Scribd
Upload
86 views9 pages

Ch42. Molecules and Condensed Ma1er 42.3 - Structure of Solids 42.4 - Energy Bands

The document discusses the structure of solids and energy bands. It covers three types of crystal lattices - simple cubic, face-centered cubic, and body-centered cubic. It also discusses the crystal structures of ionic crystals like LiF and NaCl, covalent crystals like diamond and silicon, and metallic crystals like Li, Na, and Al. Finally, it explains how the energy band structure can be used to determine if a material is an insulator, semiconductor, or conductor based on the size of its band gap.

Uploaded by

tarek moahmoud khalifa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
86 views9 pages

Ch42. Molecules and Condensed Ma1er 42.3 - Structure of Solids 42.4 - Energy Bands

The document discusses the structure of solids and energy bands. It covers three types of crystal lattices - simple cubic, face-centered cubic, and body-centered cubic. It also discusses the crystal structures of ionic crystals like LiF and NaCl, covalent crystals like diamond and silicon, and metallic crystals like Li, Na, and Al. Finally, it explains how the energy band structure can be used to determine if a material is an insulator, semiconductor, or conductor based on the size of its band gap.

Uploaded by

tarek moahmoud khalifa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Ch42.

 Molecules  and  Condensed  Ma1er  


42.3  –Structure  of  Solids  
42.4  –Energy  Bands  

Ph274  –  Modern  Physics  


4/15/2016  
Prof.  Pui  Lam  
Learning  Outcomes  
(1)  Know  the  structures  of  these  3  crystal  laKces:  simple  
cubic,  face-­‐center  cubic,  and  body-­‐center  cubic.  
(2)  Know  the  crystal  structures  (atomic  arrangements)  for  
ironic  crystals  (eg.  LiF,  NaCl),  covalent  crystals  (eq.  
diamond,  silicon)  and  metallic  crystals  (e.g.  Li,  Na,  Al).  
(3)  Know  how  the  knowledge  of  the  highest  occupied  
energy  level,  the  energy  band  and  the  band  gap  of  a  
materials  can  be  used  to  determine  whether  that  
material  is  an  insulator,  semi-­‐conductor,  or  conductor.      
Crystal  laKce  

MathemaWcally,  a  crystal  laKce  is  a  set  of    


points  located  in  a  periodic  arrangement.  
 
In  3-­‐dimensional  space,  there  are  only  14  
possible  crystal  laKce  types.  
 
For  this  class,  I  only  require  you  to  familiar  
with  the  3  common  cubic  laKces:    simple  
cubic,  face-­‐center  cubic,  and  body-­‐center  
cubic.    
3  types  of  Cubic  LaKces  

•  Note:  All  la%ce  points  are  equivalent.  For  example,  either  


the  green  or  the  grey  dot  in  the  fcc  can  be  considered  as  
the  laKce  point  on  the  face  of  the  cube.      
•   (Do  not  equate  a  laKce  point  with  an  atom)  
•   A  crystal  structure  =  assigning  an  atom  or  atoms  to  each  
laKce  point)  
Ionic  Crystal  
•  e.g.  LiF    and  NaCl.  
•  It  looks  like  a  simple  
cubic  laKce  but  actually  
it  is  a  fcc  laKce  with  two  
atoms  per  laKce  point:  
one  at  the  corner  and  
midway  along  the  edge.  
•  This  crystal  structure  
maximize  the  a1racWve  
interacWon  between  the  
posiWve  and  negaWve  
ions.  
Covalent  Crystal  
•  E.g.  diamond,  silicon  
•  This  is  a  fcc  laKce  with  
two  atoms  per  laKce  
point:  one  located  at  
the  corner  and  located  a  
¼  way  along  the  
diagonal.  
•  This  crystal  structure  an  
atom  to  form  4  covalent  
bonds  with  its  neighbors  
in  a  tetrahedral  
arrangement.  
Metallic  crystal  
•  Eq.  Li,  Na,  Al.  
•  These  atoms  like  to  “share”  its  valence  electron  as  many  
neighbor  as  possible  =>  prefer  closely  packed  structures.  
•  Li  and  Na  are  bcc  laKce  with  one  atom  per  laKce  point  
while  Al  is  fcc  laKce  with  one  atom  per  laKce  point.  
Energy  bands  
•  An  isolated  atom  has  discrete  energy  levels  
•  A  collecWon  of  atoms  in  a  crystal  has  bands  of  
energy  (energy  bands)  separated  by  energy  
gaps  
Insulator,  semi-­‐conductor,  conductor  

You might also like