMP
L2 12 18 1782 488 -346 in GMP
L3 20 7 1753 229 -372 in GMP
R1 4 36 2340 820 1030 in GMP
R2 12 30 3592 -740 357 in GMP
R3 20 24 3255 -645 236 in GMP
Foundation piles move by 36mm, and
experience bending moment of 820 kNm !
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(4) BCA / IES / ACES
Advisory note
(for buildings of 10-storeys or more)

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 Requirements for Site Investigation
• to establish the soil strata and ground variation
Minimum requirement
(a) Number of boreholes - 1 borehole per 300 m2
- 1 borehole at 10 to 30m spacing
- Minimum 3 boreholes
(b) Depth of boreholes - 5 metre into hard stratum with N>100
- 3 times pile diameters beyond pile
founding level.

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 (1) Rockhead varies from RL 102m to RL88m
(2) The quality of bedrock varies greatly.

Min. 5m into
hard stratum

Example of soil profile for Bukit Timah Formatio 53

Example of soil profile for Jurong Formation

Min. 3 pile diameters below

intended pile founding level

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 Requirements for pile load tests

Type of Load Test Pile Test Schedule

(a) Ultimate load test on 1 number or 0.5% of the total piles
preliminary pile (preferably whichever is greater.
instrumented)
(b) Working load test 2 numbers or 1% of working piles
installed or 1 for every 50 metres
length of proposed building,
whichever is greater.
(c) Non-destructive integrity 2 numbers or 2% of working piles
test. (Note: This is for the installed, whichever is greater.
purpose of quality control,
and high-strain type should
be used for bored piles)

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Load measurement for pile load tests
(CP4 Clause 7.5.5.2.1)
• Load should be measured by a calibrated
load gauge & a calibrated pressure gauge

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(5) Piling Annexes

(for buildings of 10-storeys or more)

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Piling Annex B
Certificate of
supervision of pile
load test

e o )
QP (g
QP
de r
u il
B
ervis or
S i t e su p 58
Piling Annex C
Interim certificate of
supervision of piling
works

eo )
P(g
QP Q

ld e r
Bui

p ervis or
S i t e su
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Piling Annex D
Certificate for
monitoring building
settlement

eo )
QP (g
y P
ed b
b yQ
n d
Si g n e
Si g
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(6) Some good practices in
pile design & construction

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a) Reduce over-reliance on pile base resistance
1) Applying a minimum safety factor to skin friction,
for bored piles, where soft toe may occur

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a) Reduce over-reliance on pile base resistance
2) In erractic soil condition, eg limestone area

limestone
35m

3-m thick cavity

limestone

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(b) Preliminary pile at borehole location
Borehole
Ultimate test pile

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(c) Judicious location of strain gauges
• Taking into account : • To aid interpretation
- change of soil layers eg. measurement of skin friction
- thickness at various soil /rock layers
- variability

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(d) Innovative Investigative preliminary pile

CP4 Clause 7.5.4.1

• Preliminary piles may be
formed with voids at base or
soft toes to determine
ultimate shaft resistance

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(e) Investigative preliminary piles installed using similar
construction method as working production piles
CP4 Clause 7.5.4.1
Wet hole method

Dry hole method

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(f) Proper transfer of load to Kentledge frame

Use stiffener for effective transfer

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g) Minimum distance between test pile & Kentledge leg

• Distance between Kentledge leg to surface of test pile

≥ 1.3 m (CP4 Clause 7.5.5.2.1)

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(h) No preloading on piles before test

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(i) Conduct working load test at location where it matters

Working
Pile Size Load Nos No. of Method of
(mm) (kN) Load Test Test
ASM - 135 0 -
1000 5800 147 0 -
1200 8400 99 1 Kentledge
1500 13200 115 2 Kentledge
1800 19000 159 3 Bi-Directional
2000 23500 96 1 Bi-Directional
2200 28500 88 1 Bi-Directional
2500 36800 62 1 Bi-Directional
2800 41600 22 1 Bi-Directional
3000 53000 16 0 -
Examples :
Total : 939
(1) Piles within the tower footprint
10

(2) Piles carrying larger load

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(j) No preselection of pile for working load test

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(k) Keep rock/soil sample at site for verification

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 (l) Impose quality control measure at site

1) Pile bore stability

2) Pile base cleanliness

3) Tests on stabilizing
fluids

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(l) Impose quality control measures at site

4) Sufficient cooling time for

weld to gain strength

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(m) Check & verify obvious change in pile depth

Eg:
(1) Site investigation
(2) Load tests

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 Recap of Some Good Practices
a) Reduce over-reliance on pile base h) No preloading on piles before test
resistance
i) Conduct working load test at
b) Preliminary pile at borehole location
location where it matters
c) Judicious location of strain gauges
j) No preselection of pile for working
d) Innovative preliminary pile
load test
e) Preliminary pile installed using same
k) Check & verify obvious change in
method as working piles
pile depth
f) Proper load transfer to Kentledge
frame l) Keep soil/rock samples at site for
verification
g) Minimum distance between test pile &
Kentledge leg m) Impose quality control at site

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 Summary

1. Requirements of piling plan submission

under recent BC amendment Act and
Regulations

2. Requirements for foundations of buildings

more than 10-storeys

3. Good practices in design, load tests &

construction

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Concluding remark
Standard Certification by QP on plans and calculations
“I .... certify that they have been prepared in accordance with the provisions of
the Building Control Regulations, the Building Control Act and any other
written law pertaining to buildings and construction for the time being in
force.”

• QP who prepare plans and calculations

for piling plans have to comply with the
requirements of BC Act and regulations

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THE END

Thank you !

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