GENERAL DAMAGE MECHANISMS – ALL INDUSTRIES
4.2.1 Graphitization ..................................................................................................................... 4-3
4.2.2 Softening (Spheroidization) .............................................................................................. 4-7
4.2.3 Temper Embrittlement ..................................................................................................... 4-10
4.2.4 Strain Aging ...................................................................................................................... 4-14
4.2.5 885°F (475oC) Embrittlement ........................................................................................... 4-16
4.2.6 Sigma Phase Embrittlement ............................................................................................ 4-19
4.2.7 Brittle Fracture .................................................................................................................. 4-27
4.2.8 Creep and Stress Rupture ............................................................................................... 4-32
4.2.9 Thermal Fatigue ................................................................................................................ 4-39
4.2.10 Short Term Overheating – Stress Rupture .................................................................... 4-46
4.2.11 Steam Blanketing ............................................................................................................. 4-51
4.2.12 Dissimilar Metal Weld (DMW) Cracking ......................................................................... 4-54
4.2.13 Thermal Shock .................................................................................................................. 4-63
4.2.14 Erosion/Erosion – Corrosion .......................................................................................... 4-65
4.2.15 Cavitation .......................................................................................................................... 4-70
4.2.16 Mechanical Fatigue .......................................................................................................... 4-74
4.2.17 Vibration-Induced Fatigue ............................................................................................... 4-81
4.2.18 Refractory Degradation ................................................................................................... 4-84
4.2.19 Reheat Cracking ...............................................................................................................4-87
4.2.20 Gaseous Oxygen-Enhanced Ignition and Combustion ................................................ 4-93
4.3 Uniform or Localized Loss of Thickness
4.3.1 Galvanic Corrosion ........................................................................................................ 4-101
4.3.2 Atmospheric Corrosion ................................................................................................. 4-105
4.3.3 Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) ................................................................................. 4-108
4.3.4 Cooling Water Corrosion ............................................................................................... 4-117
4.3.5 Boiler Water Condensate Corrosion ............................................................................ 4-120
4.3.6 CO2 Corrosion ................................................................................................................. 4-124
4.3.7 Flue-Gas Dew-Point Corrosion ..................................................................................... 4-128
4.3.8 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC) ................................................................. 4-130
4.3.9 Soil Corrosion ................................................................................................................. 4-136
4.3.10 Caustic Corrosion .......................................................................................................... 4-140
4.3.11 Dealloying ....................................................................................................................... 4-143
4.3.12 Graphitic Corrosion ....................................................................................................... 4-147
4.4 High Temperature Corrosion [>400°F (204°C)]
4.4.1 Oxidation ......................................................................................................................... 4-153
4.4.2 Sulfidation ....................................................................................................................... 4-159
4.4.3 Carburization .................................................................................................................. 4-166
4.4.4 Decarburization .............................................................................................................. 4-169
4.4.5 Metal Dusting .................................................................................................................. 4-172
4.4.6 Fuel Ash Corrosion ........................................................................................................ 4-175
4.4.7 Nitriding ........................................................................................................................... 4-180
4.5 Environment – Assisted Cracking
4.5.1 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Cl-SCC) ............................................................. 4-184
4.5.2 Corrosion Fatigue .......................................................................................................... 4-193
4.5.3 Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking (Caustic Embrittlement) .................................... 4-199
4.5.4 Ammonia Stress Corrosion Cracking .......................................................................... 4-206
4.5.5 Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) ................................................................................ 4-210
4.5.6 Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) ....................................................................................... 4-215
4.5.7 Ethanol Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) .................................................................. 4-220
4.5.8 Sulfate Stress Corrosion Cracking ............................................................................... 4-227
5.1.1 Uniform or Localized Loss in Thickness Phenomena
5.1.1.1 Amine Corrosion ............................................................................................................ 5-3
5.1.1.2 Ammonium Bisulfide Corrosion (Alkaline Sour Water) ............................................ 5-9
5.1.1.3 Ammonium Chloride Corrosion ................................................................................. 5-13
5.1.1.4 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Corrosion ............................................................................ 5-16
5.1.1.5 High Temp H2/H2S Corrosion ...................................................................................... 5-19
5.1.1.6 Hydrofluoric (HF) Acid Corrosion .............................................................................. 5-23
5.1.1.7 Naphthenic Acid Corrosion (NAC) ............................................................................. 5-31
5.1.1.8 Phenol (Carbolic Acid) Corrosion .............................................................................. 5-35
5.1.1.9 Phosphoric Acid Corrosion ........................................................................................ 5-37
5.1.1.10 Sour Water Corrosion (Acidic) ............................................................................... 5-39
5.1.1.11 Sulfuric Acid Corrosion .......................................................................................... 5-41
5.1.1.12 Aqueous Organic Acid Corrosion .......................................................................... 5-45
5.1.2 Environment-Assisted Cracking
5.1.2.1 Polythionic Acid Stress Corrosion Cracking (PASCC) ............................................ 5-49
5.1.2.2 Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking ............................................................................. 5-55
5.1.2.3 Wet H2S Damage (Blistering/HIC/SOHIC/SSC) .......................................................... 5-60
5.1.2.4 Hydrogen Stress Cracking - HF .................................................................................. 5-70
5.1.2.5 Carbonate Stress Corrosion Cracking (ACSCC) ...................................................... 5-72
5.1.3 Other Mechanisms
5.1.3.1 High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) ............................................................. 5-83
5.1.3.2 Titanium Hydriding ...................................................................................................... 5-90
