BOC Study Guide 5th edition Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations Oversight Editors Patricia A. Tanabe, MPA, MLS(ASCP)™ Director, Examination Activities E. Blair Holladay, PhD, SCT(ASCP)™ Vice President for Scientific Activities, ASCP Executive Director, Board of Certification ‘and the ASCP Board of Certification Staff ® servic Secery orPublishing Team Erik N Tanck & Tae W Moon (design production) Joshua Weikersheimer (publishing direction) Notice ‘Teade names for equipment and supplies described are included as suggestions only. In no way does their inclusion constitute an endorsement of preference by the Author or the ASCP. The Author and ASCP urge all readers to read and follow all manufacturers’ instructions and package insert warnings concerning the proper and safe use of products, the American Society for Clinical Pathology, having exercised appropriate and reasonable effort to research material current as of publication date, does not assume any liability for any loss or damage caused by errors and omissions in this publication, Readers must assume responsibility for complete and thorough research of any hazardous conditions they encounter, as this publication (snot intended to be all-inclusive, and recommendations and regulations change overtime, ) dcncrican Sociery for Clinical Pathology Press Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Clinical Pathology. All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in Hong Kong 1413121110 ‘Tae Board of Certification Study GuideTable of Contents vi Acknowledgments vii Preface ix The Importance of Certification, CMP, Licensure and Qualification xi Preparing for and Taking the BOC Certification Examination 1 Blood Bank Questions 1 Blood Products 8 Blood Group Systems 17 Physiology and Pathophysiology 24 Serology 42 Transfusion Practice Answers 53 Blood Products 55 Blood Group Systems 59 Physiology and Pathophysiology 62 Serology 69 Transfusion Practice 75 Chemistry Questions 75 Carbohydrates 78 Acid-Base Balance 81 Electrolytes 85 Proteins and Other Nitrogen- Containing Compounds 95 Heme Derivatives 99 Enzymes 104 Lipids and Lipoproteins 107 Endocrinology and Tumor Markers 113 TDM and Toxicology 115 Quality Assessment 117 Laboratory Mathematics 121 Instrumentation Answers 129 Carbohydrates 129 Acid-Base Balance 130 130 132 133 136 137 139 140 141 142 145 145 149 155 166 168 178 187 189 191 194 202 211 21 213 215 216 219 220 221 222 Electrolytes Proteins and Other Nitrogen- Containing Compounds Heme Derivatives Enzymes Lipids and Lipoproteins Endocrinology and Tumor Markers TDM and Toxicology Quality Assessment Laboratory Mathematics Instrumentation Hematology Questions Exythrocytes: Physiology Erythrocytes: Disease States Erythrocytes: Laboratory Determinations Leukocytes: Physiology Leukocytes: Disease States Leukocytes: Laboratory Determinations Platelets: Physiology Platelets: Disease States Platelets: Laboratory Determinations Hemostasis Hematology Laboratory Operations Answers Erythrocytes: Physiology Enythrocytes: Disease States Erythrocytes: Laboratory Determinations Leukocytes: Physiology Leukocytes: Disease States Leukocytes: Laboratory Determinations Platelets: Physiology Platelets: Disease States Platelets: Laboratory Determinations (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations iiTable of Contents (222 Hemostasis 226 Hematology Laboratory Operations 229 Immunology Questions 229 Autoantibody Evaluation 240. Infectious Disease Serology 248. Protein Analysis 258 Cellular Immunity and Histocompatibility Techniques Answers 265 Autoantibody Evaluation 268. Infectious Disease Serology 271. Protein Analysis 275. Cellular immunity and Histocompatibility Techniques 279 Microbiology Questions 279 Preanalytical and Susceptibility Testing 294 Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocct 300 Gram-Negative Bacilli 313. Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci 315. Aerobic or Facultative Gram-Positive Bacilli 317 Anaerobes 321 Fungi 328 Mycobacteria 334. Viruses and Other Microorganisms 337 Parasites Answers 345. Preanalytical and Susceptibility Testing 352. Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci 354 Gram-Negative Bacilli 358 Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci 359. Aerobic or Facultative Gram-Positive Bacilli WW ‘The Board of Certication Stuy Guide 359 Anaerobes 361 Fungi 363° Mycobacteria 365. Viruses and Other Microorganisms 367 Parasites 369 Molecular Biology Questions 369 Molecular Science 370 Molecular Techniques 374. Applications of Molecular Testing Answers 378 Molecular Science 378 Molecular Techniques 379 Applications of Molecular Testing 381 Urinalysis and Body Fluids Questions 381 Urinalysis: Pre-Analytical Examination 383. Urinalysis: Physical Examination 386 Urinalysis: Chemical Examination 390 Urinalysis: Microscopic Examination 399 Urinalysis: Complete Examination 403. Urine Physiology 405 Other Body Fluids Answers 413 Urinalysis: Pre-Analytical Examination 414° Urinalysis: Physical Examination 415 Urinalysis: Chemical Examination 417 Urinalysis: Microscopic Examination 420. Urinalysis: Complete Examination 421. Urine Physiology 423. Other Body FluidsTable of Contents 427 Laboratory Operations 427 433 442 445 453 459 462 465 467 472 473 476 478 479 Questions Quality Assessment Safety Management Laboratory Mathematics Instrumentation and General Laboratory Principles Education and Communication Laboratory Information Systems Answers Quality Assessment Safety Management Laboratory Mathematics Instrumentation and General Laboratory Principles Education and Communication Laboratory Information Systems 481 Reading & References Clinical Laboratory Certification ExaminationsAcknowledgments ‘The editors would like to thank Melissa Meeks and Edith Miller for their painstaking efforts in combining and reviewing this body of work in accordance with the ASCP Press and production staff Special thanks ate also extended to all our volunteers (former examination committee members and recently recruited volunteets) for their commitment in assisting us on this essential resource for laboratory science students and their professers. ‘Thank you to my family - Adam, Peter and Joe, for their supportand understanding during, this project. ~ Patricia A. Tanabe, MPA, MLS(ASCP)"M Good luck with your board examination—my best to each of you as you embark on an exciting career in laboratory medicine, =. Blair Holladay, PhD, SCT(ASCP)™ vi. The Dontd of Certication Study GuidePreface “The Sth edition of the Board of Certification Study Guide for Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinavions contains over 2000 multiple choice questions, Unique to this study guide isthe differentiation of questions appropriate for both the Medical Laboratory Technician and Medical Laboratory Scientist levels from questions that are appropriate for the Medical Laboratory Scientist level anly (clearly marked MLS ONLY). The questions in this edition are arranged in chapters which correspond to the ‘major content areas on the examination. Within each chapter, the questions are further grouped by topic. New to this edition are short answer explanations and references for each practice question. ‘Questions with images will appear as they would on the certification examination. Laboratory results will be presented in both conventional and SI units. “The practice questions are presented ina format and style similar to the questions included on. the Board of Certification certification examinations. Please note: None of these questions will appear on any Board of Certification examination. ‘These practice questions were compiled from previously published materials and submitted questions from recruited reviewers. (Note: These reviewers do not currently serve on any Examination Committee) This book is not a product of the Board of Certification, rather it is a product of the ASCP Press, the independent publishing arm of the American Society for Clinical Pathology. Use of this book does not ensure passing of an examination. The Board of Certification’s evaluation and credentialing, processes are entirely independent of this study guide; however, this book should significantly help you prepare for your BOC examination Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations viiQuestion Editors and Reviewers ‘ur thanks to those who edited? reviewed questions for this book Blood Bank Margaret 6, Pritsra, MA, MT(ASCP) SBE, retired (c-Bator) Formerly, Asacate Professor Univers of fsa a Bieingham Biminghim, AL Joanne Kosanke, MTVASCP)SBB™ Gotdior) Maage immsnchematclogy Reference aborstory american Red Cross Cental Ohio Blood Services Region Colum, OF Paencia J lager, MSEd, MASCR Muscascr Laboratory dation and Training onsuane Minneapolis, Minnesota Deborah Firestone, BdD, MT(ASCP) ‘SB ‘avociate Dean ‘Stony Brook Universiy Stony Brook NY (aol McConnell, MS, MLS(ASCP)™ (ahoratory Cordintor St Prince Memorial Hospital Sun Frandsco,cA Chemistry Polly Catheart, MMSe, MTVASCPISC ‘eired frac, Chemistry Supervie Piedmont Hospital ‘lant, CA Vice. Freeman, PRD, FACB, MUS(ASCR) HSC Deparment Chair and Dartnguished Teaching Pofesve University of Torae Mie Bran alee, TX Ross J. Molinaro, PRD, MTASCP), ABCC), PACE Medial Dietor, Core Laboratory, Eunory University Hospi Midtown ts Assistant Proftsaon Pathology and Lab Medicine, Emory University Schl of Medicine Emory University Ant, GA Christine Papades, PHD. MTVASCP)SC, retired Bowmen, Professor Pathlegy and Laboratory Msicne. Medical Ualversiryof South Caratina (Chaleston, SC Diane Wilzoa, PRD, MI{ASCP) Program Dieter Media Technology Morgan Sue Universiy Balnmore, MD Hematology Donna D. Cascellone, MS, MTUASCP)SH (atop Clinical Project Manager Hersatcogy Hemostane Siemens Healthcare Disgrostics Taytown NY ‘Sandra Difaleo, MS, MTKASCP) [aueaticn Coordinator “Tae Coord Cente for Mesa Laboratory Science DenverCO Kathy W. Jonen MS, MLS(AscPI™ Fact = Cline Laboratory Seence Program auburn University Montgomary Montgomery, AL Linda L Myers, MEd, MT(ASCP)SH [stant Dretor Chil Laboratory Se Joveph Medal Concer Hesston 1 John K, Searano, PRD, MT(ASCP) ‘Resa raeonor, Peleg Slater) Medicine University of Rew Mexico Schaal Medicine Abaguerque, NM Ruth Scheib, MT(ASCR)SIH Mavis Technolst, Cleelsnd Cie Cleveland. OF Immunology ‘Barbara Anne Mair, MPA, MTCASCPYSE, retired (Bdizo) Former Technical Specials, Innmanclogy, Serbs & Few Cytometry Gusinger Mel Center Dhol, PA Lunda Eller, PRD, stASCR) MB Professor of Cll Laburstory Science SUNY Upstare Medial Universisy Syracuse, NY Kate Rittenhouse-Olgon, PRD, SKASCP) restr Director Biotechnology Progam Lnweraty at Bal, The State University of New Yorke Bulle, NY Laboratory Operations len Borel, MBA, MTYASCPISH Dictore hal Pthlogy sbortory Operates Unwerty of Vga Meal Center Charoaeralle Wa Cynthia. Johpe MSA, Miscasceyensi™ shi Tchneal Speclt toratany corporation of America Lend Rone J Molinaro, PRD, MTCASCP), DAABCE), PACS Mates! Decor Core Lburtor, Ermory Unters Hori Mideonn [Anutane Pofesnor, Patbloy ad ab arin, Emory University Shon of Meduine Emory Univeriy ‘lan, CA atria A Myers, MTIASCPISMSLS Lis Tecmoogst Meebiobogy (Greer Cenc Howl incite. a Lyn Schnabe, MBA, CHE, MT(ASCP) ‘Gaitor Safer) senor Bret ab Services, Northshore University HealhSstem ‘taneon Horpal ili The Donrd of Certification Study Guide ‘Evanston Peggy Sisnpson, MS, MTIASCP) ‘Ainsrative Drectorof Laborers Dale Regional Medal Center Danae VA Microbiology ‘Yuet McCarter, PhD, D(ABMM) (Editor Director Clinical Mirebiolgy Laboratory UUniverity of Finda Meath Seience Center Jackson Ssksonvile, FL ‘Jona F Penn, MS, MTCASCP) TRotewor and Associate Divison Head, ‘Medical Laborer Scene, Departmets “a athslony Univesity of Utah Sehuol of Meine Sa bske Cig, UT Dawn's. Lumpkin, BA, MTIASCP)SM,SV Manayer of Mcrbicogy Services HCA Midwest Dion, eur Made Conner Kane ing MO) aren Myers, MA, MTUASCP)SC “Tas Clee Center for Medic LGboratory Science Denver CO Patty Newcomb-Gayman, MT(ASCP)SM Poin of Care Testing Conedinator ‘Swed Merial Center Sena, WA Molecular Pathology Stephen: Koury, PHD, MT(ASCP) ato Rewer Asistne Professor Deparment of Sotechaial andl Laratry Scenes, University Bara. NY Urinalysis and Body Fluids Kristina Jackaon Behan, PRD, MTascr) soca Pofever ad Pray Director Universtyot West Fed Cini ateratorySelences Program Pensacola, PL Susan Stranger, DA, MTIASCP), retired Pore. Visiting Assia University of Wet Pond Pensacola FL ProfesorCertification, Certification Maineainance Program (CMP), Licensure and Qualification ‘The Importance of Certification, CMP, Licensure and Qualification ‘The practice of modern medicine would be impossible without the tests performed in the laboratory, A highly skilled medical team of pathologists, specialists, laboratory scientists, technologists, and technicians works together to determine the presence or absence of disease and provides valuable data needed to determine the course of treatment ‘Today's laboratory uses many complex, precision instruments and a variety of automated and electronic equipment. However, the success of the laboratory begins with the laboratorians’ dedication to their profession and willingness to help others. Laboratorians must produce accurate and reliable test results, have an interest in science, and be able to recognize their responsibility for affecting human lives, Role of the ASCP Board of Certification Founded in 1828 by the American Society of Clinical Pathologists (ASCP—now, the American Society for Clinical Pathology), the Board of Certification is considered the preeminent certification agency in the US and abroad within the field of laboratory medicine. Composed of representatives of professional organizations and the public, the Board's mission isto. “Provide excellence n certification of laboratory professionals an beholf of patients worldwide,” The Board of Certification consists of more than 100 volunteer technologists, technicians, laboratory scientists, physicians, and professional researchers. These volunteers contribute their time and ‘expertise to the Board of Governors and the Examination Committees, They allow the BOC to achieve the goal of excellence in credentialing medical laboratory personnel in the US and abroad. ‘The Board of Governors is the policy-making governing hody for the Board of Certification and is composed of 25 members. These 25 members include technologists, technicians, and Pathologists nominated by the ASCP and representatives from the general public as well as from the following societies: the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the ABB, American College of Microbiology, American Society for Clinical Lahoratory Science, the American Society ‘of Cytopathology, the American Society of Hematology, the American Association of Pathologists’ Assistants, Association of Genetic Technology, the National Society for Histotechnology, and the Clinical Laboratory Management Association (CLMA). ‘The Examination Committees are responsible for the planning, development, and review of the examination databases; determining the accuracy and relevancy of the test items, confirming the standards for each examination and performing job or practice analyses, Certification betpi//wwweasep orp/certification Certification is the process by which a nongovernmental agency or association grants recognition ‘of competency to an individual who has met certain predetermined qualifications as specified by that agency or association, Certification affirms that an individual has demonstrated that he or she possesses the knowledge and skills to perform essential tasks in the medical laboratory, The ASCP. Board of Certification certifies those individuals who meet academic and clinical prerequisites and who achieve acceptable performance levels on examinations, In 2004, the ASCP Board of Certification implemented the Certification Maintenance Program (CMP), which mandates participation every 3 years for newly certified individuals in the US. The goal of this program is to demonstrate to the public that laboratory professionals are performing the appropriate and relevant activities to keep current in their practice. Please follow the steps outlined on the website to apply for CMP and retain your certification, (hrtp://www.ascp.org/CMP) Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 1XCertification, Certification Maintainance Program (CMP), Licensure and Qualification United States Certification ttp//wwwaascp.org/certification ‘To apply fora Certification Examination follow these step-by-step instructions: 1 Identify the examination you are applying for and determine your eligibility. 2 Gather your required education and experience documentation 3 Apply for the examination. We ofer 2 options: Apply online and pay by credit card bb. Or download an application, pay by credit card, check or money order and mailto ASCP Board of Certification 51355 Eagle Way Chicago. tl 60678-1039, 4 Schedule your examination ata Pearson Professional Center. Visit the Pearson ste (htpi//ww pearsonvue ‘com/ascp) to identify alocation and time that is convenient for you to take your ASCP examination. International Certification heep:/www ascp org/certification/International ASCP offers its gold standard credentials in the form of international certification (ASCP?) to eligible individuals. The ASCP credential certifies professional competency among new and practicing laboratory personnel in an effort to contribute globally to the highest standards of patient safety. Graduates of medical laboratory science programs outside the United States are challenged with content that mirrors the standards of excellence established by the US ASCP exams. The ASCP’ Credential carries the weight of 60 years of expertise in clinical laboratory professional certification Please visit the website to view the following 1. Website information translated into a specific language 2 Currentlistingof international certifications 3. Bligibility guidelines 4 Step-by-step instructions to apply for international certification, State Licensure hetp://www.ascporg/licensure State Licensure is the process by which a state grants a license to an individual to practice theie profession in the specified state, The individual must meet the state's licensing requirements, which may include examination and/or experience. It is important to identify the state and examination to determine your eligibility and view the steps for licensure and/or certification. For alist of states that require licensure, please go to the website. (http://www.ascporg/statelicensureagencies) ‘The ASCP Board of Certification (BOC) examinations have been approved for licensure purposes by the states of California and New York. The BOC examinations also meet the requirements for all other states that require licensure, Qualification hetp//www.ascp.org/qualification ‘A qualification from the Board of Certification recognizes the competence of individuals in specific technical areas. Qualifications are available in laboratory informatics, immunchistochemistry and flow cytometry. To receive this credential, candidates must meet the eligibility requirements ‘nd successfully complete an exarnination (QCYM, QIHC) or a work sample project (QL). Candidates ‘who complete the Qualification process will receive a Certificate of Qualification, which is valid for S years. The Qualification may be revalidated every 5 years upon receipt of completed application and fee. (Documentation of acceptable continuing education may be requested ) X The Board of Certification Study GuideAbout the Examination Preparing for and Taking the BOC Certificatian Examinatian Begin early to prepare for the Certification Examination. Because of the broad range of knowledge and skills tested by the examination, even applicants with college education and those completing formal laboratory education training programs will find that review is necessary, although the exact amount will vary from applicant to applicant. Generally, last-minute cramming is the least effective method for preparing for the examination. The earlier you begin, the more time you will have to prepare, and the more you prepare, the better your chance of successfully passing the examination and scoring well Study for the Test Pian a course of study that allows more time for your weaker areas. Although it is important to study your areas of weakness, be sure to allow enough time to review all areas It is better to spend a short time studying every day than to spend several hours every week or 2. Setting aside a regular time and «a special place to study will help ensure studying becomes a part of your daily routine. Study Resources hep://www.ascp org/studymaterials Competency Statements and Content Guidelines htp//www.ascp org/contentguidelines ‘The Board of Certification has developed competency statements and content guidelines to delineate the content and tasks included in its tests. Current Content Guidelines for the Medical Laboratory Scientist (MLS) and Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT) examinations as well as other certification examinations offered by the ASCP BOC are available. Study Guide ‘The questions in this study guide are ina format and style similar to the questions on the Board of Certification examinations. The questions are in a multiple choice format with 1 best answer. Work through each chapter and answer all the questions as presented, Next, review your answers against the answer key. Review the answer explanation for those questions, that you answered incorrectly. Lastly, each question is referenced if you require further explanation, Textbooks ‘The references cited in this study guide (see pp 481-484) identify many useful textbooks. The most current reading lists for most of the examinations are available on the ASCP's website (http://www. ascp.org/teadinglists). Textbooks tend to cover a broad range of knowledge in a given field. An added benefit is that textbooks frequently have questions at the end of the chapters that you can use to test yourself should you need further clarification on specific subject matter. Online practice tests hetp://mww.ascp-practice com ‘The online practice test is a subscription product. It includes 90-day online access to the practice tests, comprehensive diagnostic scores, and discussion boards. If you are an institutional purchaser that would like to pay by check or purchase order (minimum of 20 tests to use a check or purchase order), please download the order form from the website. Content-specific online practice tests can be purchased online. Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations xiAbout the Examination Taking the Certification Examination ‘Tae ASCP Board of Certification (BOC) uses computer adaptive testing (CAT), which is criterion zeferenced, With CAT, provided you answer the question correctly, the next examination question has a slightly higher level of difficulty. The difficulty level of the questions presented to the examinee continues to increase until a question is answered incoreectly, At chis point. a slightly easier question is presented, The importance of testing in an adaptive format is that each test is individually tailored to your ability level Each question in the examination pool is calibrated for difficulty and categorized into a subtest area, which corresponds to the content guideline for a particular examination. The weight (Value) given to each question is determined by the level of difficulty. All examinations (with the exception of Phlebotomy (PBT) and donor phlebotomy (DPT)) are scheduled for 2 hours and 30 minutes and have 100 questions. The PBT and DPT examinations are scheduled for 2 hours and have 80 questions. Your preliminary test results (pass/fail) will appear on the computer screen immediately upon campletion of your examination. Detailed examination scores will be mailed within 10 business days, after your examination, provided that the BOC has received all required application documents. Exarnination results cannot be released by telephone under any circumstances. Your official detailed examination score report will indicate a “pass” or “fail” status and the specific scaled score on the total examination. A scaled score is statistically derived (im part) from the raw score (number of correctly answered questions) and the difficulty level of the questions, Because each examinee has taken an individualized examination, scaled scores are used so that all examinations may be compared on the same scale. The minimum passing score is 400. The highest attainable score 1s 999, If you were unsuccessful in passing the examination, your scaled scores on each of the subtests will be indicated on the report as well. These subtest scoces cannot be calculated to obtain your total score ‘These scores are provided as a means of demonstrating your areas of stcengths and weaknesses in ‘comparison to the minimum pass score. xii The Bord of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions Blood Bank ‘The fellowing items have been identified generally as appropriate for both entry level medical laboratory scientists and medical laboratory technicians. Items that are appropriate for medical laboratory scientists only ‘are marked with an “MLS ONLY” 1 Questione 52 Answers with Explanations 1 Blood Products 53° Blood Products B Blood Group Systems 55 Blood Group Systems 17 _Physiclogy and Pathophysiology 59° Physiology and Pathophysielony 24 Serology 62 Serology 42 Transfusion Practice 69. Transfusion Practice Blood Products 1 The minimum hemoglobin concentration in a fingerstick from a male blood donor is: 12.0 p/at- (120 g/t) 325 g/4l (125 g/L) 135 g/Al (135 g/L) 15.0 g/€b (150 g/L) anes 2 Acause for permanent deferral of blood donation is: 8 diabetes b residence in an endemic malaria region «¢ history of jaundice of uncertain cause history of therapeutic rabies vaccine Which ofthe following prospective donors would be accepted for donation? ‘a 32-year-old woman who received a transfusion ina complicated delivery § months previously b 19-year-old sailor who has been stateside for 9 months and stopped taking his anti-malarial medication 9 months previously € 22-year-old college student who has a temperature of 99.2°F (37.3°C) and states that he feels well, but is nervous about donating 45-year-old woman who has just recovered from a bladder infection and is stil taking antibiotics 4 Which one of the following constitutes permanent rejection status of a donor? ‘& a tattoo S$ months previously b recent close contact with a patient with viral hepatitis € units of blood transfused 4 months previously Confirmed positive test for HBsAg 10 years previously §,__ According to AABB standards, which ofthe following donors may be accepted as blood donor? ‘rg. traveled to an area endemic for malaria $ months previously spontaneous abortion at 2 months of pregnancy, 3 months previously resides with a known hepatitis patient received a blood transfusion 22 weeks previously ane Clinicel Laboratory Certification Examinations 11: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions 6 Below are the results of the history obtained from a prospective female blood donor: 390 16 temperature: 99.0°F (272°C) Het: 28% isto tetanus toxold immunization 1 week previousy How many of the above results excludes this donor from giving blood for a routine transfusion? bi «2 a3 7. For apheresis donors who donate platelets more frequently than every 4 weeks, a platelet count {Mii must be performed prior to the procedure and be atleast: a 150. 102/250 « 10%/L) 1 200 10°/uL (200 x 10%/L) 250» 10°/L (250 x 10%/1) 4300 x 102/uL (300 x 10°/L) 8 Prior to blood donation, the intended venipuncture site must be cleaned with a scrub solution containing: a bypochlorite b isopropyl alcohol © 10% acetone PVP iodine complex 9 All donor blood testing must include’ ‘2 complete Rh phenotyping anti-CMV testing € direct antiglobulin test serological test for syphilis 10 During the preparation of Platelet Concentrates from Whole Blood, the blood should be: cooled towards 6°C b cooled towards 20"-24°C © warmed to 37°C 4 heated toS7*C 11 The most common cause of posttransfusion hepatitis can be detected in donors by testing for erg anti-HCV b HBsAg © anti-HAV IgM 4 anti-HBe 12 The Wester blot is a confirmatory test for the presence of 2 CMV antibody b anti-HIV-1 ¢ HBsAg 4. serum protein abnormalities 13 The test that is currently used to detect donors who are infected with the AIDS virus is: 4 anti-HBe b anti-HIV1.2 ¢ HBsAg 4 alt 2 The Board of Certification Stady Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions 4 4s 16 rea 18 19 20 21 ‘A commonly used screening method for anti-HIV-1 detection is 2 latex agglutination radioimmunoassay (RIA) € thin-layer-chromatography (TLC) 4 enzyme-labeled immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Rejuvenation of a unit of Red Blood Cells is a method used to: ‘4 remove antibody attached to RBCs D inactivate viruses and bacteria € restore 2,3-DPG and ATP to normal levels filter blood clots and other debris, ‘Auunit of packed cells is split into 2 aliquots under closed sterile conditions at 8 AM, The expitation time for each aliquot is now: 2 4 PMon the same day b & pMonthe sameday © Bam the next morning 4 the original date of the unsplit unit Aunit of Red Blood Cells expiring in 35 days is split into 5 small aliquots using a sterile pediatric 4uad set and a sterile connecting device. Each aliquot must be labeled as expiring in 8 Ghours } i2hours <5 days 4 35 days When platelets are stored on a rotator set on an open bench top, the ambient air temperature must be recorded: 8 once aday & twicea day € every 4 hours @ every hour Which of the following is the correct storage temperature for the component listed? 4 Cryoprecipitated AHF, 4°C b Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP). -20°C € Red Blood Cells, Frozen, -40°C 4 Platelets, 37°C ‘A nit of Red Blood Cells is issued at 9:00 aM. At 9:10 aM the unit is returned to the Blood Bank. ‘The container has mot been entered, but the unit has met been refrigerated during this time span The best course of action fr the technologist isto: 4 calture the unit for bacterial contamination discard the unit ifnot used within 24 hours € store the unit at room temperature 4 record the return and place the unit back into inventory ‘The optimum storage temperature for Red Blood Cells, Frozen is: a -80°C b -20°C © -12C a 4c (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 31: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions 22 The optimum storage temperature for Red Blood Cells a -arc b -20¢ © -12C aac 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 If the seal is entered on a unit of Red Blood Cells stored at 1°C to 6°C, what is the maximum, allowable storage period, in hours? as bm © 48 an ‘The optimum storage temperature for cryoprecipitated AHE is: a -20°C b -12°¢ e 4c a 27 Ceyoprecipitated AHE must be transfused within what period of time following thawing and pooling? a hours b Shouts © 12hours 4 24 hous Platelets prepared in a polyolefin type container, stored at 22°-24°C in 50 ml. of plasma, and gently agitated can be used for up to’ a 24 hours 4Bhours © 3days 4S days ‘The optimam storage temperature for platelets is 2-200 b -12¢ <4 a 2¢ According to ABB standards, Fresh Frozen Plasma must be infused within what period of time following thawing? 2 24 hours b 36 hours € 48 hours 4 7hours Cryoprecipitated AHF, if maintained in the frozen state at -18°C or below, has a shelf life of: a 42 days b 6 months ¢ 12 months 4.36 months 4 The Board of certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Once thawed, Fresh Frozen Plasma must be transfused within: a dhours b Shours © I2hours 24 hours ‘An important determinant of platelet viability following storage is: ‘a plasma potassium concentration b plasma pH € prothrombin time activated pattial thromboplastin time In the liquid state, plasma must be stored at: a rec b 22°C © 37°C 4 56°C During storage, the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) decreases in a unit of 2 Platelets b Fresh Frozen Plasma © Red Blood Cells 4 Cryoprecipitated AHF Cryoprecipitated AHF: 48 is indicated for fibrinogen deficiencies b should be stored at 4°C prior to administration € will not transmit hepatitis B virus d is indicated for the treatment of hemophilia B Which apheresis platelets product should be irradiated? ‘8 sutologous unit collected prior to surgery Bb random stock unit going to a patient with DIC € a directed donation given by a mother for her son 4 a directed donation given by an unrelated family friend Invadiation of a unit of Red Blood Cells is done to prevent the replication of donor: a granulocytes b lymphocytes © redcells 4 platelets Plastic bag overwraps are recommended when thawing units of FFP in 37°C water baths because they prevent: 1a the FFP bag from cracking when it contacts the warm water water from slowly dialyzing across the bag membrane © the entry ports from becoming contaminated with water d the label from peeling off as the water circulates in the bath ‘Which of the following blood components must be prepared within 8 hours after phlebotomy? Red Blood Cells Fresh Frozen Plasma Red Blood Cells, Frozen Cryoprecipitated AHF ane Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations: 51: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions 39 Cryoprecipitated AHF contains how many units of Factor VIII? Br ao b Bo « 130 4 250 40. Which of the following blood components contains the most Factor VIII concentration relative Mi, to-volume? 42 Single-Donor Plasma b Cryoprecipitated AHF «Fresh Frozen Plasma 4 Platelets 41. ‘The most effective component to treat a patient with fibrinogen deficiency is Og Fresh Frozen Plasma b Platelets «Fresh Whole Blood 4 Cryoprecipitated AHF 42 Ablood component prepared by thawing Fresh Frozen Plasma at refrigerator temperature and removing the fluid portion is: a Plasma Protein Fraction b Cryoprecipitated AHF € Factor IX Complex 4 FP24 43. Upon inspection, a unit of platelets is noted to have visible clots, but otherwise appears normal. ‘The technologist should a issue without concern bb filter to remove the clots € centrifuge to express off the clots quarantine for Gram stain and culture 44 According to ABB Standards, at least 90% of all Apheresis Platelets units tested shall contain a 'Giy minimum of how many platelets? a 55x10" b 65x10 © 30x10" 4 50x10! 445. According to AABB Standards, Platelets prepare from Whole Blood shall have at least Gwly g 5.5 x 10! platelets per unit in at least 90% of the units tested b 65x 11" platelets per unit in 90% of the units tested € 7.5 x 10! platelets per unit in 100% of the units tested d_B5 x 10! platelets per unit in 95% of the units tested 46 Which of the following is proper procedure for preparation of Platelets from Whole Blood? 4 light spin followed by a hard spin bb light spin followed by 2 hard spins € 2light spins 4. hard spin followed by alight spin 6 The Board of Cartification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions 47 According to AABB standards, what is the minimum pH required for Platelets at the end of the ‘5, storage period? 260 b 62 < 68 470 48 According to ABB standards, Platelets must be: ‘a gently agitated if stored at room temperature b separated within 12 hours of Whole Blood collection ¢ suspended in sufficient plasma to maintain a pH of 5.0 or lower prepared only from Whole Blood units that have been stored at 4°C for 6 hours 49° Aunit of Whole Blood-derived (random donor) Platelets should contain at least 441.010" platelets b 55x10" platelets € 55x10" platelets 4 90% ofthe platelets from the original unit of Whole Blood 50 Platelets prepared by apheresis should contain at least a 110! platelets Db 3x10! platelets € 3x10” platelets 4 5x10” platelets 51. Leukocyte Reduced Red Blood Cells are ordered for a newly diagnosed bone marrow candidate MMS, What isthe bese way ta prepare this product? ‘8 crossmatch only CMV-seronegative units D iradiate the unit with 1,500 rads € wash the unit with saline prior to infusion 4 transfuse through a Log! leukacyte-removing filter 52. Of the following blood components, which one should be used to prevent HLA alloimmunization Uy of the recipient? ‘a Red Blood Cells b Granulocytes © Irradiated Red Blood Cells Leukocyte Reduced Red Blood Cells ‘53 A father donating Platelets for his son is connected to a continuous flow machine, which uses the principle of centrifugation to separate Platelets from Whole Blood. As the Platelets ate harvested, all other remaining elements are returned to the donor, This method of Platelet collection is known as 2 apheresis B autologous € homologous 4 fractionation 54 To qualify as a donor for autologous transfusion a patient's hemoglobin should be at least: 8 g/dl (Bo g/t) 11 g/dL (10 g/L) 13 g/dL (130 g/L) 15 g/dL (150 g/L) ance (Clinical Laboratory Certification Exerinations 71: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 58 What is/are the minimum pretransfusion testing requirement(s) for autologous donations collected and transfused by the same facility? ABO and Rh typing only b ABO/Rh type, antibody screen © ABO/Rh type, antibody screen, crossmatch 4. no pretransfusion testing is required for autologous donations | 56 Ina quality assurance program, Cryoprecipitated AH must contain a minimum of how many ‘Shiy_ international units of Factor VIII? a 60 b 70 © 80 430 Mily_units (U) of Factor VII per mL. of Cryoprecipitated AHE Ifthe volurne is 9 ent, what is the Factor 52 Anassay of plasma from a bag of Cryoprecipitated AHF yields a concentration of 9 international Vill content of the bag in 1U? a9 b18 627 aa Blood Group Systems 58 Refer to the following table: Antigens 12 3 4 5 Testrosuts | z + 00 +e + | noo oF Oe o Qmo +s so 0 | Pwo ++ oe « Ve +e 00 + Given the most probable genotypes of the parents, which of the following statements best describes the most probable Rh genotypes of the 4 children? a Dare Ryr, 2are RR | b Bate Ryr, Lis rr € Lis Ryr, Lis Ryr, 2are RiRy @ Lis Ror’ Lis RyRy, 2are Ryr 59. ‘The linked HLA genes on each chromosome constitute a(n): a allele b trait phenotype | 4 haplotype | tte tt1: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 60 An individual's red blood cells give the following reactions with Rh antisera: enti-D anti anti anti-c antie Rh contro! 4 0 Bo ‘Tae individual's most probable genotype is: 8 DCe/DcE b Dek/dee « Deeféce 4 Dee/dce 61 _Ablood donor has the genotype: bh, AB. What is his red blood cell phenotype? A aoe B ° @ AB 62 An individual has been sensitized to the k antigen and has produced antirk, What is her most probable Kell system genotype? a kK b kk < ik 4 Koko 63 Given the following typing results, what is this donor's racial ethnicity? Le(a-b- Fya-b-r Jsiasb) 18 African American Asian American Native American 4 Caucasian, 64 Amother has the red cell phenotype D+C+E=c-e+ with anti-e (titer of 32 at AHG) in her serum. ‘The father has the phenotype D+C+E-c+e+. The baby is Rh-negative and not affected with hemolytic disease of the newborn. What is the baby's most probable Rh genotype? ary bir «RR a Ry 65 _Inanemergency situation, Rh-negative red cells are transfused into an Rh-positive person of the ‘genotype CDe/CDe. The first antibody most likely to develop is & antivc b antid © anti-e ant-E 66 Most blood group systems are inherited as; sex-linked dominant sex-linked recessive autosomal recessive autosomal codominant 67. ‘The mating of an Xg(a+) man and an Xg(a-) woman will only produce: Xgla-) sons and Xg(a-) daughters Xg(o+) sons and Xg(ar) daughters Xe(@-) sons and Xg(a+) daughters Xgla+) sons and Xg(a-) daughters (Clinical Laboratory Certification Exeminations 91: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 68 Refer to the following data ante anti-D antE antic ante Given the reactions above, which is the most probable genotype? a RR, b Ri © Ror” @ RR 69 A patient's red cells type as follows: anti-D ‘anti-¢ anti-e 4 ° ° Which of the following genotype would be consistent with these results? a RoRy b Ry © Rik apy 70 The red cells of a nonsecretor(se/se) will most likely type as: a Lela-b-) b Lelarbs) « Le(arb-) d Lela-bs) 71 Which of the following phenotypes will ceact with anti-t? an b RR, © RR, a RR 72 A patient's red blood cells gave the following reactions: anteD ant anthE —anthe—anti-e—antiet + + + + . ° ‘The most probable genotype of this patient is: a RR, b Ry © Rr a RR 73 _Anti-N is identified in a patient's serum. If random crossmatches are performed on 10 donor MME, units, how many would be expected to be compatible? ao b3 <7 410 74 Awoman types as Rh-positive. She has an anti titer of 32 at ANG. Her baby has a negative DAT and is not affected by hemolytic disease of the newborn, What is the facher’s most likely Rh phenotype? br © Ry 4 Rr 410 the Board of Certification Study Guide i1: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 5 76 7 78 80 ‘Which of the following red cell typings are most commonly found in the Alvican American éonor population? = Lula) b JkG-b-) © Fy(a-b>) ak Four units of blood are needed for elective surgery. The patient's serum contains anti-C, anti-e, anti-Fy* and anti-JK®. Which of the following would be the best source of donor blood? fest all units in current stock B test 100 group O, Rh-negative donors € test 100 group-compatible donors 4 rare donor file ‘A donor is tested with Rh antisera with the following results: ent-D —ant-C—antE © anthe ante Rh control + + ° + + ° ‘What is his most probable Rh genotype? a RR b Rr Ror 4 Ry ‘family has been typed for HLA because 1 of the children needs a stem cell donor. Typing results are listed below: father 1:88.35 mother: A228:812.18 chia #1. ai 280.12 child 2: At 28188.18 hid #&—A3.25:818.7 ‘What is the expected B antigen in child #37 aAl bad © BIZ 4 B35 Which of the following isthe best source of HLA-compatible platelets? mother b father siblings cousins A patient is group O, Rh-negative with anti-D and anti-K in her serum. What percentage of the general Caucasian donor population would be compatible with this patient? 205 b 20 © 3.0 460 nical Laboratory Certification Beaminations 111: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 81 The observed phenotypes in a particular population are: ty Phenotype Number of persons Jas) 1 “kasbs) 194 sab) a What isthe gene frequency of Jk in this population? 2031 Bb 0.45, © 055 4 060 82 _ Ina random population, 16% of the people are Rh-negative (7). What percentage of the Uy Rh-positive population is heterozygous for 7? 2 36% b 43% © 57% 4 66%, 83 In relationship testing, a “direct exclusio is established when a genetic marker is ‘4 absent in the child, but present in the mother and alleged father 'b absent in the child, present in the mother and absent in the alleged father present in the child, absent in the mother and present in the alleged father present in the child, but absent in the mother and alleged father 84 Relationship testing produces the following red cell phenotyping results: ABO Rn ‘atoged fathers, 8 DeC-crEre- ‘mother ° DsGeE-c-0s hi ° DsCrE-cror What conclusions may be made? 4 there is no exclusion of paternity b paternity may be excluded on the basis of ABO typing, € paternity may be excluded on the basis of Rh typing paternity may be excluded on the basis of both ABO and Rh typing, 85 _ In atelationship testing case, the child has a genetic marker that is absent in the mother and ‘cannot be demonstrated in the alleged father. What type of paternity exclusion is this known as? 2 indicect b direct € prior probability Hardy-Weinberg, 86 A patient is typed with the following results: Pationt’s cols with Patient's serum with ant-a 0 Acradcalls 26 anti-B oo Bredcols 4+ entha® 2+ Ab screen 0 ‘The most probable reason for these findings is that the patient is group: ‘4 0; confusion due to faulty group O antiserum b O; with ananti-Ay € Aywithan antivAy Ay; with an anti-A 12 The Board of Certifcation Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 87 Human blood groups were discovered avound 1900 by 8 Jules Bordet b Louis Pasteur ¢ Karl Landsteiner 4 PLMollison 88 Cells ofthe Ay subgroup will: react with Dolichos biflorus b bE with anti-a © givea mixed: field reaction with anti-A,B 4 BE- with anti-H 89. The enzyme responsible for conferring H activity on the red cell membrane is alpha. 4 galactosyl transferase 1b N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase € L-fucosyl transferase 4 N-acetyiglucosaminyl transferase $0 Even in the absence of prior transfusion or pregnancy, individuals with the Romhay phenotype (O,) will always have naturally occurring: © antiU @ anti 91 The antibody in the Lutheran system that is best detected at lower temperatures is; 4 anticLu? b anti-Lu © anti-Lu3 @ anticLui® 92 Which of the following antibodies is neutraizahle by pooled human plasma? SY a antickn® D antich © antiYie! 4 antics 93 Anti-Sd¥is strongly suspected if 4 the patient has been previously transfused b theagglutinates are mixed-field and refractile © the patient is group A or B only a small number of panel cells are reactive 96 HLA antibodies are: & naturally occurring b induced by multiple transfusions © directed against granulocyte antigens only 4 frequently cause hemolytic transfusion reactions 95 Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC): code for HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C antigens only b are linked to genes in the ABO system € arethe primary genetic sex-determinants 4 contribute to the coordination of cellular and humoral immunity (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations: 131: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 96 Isoimmunization to platelet antigen HPA-1a and the placental transfer of maternal antibodies Gkly would be expected to cause newborn: erythroblastosis B leukocytosis © leukopenia 4 thrombocytopenia 97 Saliva from which of the following individuals would neutralize an auto anti-H in the serum of a group A, Le(a-b+) patient? a group A, Le(a-b-) b group A, Le(arb-) © group ©, Le(aeb-) group O, Lefa-b+) 98 Inhibition testing can be used to confirm antibody specificity for which of the following antibodies? a antiLut b anteM € anticLe? @ antiFy? 99 Which of the following Rh antigens has the highest frequency in Caucasians? aooe namo 100 Anti-D and anti-C are identified in the serum ofa transfused pregnant woman, gravida 2, para {i 1, Nine months previously she received Rh immune globulin (RhIG) after delivery. Tests ofthe patient, her husband, and the child revealed the following: anti-o antic antice ante anti-e patient 0 ° ° + + father + ° ° + + chs + 0 0 + + ‘The most likely explanation for the presence of anti-C is that this antibody is 2 actually anti-C™ 'b fromthe RhIG dose © actually anti-G naturally occurring 101 The phenomenon of an Rh-positive person whose serum contains anti-D is best explained by a gene deletion b missing antigen epitopes ‘ trans position effect gene inhibition 102. When the red cells of an individual fail to react with anti-U, they usually fail to ceact with: a anti-M 14 the Board of Certifcation Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 108 Which of the following red cell antigens are found on glycophorin-A? a M,N B Le, Leb «Ss PP, Pe 104 Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) is associated with antibody specificity toward which of the following? ‘a. Kell system antigens b Duffy system antigens € Pantigen 4 Lantigen 1105. Which of the following is a characteristic of anti? ‘2 associated with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia 'b found in the serum of patients with infectious mononucleosis € detected at lower temperatures in the serum of normal individuals found only in the serum of group O individuals 106 In a case of cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the patient's serum would most likely react 4+ at immediate spin with: group A cells, B cells and O cells, but not his own cells b cord cells but not his own or other adult cells € all cells of a group O cell panel and his own cells d only penicilin-treated panel cells, not his own cells 107 Cold agglutinin syndrome is associated with an antibody specificity toward which of the following? a Fy3 bP el @ Rha 108. Which of the following is a characteristic of anti? ‘4 often associated with hemolytic disease of the newborn b reacts best at room temperature or &°C € reacts best at 37°C 4 is usually ig 109 The Kell (K1) antigen is: ‘absent from the red cells of neonates b strongly immunogenic © destroyed by enzymes has a frequency of 50%: in the random population, 120 In chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), granulocyte function is impaired. An association exists {Sir between this clinical condition and a depression of which of the following antigens? a Rh be © Kell Duffy Clinicol Laboratory Certification Examinations 151: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions i 12 113, 4 1s us u7 ‘The antibodies of the Kidd blood group system: ‘a react best by the indirect antiglobulin test & arepredominantly [gM often cause allergic transfusion reactions 4 do not generally react with antigen-positive, enzyme-treated R&Cs Proteolytic enayme treatment of red cells usually destroys which antigen? a ake bE < Fy ak Anti-By* is: usually a cold-reactive agglutinin more reactive when tested with enayme-treated red blood cells capable of causing hemolytic transfusion reactions often an autoagglutinin Resistance to malaria is best associated with which of the following blood groups? a Rh bli cP Duffy ‘What percent of group O donors would be compatible with a serum sample that contained anti-X. and anti-¥ if X antigen is present on red cells ofS of 20 donors, and ¥ antigen is present on red cells of 1 of 10 donors? a 25 b 68 « 250 d 680 How many Caucasians in a population of 100,000 will have the following combination of phenotypes? ‘System Phenotype ———Frequancy (%) ABO. ° 46 Gm Fo 48 ow a4 st 50 a 18 aon bo «144 1,438 What is the approximate probability of finding compatible blood among random Rh-positive units for a patient who has anti-c and anti-K? (Consider that 20% of Rh-positive donors lack ¢ and 90% lack K) a 1% b 10% a 18% 45%, 16 The Board of Certification Study Gulde1: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 118 A 25-year-old Caucasian woman, gravida 3, para 2, required 2 units of Red Blood Cells ‘The antibody screen was positive and the results of the antibody panel are shown below: —M Col D Cc £ © K Jkt Jk Let Le? MN P, 37°C ANG to +40 0+ + + + 0 + + ee 0 2 4+ +0 0+0+ 0 0 + +00 0 6 9 + 0+ + 00 + + O + Fee 0 4 + ee 0+ 0 0 + O + FO + oO 5 00+ 0+ 0+ + 0 + +00 0 % 6 00+ + + 0 + 0 + 0 + + 0 0 TO 00+ 0+ + + + + O Hee 0 6 00+ 0+ 00 + 0 + 0+ + O te auto 00 EXT enhancement medio ‘What is the most probable genotype of this patient? bre © Ror @ RR Physiology and Pathophysiology 119 A man suffering from gastrointestinal hleeding has received 20 units of Red Blood Cells in the last ii, 24 hours ands sil oozing post-operative. The following results were obtained Pr 20 seconds (contol 12 seconds) aPrt 43 seconds (contr 31 seconds) Platelet count: 160 » 10% (160 x 1087) gp: 0 gid (100 g/t Fector Vt em What blood product should be administered? ‘8 Fresh Frozen Plasma b Red Blood Cells © Factor Vill Concentrate 4 Platelets 220 Transfusion of which of the following is needed to help correct hypofibrinogenemia due to DIC? 7 a Whole Blood b Fresh Frozen Plasma © Cryoprecipitated AHF 4 Platelets: 121 A blood component used in the treatment of hemophilia A is. a Factor VIII Concentrate b Fresh Frozen Plasma © Platelets: 4 Whole Blood (linicel Laboratory Certification Excninations 171: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 122Which of the following blood components is most appropriate to transfuse to an S-yearold male ‘hy hemophiliac who is about to undergo minor surgery? ‘4 Cryoprecipitated AHF b Red Blood Cells € Platelets Factor VIII Concentrate 323 Aunt of Fresh Frozen Plasma was inadvertently thawed and then immediately refrigerated at °C {hey on Monday morning, On Tuesday evening this unit may stil be transfused as a replacement for 4 all coagulation factors b Factor € Factor VII Factor ix 124 A newborn demonstrates petechiae, ecchymosis and mucosal bleeding, The preferred blood Ski, component for his infant would be a. Red Blood Cells Fresh Frozen Plasma € Platelets 4 Cryoprecipitated AHE 125 Which of che following would be the best source of Platelets for transfusion inthe case of ‘ir alloimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia? a father mother © pooled platele-rich plasma 4 polycythemic donor 126 An obstetrical patient has had 3 previous pregnancies. Her first baby was healthy, the second was jaundiced at birth and required an exchange transfusion, while the thied was stillborn, Which of the following is the most likely cause? ‘4 ABO incompatibility b immune deficiency disease congenital spherocytic anemia 4 Rhincomparibility 127 A specimen of cord blood is submitted to the transfusion service for routine testing. The following. Me resules are obtained: anti: ants: ant-0: Rrcontrok rect antiglabulla tos: a negative ee negative 2 It is known that the father is group B, with the genotype of cde/ede, Of the following 4 antibodies, which 1 is the most likely cause of the positive direct antiglobulin test? a antca & anti-D © antec 4 antic 128 ABO-hemolytic disease of the newborn: 42 usually requires an exchange transfusion 1b most often occurs in rst born children € frequently results in stillbirth 4 is usually seen only in the newborn of group O mothers 1B The Board of Certiication Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 129) 130 131 132 133 134 135 Which of the following antigens is most likely to be involved in hemolytic disease of the newborn? ale bR eM @ Kell ‘ABO hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDEN) differs from Rh HDPN in that. ‘a Rh HDEN is clinically more severe than ABO HDFN b the direct antiglobulin test is weaker in Rh HDPN than ABO ¢ Rh HDFN occurs in the first pregnancy 4 the mother's antibody screen is positive in ABO HDN, ‘The following results were obtained: anti-A anti-B anti-D WeakD DAT — Abacreen ee ee wr a wr momer 4s 0 ° wt antiD Te narventes ‘Which of the following is the most probable explanation for these results? 8 ABO hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn b Ri hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn; infant has received intrauterine transfusions € Rh hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, infant has a false-negative Rh typing 4 large fetomaternal hemorrhage A group A, Rh-positive infant of a group O, Rh-positive mother has a weakly positive direct antiglobulin test and a moderately elevated bilirubin 12 hours after birth. The most likely cause is: ABO incompatibility b Rh incompatibility € blood group incompatibility due to an antibody to alow frequency antigen 4 neonatal jaundice mot associated with blood group In suspected cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn, what significant information can be obtained from the baby’s blood smear? ‘2 estimation of WBC, RBC, and platelet counts marked increase in immature neutrophils (shift to the left) © acifferential to estimate the absolute number of lymphocytes present 4 determination of the presence of spherocytes ‘The Liley method of predicting the severity of hemolytic disease of the newborn is based on the amniotic uid 12 bilirubin concentration by standard methods B change in optical density measured at 450 nm ¢ Rh determination 4 ratio of lecithin to sphingomyelin ‘These laboratory results were obtained on maternal and cord blood samples: mother: A~ baby: ABs, DAT: 3+ cord hemoglobin: 10 g/l. (190 9) Does the baby have HDN? ‘& no, as indicated by the cord hemoglobin byes, although the cord hemoglobin is normal, the DAT indicates HDN yes, the DAT and cord hemoglobin level both support HDN, 4 no, a diagnosis of HIDN cannot be established without cord bilirubin levels (Clinical Laboratory Cercifcation Examinations: 19)1: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 136. ‘The main purpose of performing antibody titers on serum from prenatal immunized women ist SY determine the identity of the antibody »b identity candidates for amniocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling € decide ifthe baby needs an intrauterine transfusion 4 determine if early induction of labor is indicated. 137 Which unit shouldbe selected for exchange transfusion if the newborn is group A, Rh-positive and the mother is group A, Rh-positive with anti-c? 2 A, COe/CDe b A, DE/DE € O.ede/ede 4 A, cdelede 138 A mother is group A, with anti-D in her serum, What would be the prefereed blood product ifan ‘ily intrauterine transfusion is indicated? ‘40, Rh-negative Red Blood Cells 1b O,Rh-negative Red Blood Cells, Iradiated € A, Rh-negative Red Blood Cells 4. A, Rh-negative Red Blood Cells, Irradiated 139 Laboratory studies of maternal and cord blood yield the following results: ‘thiy Maternal blocd Cord blood O.Rhvnegate 8, Rn-positve antiEinserum OAT = 2+ anti€ in etuate lf exchange transfusion is necessary, the best choice of blood is: 4B Rhenegative, Bs b B, Rh-positive, Er © 0, Rh-negative, E~ 4 0, Rh-posttive, E- 140 A blood specimen from a pregnant woman is found to be group B, Rh-negative and the serum contains anti-D with a titer of 512. What would be the most appropriate type of blood to have available for a possible exchange transfusion for her infant? a O, Rh-negative b O,Rh-positive B, Rh-negative 4B, Rh-positive 141 Blood selected for exchange transfusion must: ‘a lack red blood cell antigens corresponding to maternal antibodies b be <3 days old € be the same Rh type as the baby be ABO compatible with the father 142 When the main objective of an exchange transfusion is to remove the infant's antibody-sensitized ted blood cells and to control hyperbilirubinemia, the blood product of choice is ABO compatible: Fresh Whole Blood Red Blood Cells (RBC) washed RBC suspended in Fresh Frozen Plasma heparinized Red Blood Cells ance 20 The Board of Certification Study Guide| 1: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 143 To prevent graft-vs-host disease, Red Blood Cells prepared for infants who have received intrauterine transfusions should be: a saline-washed b irradiated € frozen and deglycerolized 4. group-and Rh-compatible with the mother 144 Which of the following isthe preferred specimen for the initial compatibility testing in exchange M3) transfusion therapy? 2 maternal serum 1D eluate prepared from infant's red blood cells € paternal serum 4. infant's postexchange serum 145 Rh-Immune Globulin is requested for an Rh-negative mother who has the following results: > D control Weak © Weak D controt mother's postpartum sample: 0 ° no ° ora What is the most likely explanation? a mother is a genetic weak D Bb mother had a fetomaternal hemorrhage of D+ cells © mother’s red cells are coated weakly with IgG anti-D reagent is contaminated with an atypical antibody 146 The following results are seen on a maternal postpartum sample: > Dcontrol Wee Weak D contro! mother's postpartum sample: 0 a we ° ra ins mead ‘The most appropriate course of action is to: a report the mother as Rh-negative b report the mother as Rh-positive © perform an elution on mother's RBCs investigate for a fetomaternal hemorrhage 147. What is the most appropriate interpretation for the laboratory data given below when an Rh-negative woman has an Rh-positive child? Rosette fetal screen using enzyme-treated D+ cells, mother’s sample: 1 rosette/3 folds. posibve contre Srosettes/S fields egative contro! na rasattes obsarved mother is not a candidate for Rig mother needs 1 vial of Rhig mother needs 2 vials of Rhig the fetal-maternal hemorrhage needs to be quantitated aoe (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations: 221: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 148) ag 150 1s1 152 153 154 Refer to the following information: Postpartum anti-0 Rhcontrol_WeakD Weak D control Rosette fetal screen. motner 0 ° + micro a 20 rosettes fess ‘awoom rs ° nt ONT wt AT eroreed What is the best interpretation for the laboratory data given above? a mother is Rh-positive b mother is weak D+ € mother has had a fetal-maternal hemorrhage 4 mother has a positive DAT ‘A weakly reactive anti-D is detected in a postpartum specimen from an Rh-negative woman, During her prenatal period, ail antibody screening tests were negative. These findings indicate: a that she is a candidate for Rh immune globulin b that she is not a candidate for Rh immune globulin € anced for further investigation to determine candidacy for Rh immune globulin 4. the presence of Rh-positive cells in her ciculation ‘The results of a Kleihauer-Betke stain indicate a fetomaternal hemorrhage of 35 mL of whole blood. How many vials of Rh immune globulin would be required? A fetomaternal hemorthage of 35 mL of fetal Rh positive packed RBCs has been detected in an Rh-negative woman. How many vials of Rh immune globulin should be given? ° a3 Criteria determining Rh immune globulin eligibility include: a mother is Rh-positive b infant is Rh-negative mother has not been previously immunized to the D antigen 4 infant has a positive direct antiglobulin test While performing routine postpartum testing for an Rh immune globulin (RhIG) candidate, a weakly positive antibody screening test was found, Anti-D was identified. This antibody is most likely the result of: ‘a. massive fetomaternal hemorrhage occurring at the time of this delivery b antenatal administration of Rh immune globulin at 28 weeks gestation € contamination of the blood sample with Wharton jelly _ mother having a positive direct antiglobulin test Rh immune globulin administration would mot be indicated in an Rh-negative woman who has a(n) a first trimester abortion 'b husband who is Rh-positive € anti-D titer of 1:4,095, 4. positive direct antiglobulin test 22 Tee Board of Certication Study Guide ee1: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 155. A Klethauer-Betke stain of a postpartum blood film revealed 0.3% fetal cells. What is the estimated volume (mL) of the fetomaternal hemorrhage expressed as whole blood? a5 bis © 25 435 156 Based upon Kleshauer-Betke teat results, which of the following formulas is used to determine the volume of fetomaternal hemorrhage expressed in mL of whole blood? % of fetal cells present = 30 %of fetal cells present » 50 % of maternal cells present «30 % of maternal cells present x 50 aoe 187 An acid elution stain was made using I-hour post-delivery maternal blood sample, Out of 2.000 ‘ells that were counted, 30 of them appeared to contain fetal hemoglobin. Iti the policy of the ‘medical center to add 1 vial of Rh immune globulin to the calculated dose when the estimated volume of the hemorrhage exceeds 20 mL of whole blood. Calculate the number of vials of Rh immune globulin that would be indicated under these circumstances. 2 3 4 5 anoe 158 ‘The roserte test will detect a fetomaternal hemorrhage (PMH) as small as 210m b 15mb © 20mb 4 30mL 159 A140 ml fetal maternal hemorrhage in an Rh-negative woman who delivered an Rh-positive baby Ay means that the mother's antibody screen will he positive for anti: 1b roserte test willbe positive € mother is not a candidate for Rh immune globulin 4. mother should receive 2 doses of Rh immune globulin 160. Mined leukocyte culture (MLC) is biological assay for detecting which ofthe following? a HLA-A antigens b HLA-B antigens ¢ HLA-Dantigens immunoglobulins 161 A 40-year-old man with autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to anti-E has a hemoglobin level of 10.8 g/AL (108 g/L). This patient will most likely be treated with: Whole Blood b Red Blood Cells ‘© Fresh Frozen Plasma 4 no transfusion 162A patient in the immediate post bone marrow transplant period has a hematocrit of 21%. The red cell product of choice for this patient would be: packed saline washed microaggregate filtered irradiated aoe (Clinica Laboratory Certification Exeminations: 231: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 163 HLA antigen eypingiis important in screening for. 2 ABO incompatibility b akidney donor € Rhincompatibility 4 ablood donor 164 DR antigens in the HLA system are: 80g. significancin organ transplantation Bb not detectable in the lymphocytotoxicity test «¢ expressed on platelets 4 expressed on granulocytes 165. Anti-E is identified in a panel at the antiglobulin phase. When check cells are added to the tubes, zno agglutination is seen, The most appropriate course of action would be to: ‘a. quality control the AHG reagent and check cells and repeat the panel } opena new vial of check cells for subsequent testing that day ‘¢ open a new vial of AHG for subsequent testing that day record the check cell reactions and report the antibody panel result Serology 166_A serological centrifuge is recalibrated for ABO testing after major repairs “Time in seconds 18 202580 's button delineated? yes yon, yes yo. lnsuperatant cia? ro yen yes yo button oaey toresusperd? —yos. yess no strength of racton? am tee Given the data above, the centrifuge time for this machine should be: ‘a 15 seconds b 20seconds € 25 seconds 30 seconds 167 Which of the following represents an acceptably identified patient for sample collection and transfusion? ‘a ahandwritten band with patient's name and hospital identification number is affixed to the patient's leg bb the addressographed hospital band is taped to the patient's bed ¢ an unbanded patient responds positively when his name is called the chart transported with the patient contains his armband not yet attached 24 The Board of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 168) 169 170 a1 172 173 ‘Samples from the same patient were received on 2 consecutive days. Test results are summarized below: Day m1 Day #2 ent a ° anti ° a anti-D 3+ 3 Ayal ° a Beols 4s ° [Ab screen ° 0 How should the request for crossmatch be handled? 1 crossmatch A, Rh-positive units with sample from day 2 'b crossmatch 8 Rh-positive units with sample from day 2 € crossmatch AB, Rh-positive units with both samples 4 collect 2 new sample and repeat the tests ‘The following test results are noted for a unit of blood labeled group A, Rh-negative: ted with: anti ant 0 fF What should be done next? 4 transfuse as @ group A, Rh-negative B transfuse asa group A, Rh-positive € notify the collecting facility @ discard the unit ‘What information is essential on patient blood sample labels drawn for compatibility testing? ‘4 biohazard sticker for AIDS patients & patient's room number € unique patient medical number 4 phlebotomist initials Granulocytes for transfusion should: ‘4 be administered through a microaggregate filter bbe ABO compatible with the recipients serum € be infused within 72 houts of collection 4 never be transfused to patients with a history of febrile transfusion reactions Anneonate willbe transfused for the frst time with group O Red Blood Cells, Which of the following is appropriate compatibility esting? crossmatch with mother's serum crossmatch with baby's serum € nocrossmatch is necessary if intial plasma screening is negative no screening or erossmatching is necessary (or neonates A group B, Rh-negative patient has a positive DAT. Which of the following situations would occur? 4 all major crossmatches would be incompatible b the weak D test and control would be positive € the antibody screening test would be positive 4 the forward and reverse ABO groupings would not agree (Cinical Laboratory Certification Examinations: 251: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 274 The Following reactions were obtained: Colls tested with: Serum tested with: antiA anti-B an-AB Aces Bcd ae ae 2 & ‘The technologist washed the patient's cells with saline, and repeated the forward typing, A saline replacement technique was used with the reverse typing, The following results were obtained: Cols tested with: ‘Sorum tested with: Ant-A anti-B anthA@ — Aycalls Bel 4&0 te 0 a ‘The results are consistent with: acquired immunodeficiency disease b Bruton agammaylobulinemia multiple myeloma acquired "8" antigen ae 175 What is the most likely cause of the following ABO discrepancy? Patient's cella vs: Pationt's sorum vs: antiA ants Avcals Bicolls ° ° ° ° 2 recent transfusion with group O blood antigen depression due o leukemia € false-negative cell typing due to rouleaux 4 obtained from a heel stick of a 2-month old baby 176 Which of the following patient data best reflects the discrepancy seen when a person's red cells demonstrate the acquired-B phenotype? Forward grouping Reverse grouping patina 8 ° | patientB AB. A patient 0 8 patient AB aa be eC aD 177 Which of the following is characteristic of Ta polyagglutinable red cells? 12 if group O, they may appear to have acquired a group A antigen b they show strong reactions when the cells are enzyme-treated € they react with Arachis hypogaea lectin the polyagglutination is a transient condition 1178. Mixed field agglutination encountered in ABO grouping with no history of transfusion would most likely be due to: ‘a Bombay phenotype (Oy) b Tactivation € Agredcells positive indirect antiglobulin test 179 Which of the following isa characteristic of polyagglutinable red cells? ‘2 can be classified by reactivity with Ulex europaeus b are agglutinated by most adult sera € are always an acquired condition 4 autocontrol is always positive 26 The Board of Certifcation Study Guldeood Bank | Serology Questions 180 Consider the following ABO typing results: Patient's cells vs Patient's serum vs: entiA enti A, cals 0 * Additional testing was performed using patient serum: 1s RT. screening cel! ter ermaning call! tee autocontrol «te What isthe most likely cause of this discrepancy? An with antiAy b coldalloantibody € cold autoantibody 4 acquized-A phenomenon Consider the following ABO typing results: lont’s serum vs: Ayeels Bells . 4 Additional testing was performed using patient serum: is ORT screening cal! 1426 screening cellll 14 2a eutoconvol +e What should be done next? ‘a test serum against a panel of group O cells neutralization € perform serum type at 37°C elution The following results were obtained on a patient's blood sample during routine ABO and Rh testing: Cal testing: ‘Serum testing: ana, 0 Accels: 4 ani-B ae Boel: 2 anid: 0 autoconvol 0 Select the course of action to resolve this problem, f= draw a new blood sample from the patient and repeat all test procedures test the patient’ serum with A, cells and the patient's red cells with anti-A lectin € repeat the ABO antigen grouping using 3x washed saline-suspended cells 4. perform antibody screening procedure at immediate spin using group O cells ‘Which of the following explains an ABO discrepancy caused by problems with the patient's red. blood cells? an unexpected antibody rouleaux agammagiobulinemia Tnactivation Clinical Laboretory Certification uamninations: 271: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 184 The test for weak D is performed by incubating patient's red cells with: several different dilutions of anti-D serum b anti-D serum followed by washing and antiglobulin serum ¢ anti-D® serum 4 antiglobulin serum 185 Refer to the following data: ‘tly Forward group: Reverse grour: antiA ant anti-A, lectin Ay calls Azcells B calls 4 0 ae ° a ae Which ofthe following antibody screen xesults would you expect with the ABO discrepancy seen above? 2 negative bb positive with al srcen cells atthe 37°C phase {€ positive with al screen cells at the RT phase; autocontralis negative 4 positive with all screen cells and the autocontrol cells atthe RT phase 186 ‘The following reeults were obtained when testing a sample from a 20-year-old, first-time blood donor: Forward group: Reverse group: anteA anti-B A\celis B cells ° ° ° 3+ What isthe most likely cause ofthis ABO discrepancy? 4 loss of antigen due ro disease acquired B € phenotype O} “Bombay” 4. weak subgroup of A 187 A mother is Rh-negative and the father Rh-positive, Their baby is Rh-neyative, It may be concluded that: the father is homozygous for D the mother is heterozygous for D the father is heteroaygous for D atleast 1of the 3 Rh typings must beincorrect aace 188. Some blood group antibodies characteristically hemolyze appropriate red cells in the presence of 4 complement 'b anticoagulants € preservatives 4 penicillin 189. Review the following schematic diagram: PATIENT SERUM + REAGENT GROUP “O° CELLS INCUBATE — READ FOR AGGLUTINATION WASH —» ADD AHG -> AGGLUTINATION OBSERVED ‘The next step would be to: a add “check cells" as a confirmatory measure 'b identify the cause of the agglutination € perform an elution technique 4. perform a direct antiglobulin test 28 the Board of Certification Stuy Guide1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 390 The following results were obtained in pretransfusion testing: 1 are vat ° a ° a ° Es ‘The most probable cause of these results is: a rouleaux 1b awarm autoantibody € acold autoantibody multiple alloantibodies 391 Appatient is typed as group 0, Rh-positive and crossmatched with 6 units of blood. At the indirect, antiglobulin (IAT) phase of testing, both antibody screening cells and 2 crossmatched units are incompatible, What is the most likely cause of the incompatihiliy? 4 recipient alloantibody b recipient autoantibody € donors have positive DATS 4 rouleaux 192 Refer to the following dota: hemoglobin 74 gid (74 g/t) retioviocyte count: 22% Direct Antiglobulin Test Ab Screen -1AT polyspecitc: 3+ Sci 8 IgG: 3 Sir 3+ o ° aut 3+ ‘Which clinical condition is consistent withthe lab results shown shove? ‘8 cold hemagglutinin disease b warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia € penicillin-induced hemolytic anemia 4. Gelayed hemolytic transfusion reaction 193 A patient received 2 units of Red Blood Cells and had a delayed transfusion reaction, Pretransfusion antibody screening records indicate no agglutination except after the addition of IgG sensitized cells, Repeat testing of the pretransfusion specimen detected an antibody at the antiglobulin phase. What is the most likely explanation for the original results? a red cells were overwashed B centrifugation time was prolonged patient's serum was omitted from the original testing 4. antiglobulin reagent was neutralized 194 At the indirect antiglobulin phase of testing, there is no agglutination between patient serum and screening cells. One of 3 donor units was incompatible ‘The most probable explanation for these findings is that the: ‘# patient has an antibody directed against a high incidence antigen b patient has an antibody directed against a low incidence antigen ‘€ donor has an antibody directed against donor cells d_ donor has positive antibody screen 195 The major crossmatch will detect a(n) ‘8 group A patient mistyped as group O Bb unexpected red cell antibody in the doner unit ¢ Rh-negative donor unit mislabeled as Rh-positive 4 recipient antibody directed against antigens on the donor red cells (Clinical Laboratory Certification Bxeminations: 291: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 196 A 42-year-old female is undergoing surgery tomorrow and her physician requests that 4 units of Red Blood Cells be crossmatched. The following results were obtained 1s sre ar scrooning coll 0 ° o seraening cell 0 ° 0 screening calill_ 0 ° ° Grossmatcn 1S. arc war donort; B+ 1% * donors 23.4 0 0 o ‘What is the most likely cause of the incompatibility of donor 1? 4 single aloantibody b multiple alloantivodies ¢ Rh incompatibilities 4 donor 1 has 3 positive DAT 197 Which of the following would most likely be responsible for an incompatible ntiglobulin crossmatch? ‘a recipient's red cells possess alow frequency antigen Bb anti antibody in donor serum € recipients red cells are polyagglutinable 4 donor red cells have a positive direct antiglobulin test a 198 A reason why a patient's crossmatch may be incompatible while the antibody screen is negative is the patient has an antibody against a high-incidence antigen the incompatible donor unit has a positive direct antiglobulin test cold agglutinins are interfering in the crossmatch the patient's serum contains warm autoantibody anon 199 A blood specimen types as A, Rh:positive with a negative antibody screen, 6 units of group A, Rh-positive Red Blood Cells were crossmatched and 1 unit was incompatible in the antiglobulin phase. The same result was obtained when the cest was repeated. Which should be done first? ‘a repeat the ABO grouping on the incompatible unt using a more sensitive technique B test a panel of ced cells that possesses low-incidence antigens perform adirect antiglobulin test on the donor unit 4 obtain a new specimen and repeat the crossmatch 200 During emergency situations when there is no time to determine ABO group and Rh type on a current sample for transfusion, the patient is known to be A, Rh-negative. The technologist should: cefuse to release any blood until the patient's sample has been typed release A Rh-negative Red Blood Cells release O Rh-negative Red Blood Cells release O Rh-positive Red Blood Cells 201 A.29-year-old male is hemorrhaging severely. He is AB, Rh-negative. 6 units of blood are required STAT Of the following types available inthe blood bank, which would be most preferable for crossmatch? aoee 2 AB, Rh-positive b A, Rh-negative © A.Rh-positive 4.0, Rh-negative 30 The Board of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 202 A patient is group A;B, Ri-positive and has an antiglobulin- reacting anti-A, in his serum. He isin the operating room bleeding profusely and group A,B Red Blood Cells are not available, Which of the following blood types is first choice for crossmatching? 2B Rh-positive BB Rh-negative A,B, Rh-positive 40, Rhenegative 203 A 10% red cell suspension in saline is used in a compatibility test. Which of the following would most likely occur? 1 afalse-positive result due to antigen excess b a false-positive result dve to the prozone phenomenon, a false-negative result due to the prozone phenomenon 4. a false-negative resule due to antigen excess 204 A patient serum reacts with 2 of the 3 antibody screening cells atthe AHG phase 8 of the 10 My nite crosematched were incompatible at the AHG phase. All reactions are markedly enhanced by enzymes, These results are most consistent with 8 antic b ante © anti-c @ antiFy* 205 A patient received 4 units of blood 2 years previously and now has multiple antibodies. He has not been transfused since that time, It would be most helpful to: 14 phenotype his cells te determine which additional alloantihodies may be produced Bb. fecommend the use of directed donors, which are more likely to be compatible 1c une protealytic enzymes to destroy the “in vitro” activity of some of the antibodies 4. freeze the patient's serum to use for antigen typing of compatible units 206 Autoantibodies demonstrating blood group specificity in warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia are associated more often with which blood group system? a Bh bi

, 0, and B indicator cells, gives the following test results Antibody specificity Test results font-A wactive anti-B Innbited conti Fnnibtes ‘The person's red cells ABO phenotype is. B Om ee Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 391: Blood Bank | Serology Questions ' 246 An antibody screen performed using solid phase technology revealed a diffuse layer of red blood cells on the bottom of the well. These results indicate: a positive reaction a negative reaction € serum was not added 4. red cells ave a positive direct antiglobulin cst 247 On Monday, a patient's K antigen typing result was positive. Two days later, the patient's K typing, ‘was negative. The patient was transfused with 2 units of Fresh Frozen Plasma, The tech might conclude that the: a transfusion of FEP affected the K typing b wrong patient was drawn € results are normal 4 anti-K reagent was omitted on Monday 248. Which one of the following is an indicator of polyagglutination? I ‘a RBCs typing as weak D+ b presence of red cell autoantibody decreased serum bilirubin agglutination with normal adult ABO compatible sera 249. While performing an antibody screen, a test reaction is suspected to be rouleaux. A saline replacement test's performed and the reaction remains. What is the best interpretation? original reaction of rouleaux is confirmed 'b replacement testis invalid and should be repeated € original reaction was due to true agglutination 4 antibody screen is negative 250 A 10-year-old girl was hospitalized because her urine had a distinct red color. The patient had i Shy recently recovered from an upper respiratory infection and appeared very pale and lethargic. Tests were performed with the following results: Ht hemoglobin S9/a.60 gt) reticulocyte count 15% oat week eacvty wih poly specific ané ant-C3dantiigG was negative Donath-Landsteiner test: positive: P- calls showed no hemolyals ‘The patient probably has: ‘a paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (NE ‘¢ warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia 4 hereditary erythroblastic multinuclearity with a positive acidified serum test (HEMPAS) 1 | | | antibody screen: negatve 251 Which of the following is useful for removing IgG from red blood cells with a positive DAT to perform phenotype? a bromelin b chloroquine \] € LISS | 4 orr 252 Apatient’s serum contains a mixture of antibodies. One of the antibodies is identified as anti-D, ‘Anti-Jk°, anti-Fy* and possibly another antibody are present. What technique(s) may be helpful to 1) identify the other antibody ies)? i enzyme panel; select cell panel thiol reagents € lowering the pH{ and increasing the incubation time 4 using aloumin as an enhancement media in combination with selective adsorption | 40 The Board of certification Stady GuideMe 1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 253 258 255 256 257 258 ‘A sample gives the following results Colts with: ‘Serum with: antiA 3s Acelis 25 antiB ae Beels 0 Which lectin should be used frst to resolve this discrepancy? 18 Ulex europoeus 1 Arachis hypogeea € Dolichasbfiorus 4 Viciagraminea ‘The serum of a group O, Cde/Cée donor contains anti-D. In order to prepare a suitable anti-D reagent from this donor's serum, which of the following cells would be suitable for the adsorption? ‘a group 0, cde/ede cells B group 0, Cde/cdecelis © group AB, CDe/cée cells, group AB, cde/ede cells ‘A 26-year-old female is admitted with anemia of undetermined origin. Blood samples are received with a crossmatch request for 6 units of Red Blood Cells. The patient is group A, Rh-negative and has no history of transfusion or pregnancy. The following results were obtained in pretransfusion testing: Is are wat screening calli 0 ° 3 screening call! 0 ° a autocontrol ° ° 3 all6 donors © ° 3 “The best way to find compatible blood isto: #8 doan antibody identification panel 'b use the saline replacement technique € use the pre-warm technique 4 perform a warm autoadsorption {A patient's serum was reactive 2+ in the antiglobulin phase of testing with al cells on a routine panel including their own, Transfusion was performed 6 months previously. the optimal adsorption method to remove the autoantibody is, ‘4 autoadsorption using the patient's 2ZAP-treated red cells b autoadsorption using the patient's LISS-treated red cells € adsorption using enzyme-treated red cells from a normal donor 4 adsorption using methyldopactreated red cells Ina cold autoadsorption procedure, pretreatment of the patient's red cells with which of the following reagents is helpful? & ficin _phosphate-buffered saline at pH 9.0 € low ionic strength saline (LISS) 4 albumin “The process of separation of antibody from its antigen is known as 1 diffusion b adsorption ¢ neutralization 4 lution Clinical Laboratory Certification Buaminations 411: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 259 Which of the following is most helpful to confirm a weal ABO subgroup” a adsorption-elution b neutralization © testing with Al lectin use of anti-A,B 260. One of the most effective methods for the elution of warm autoantibodies from RBCS utilizes: a 10% sucrose b Liss © change in pH 4 distilled water Transfusion Practice 261 How would the hematocrit of a patient with chronic anemia be affected by the transfusion of a unit of Whole Blood containing 475 mL of blood, vs 2 units of Red Blood Cells each with a total volume of 250 mL? 2 patient's hematocrit would be equally affected by the Whole Blood or the Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells would provide twice the increment in hematocrit as the Whole Blood € Whole Blood would provide twice the increment in hematocrit as the Red Blood Cells, Whole Blood would provide a change in hematocrit slightly less than the Red Blood Cells, 262 After checking the inventory, it was noted that thete were no units on the shelf marked “May Issue as Uncrossmatched: For Emergency Only.” Which of the following should be placed on this shelf? a Lunit of each of the ABO blood groups units of group O, Rh-positive Whole Blood € units of group 0, Rh-negative Red Blood Cells 4 any units that are expiring at midnight 263. The primary indication for granulocyte transfusion is OY 4 prophylactic treatment for infection additional supportive therapy in those patients who are responsive to antibiotic therapy € clinical situations where bone marrow recovery is not anticipated severe neutropenia with an infection that is nonresponsive to antibiotic therapy 264. A 42-year-old male of average body mass has.a history of chronic anemia requiring transfusion ‘support. Two units of Red Blood Cells are transfused. If the pretransfusion hemoglobin ‘was 7.0 g/dL. (70 g/L), the expected posttransfusion hemoglobin concentration should be 2 BO g/dl (BOg/L) b 20g/eL 09/1) € 100g/¢t (100 g/t) 4 110 g/L 10 g/t) 265. How many unite of Red Blood Cells are required to raise the hematocrit of a 70 kg nonbleeding man from 24% to 30%? ance 1 2 3 4 A2 The Board of Certification Study GuideSm, VISE Se | 1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 266. For which ofthe following transfusion candidates would CMV-seronegative blood be most By likely indicated? 4 renal dialysis patients D sickle cell patient € bone marrow and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients 4 CMV-seropositive patients 267 Although ABO compatibility is preferred, ABO incompatible product may be administered By when transfusing 4 Single-Donor Plasma 1b Cryoprecipitated AHE € Fresh Frozen Plasma 4 Granulocytes 268 Transfusion of plateletpheresis products from HLA-compatible donors isthe preferred treatment for: 1& recently diagnosed cases of TTP with severe thrombocytopenia bb acute leukemia in relapse with neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and sepsis € immune thrombocytopenic purpura 4 severely thrombocytopenic patients, known tobe refractory to random donor platelets 269 Washed Red Blood Cells are indicated in which of the following situations? Oa an IpA-deficient patient with a history of transfusion-associated anaphylaxis b a pregnant woman with a history of hemolytic disease of the newborn € a patient with a positive DAT and red cell autoantibody 4 anewborn with a hematocrit of <30% 270 Which of the following is consistent with standard blood hank procedure governing the infusion of fresh frozen plasma? 4 only blood group-specific plasma may be administered group O may be administered to recipients of all bload groups € group AB may be administered to AB recipients only group A may be administered to both A and O recipients 271 A patient who s group AB, Rh-negative needs 2 units of Fresh Frozen Plasma. Which of the following units of plasma would be moat acceptable for transfusion? 4 group 0, Rh-negative b group A. Rh-negative € group B,Rh-positive group AB, Rh-positive 272 What increment of platelets/ul. (platelets/L) in the typical 70-kg human, is expected to result from each single unit of Platelets transfused to.a non-HLA-sensitized recipient? = 3,000- 5,000 Bb 5,000-10,000 © 20,000-25,000 4 25,000-30,000 273 Platelet transfusions are of most value in treating: “Sa hemolytic transfusion reaction b posttransfusion purpura € functional platelet abnormalities immune thrombocytopenic purpura Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 431: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 274 Washed Red Blood Cells would be the product of choice for a patient with: ‘a multiple ced cel alloantibodies 'b an increased risk of hepatitis infection ‘€ warm autoimmune hemolytic anemic anti-IgA antibodies 275. A patient received about 15 mL of compatible blood and developed severe shock, but no fever If ‘he patient needs another transfusion, what kind of red blood cell component should be given? ‘a Red Blood Cells b Red Blood Cells, Washed € Red Blood Cells, Irradiated _ Red Blood Cells, Leukocyte-Reduced 276 Fresh Frozen Plasma from a group A. Rh-positive donor may be safely transfused to a patient who is group: a A, Rh-negative b B Rh-negative ¢ AB, Rh-positive AB, Rh-negative 277 A patient admitted to the teauma unit requires emergency release of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) His blood donor card states that he is group AB, Rh-positive, Which of the following blood groups of FFP should be issued? aa be AB do 278 Fresh Frozen Plasma: contains all able coagulative factors except cryoprecipitated AHE: has a higher risk of transmiteing hepatitis than does Whole Blood € should be transfused within 24 hours of thawing need not be ABO-compatible 279 ‘Ten units of group A platelets were transfused to a group AB patient. The pretransfusion platelet ‘count was 12 x 10%/pL (12 « 104/L) and the posttransfusion count was 18 « 10°/uL (18 « LOY) From this information, the laboratorian would most likely conclude that the patient: ‘a needs group AB platelets to be effective clinical data does not suggest a need for platelets has developed antibodies to the transfused platelets 4 should receive irradiated platelets 280 Hypotension, nausea, Aushing, fever and chills are symptoms of which of the following transfusion reactions? a allergic B circulatory overload € hemolytic 4 anaphylactic 2B1_ A patient has become refractory to platelet transfusion. Which of the following are thty probable causes? 44 transfusion of Rh-incompatible platelets B decreased pH of the platelets € development of an alloantibody with anti-D specificity 4 development of antibodies to HLA antigen 44 The Board of Certification Study Guldeeens 1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 282. A poor increment in the platelet count 1 hour following platelet transfusion is most commonly {iy caused by 2 splenomegaly b alicimmunization to HLA antigens € disseminated intravascular coagulation 4 defective platelets 283. Posttransfusion purpura is usually caused by: IY a antiva } whitecell antibodies € anti HPA-1a (PI) platelet wash-out 284 An unexplained fall in hemoglobin and mild jaundice in a patient transfused with Red Blood Cells 1 week previously would most likely indicate {4 paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ’b posttransfusion hepatitis infection € presence of HLA antibedies 4. delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction 285. In a delayed transfusion reaction, the causative antibody is generally too weak to be detected in routine compatibility testing and antibody screening tests, but is typically detectable at what point after transfusion? a 3-6hours b 3-7 days © 60-90 days after 120 days 286 The most serious hemolytic transfusion reactions are due to incompatibility in which of the following blood group systems? 2 ABO b Rh © MN Duffy 287 Severe intravascular hemolysis is most likely caused hy antibodies of which blood group system? 2 ABO b Rh ¢ Kell @ Dufly 288 Which ofthe following blood group systems is most commonly associated with delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions? a Lewis Kidd < MNS ai 289. After receiving a unit of Red Blood Cells a patient immediately developed flashing, nervousness, fever spike of 102'F (38 9°C), shaking, chills and back pain. The plasma hemoglobin was elevated ‘and there was hemoglobinuria. Laboratory investigation of this adverse reaction would most Iikely show: an error in ABO grouping anervor in Rh typing presence of anti-Fy" antibody in patient's serum presence of gram-negative bacteria in blood bag, anew tinical Laboratory Certification Bxeminations 451: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 290 A trauma patient who has just received ten units of blood may develop: a anemia b polycythemia ¢ leukocytosis 4 thrombocytopenia 201. Five days ater transfusion, a patient becomes mildly jaundiced and experiences adrop in MA. hemoglobin and hematocrit with no apparent hemorrhage. Selow are the results ofthe transfuston reaction workup: anti-A ant-B anti-D Aycolls Bells Ab screen DAT patient pretranstusion nog a a 09 0g neg patient posttranstusion rag 4+ ae a 0g 1“ donor #1 eg neg a a 09 donor #2, neg Me a a neg 0g, In order to reach a conclusion, the technician should frst 4 retype the pre- and posttransfusion patient samples and donor #1 request an EDTA tube be drawn on the patient and repeat the DAT € repeat the pretransfusion antibody sereen on the patient's sample 4. identify the antibody inthe serum and eluate from the posttransfusion sample 292 The most appropriate laboratory test for early detection of acute posttransfusion hemolysis is: 4 visual inspection for free plasma hemoglobin. plasma haptoglobin concentration ‘examination for hematuria ‘serum bilirubin concentration 293 During initial investigation of a suspected hemolytic transfusion reaction, it was observed that the posttransfusion serum was yellow in color and the direct antiglobulin test was negative Repeat ABO typing on the posttransfusion sample confirmed the pretransfusion results, What is. the next step in this investigation? 2 repeat compatibility testing on suspected unit(s) b perform plasma hemoglobin and haptoglobin determinations © use enhancement media to repeat the antibody screen no further serological testing is necessary 294 Which of the following transfusion reactions is characterized by high fever, shock, hemoglobinuria, DIC and renal failure? 4 bacterial contamination . b circulatory overload € febrile anaphylactic 295. Hemoglobinurta, hypotension and generalized bleeding are symptoms of which ofthe following transfusion reactions? a allergic b circulatory overload € hemolytic anaphylactic | | 46 Tha Boerd of Certification Stady Guide I1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 296 When evaluating a suspected transfusion reaction, which of the following isthe ideal sample collection time for abilirubin determination? 4 Ghours posttransfusion } 12hours posttransfusion ‘€ 24 hours posttransfuston 4.48 hours posttransfusion 297 A patient's record shows a previous anti-Jk®, but the current antibody screen is negative ‘What further testing should be done before transfusion? 4 phenotype the patient’ red cells for the Jk antigen Bb performa cell panel on the patient's serum € crossmatch type specific units and release only compatible units for transfusion give Jk” negative crossmatch compatible blood 298 A posttransfusion blood sample {rom a patient experiencing chills and fever shows distinct hemolysis. The direct antiglobulin testis positive (mixed field). What would be most helpful to determine the cause of the reaction? 4 auto control B elution and antibody identification € repeat antibody screen on the donor unit 4. bacteriologic smear and culture 299 A patient is readmitted to the hospital with a hemoglobin level of 7 g/dl. (70 g/L) 3 weeks after receiving 2 units of red cells. The initial serological tests are: ABOVR a antibody sereen: negative ar, 1+ mixed fis ‘Which test should be performed next? 4 antibody identification panel on the patient's serum B repeat the ABO type on the donor units «¢ perform an elution and identify the antibody in the eluate crossmatch the post reaction serum with the 3 donor units 300 Ina delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction, the direct antiglobulin test is typically: a negative Bb mixed-field positive ‘€_ positive due to complement 4 negative when the antibody sereen is negative 301 A patient has had massive trauma involving replacement of 1 blood volume with Red Blood M3). Cells and crystalloid, She is currently experiencing oozing from mucous membtanes and surgical incisions. Laboratory values are as follows: Pr normal Aer: oral bleeding time: prolonged platelet count: 20x 10%iL (20 « 10°) Pemogionin. 114 9/8 (134 gt) ‘What is the blood component of choice for this patient? a Platelets } Cryoprecipitated AHF © Fresh Frozen Plasma 4 Prothrombin Complex. tn Laboratory Certification Examinations: 47i 1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 302 For apatient who has suffered an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction, the primary treatment goal should be to: prevent alloimmunization diminish chills and fever € prevent hemoglobinemia 4 reverse hypotension and minimize renal damage 303A patient multiply transfused with Red Blood Cells developed a headache, nausea, fever and chills during his last transfusion. What component is mest appropriate to prevent this reaction in the future? Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells, Irradiated Red Blood Cells, Leukocyte-Reduced Red Blood Cells selected as CMV-reduced-risk 304 ‘The use of Leukocyte-Reduced Red Blood Cells and Platelets is indicated for which of the following patient groups? 2 CMV-seropositive postpartum mothers B victims of acute trauma with massive bleeding € patients with history of febrile transfusion reactions burn vietims with anemia and low serum protein 305. Leukocyte-Poor Red Blood Cells would most likely be indicated for patients with a history of aeoe febrile transfusion reaction B iron deficiency anemia ¢ hemophilia A 4 von Willebrand disease 306 Posttransfusion anaphylactic reactions occur most often in patients with 4 leukocyte antibodies B erythrocyte antibodies € IgAdeficiency Factor Vill deficiency 307 Which of the following transfusion reactions occurs after infusion of only a few milliliters of blood and gives no history of fever? a febrile B circulatory overload anaphylactic @ hemolytic 308. Fever and chills are symptoms of which ofthe following transfusion reactions? 1a citeate toxicity b circulatory overload « allergic d febrile 309. Hives and itching are symptoms of which of the following transfusion reactions? a febrile b allergic «€ circulatory overload 4 bacterial 48. Tae Board of Certification Study Gulde1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 310 A temperature rise of 1°C or more occurring in association with a transfusion, with no abnormal results in the transfusion reaction investigation, usually indicates which of the following reactions? a febrile b circulatory overload € hemolytic anaphylactic 321 A 65-year-old woman experienced shaking, chills, and a fever of 102°F (38.9°C) approximately 40 minutes following the transfusion of a second unit of Red Blood Cells. The most likely explanation {or the patient's symptoms is 4 transfusion of bacterially contaminated blood b congestive heart failure ‘anaphylactic transfusion reaction febrile transfusion reaction 312 A sickle cell patient who has been multiply transfused experiences fever and chills after receiving a unit of Red Blood Cells. Transfusion investigation studies show: ar negative plasma hemolysis: ne hemolysie observed The patient is most likely reacting to: alga b plasma protein € redcell 4 white ces or cytokines 313 Use of only male donors as a source of plasma intended for transfusion is advocated to reduce INly_ which type of reaction? 2 allergic b TRALI hemolytic TACO (circulatory overload) 814 Platelets are ordered fora patient who hasa history of febrile reactions following red cell {iy transfusions. What should be dene to reduce the risk of another febrile reaction’ 4 pretransfusion administration of Benadryl” bb transfuse irradiated Platelets € give Platelets from IgA-deficient donors give Leukocyte Reduced Platelets 315 Symptoms of dyspnea, cough, hypoxemia, and pulmonary edema within 6 hours of transfusion is uagh, hypo» ‘most likely which type of reaction? anaphylactic b hemolytic € febrile 4 TRALI 326 A patient with a coagulopathy was transfused with FP24 (plasma frozen within 24 hours of collection), After infusion of 15 mL, the patient experienced hypotension, shock, chest pain and difficulty in breathing, The most likely cause of the reaction is: a anti-iga & bacterial contamination © intravascular hemolysis 4 leukoagglutinins (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 491: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 317 To prevent febrile transfusion reactions, which Red Blood Cell product should be transfused? ‘a Red Blood Cells, rvadiated b CMV-negative Red Blood Cells € Red Blood Cells, Leukocyte-Reduced d_ IgA-deficient donor blood 31B During the issue of an autologous unit of Whole Blood, the supernatant plasma is observed to be dark red in color. What would be the best course of action? a the unit may be issued only for autologous use bb remove the plasma and issue the unit as Red Blood Cells € issue the unit only as washed Red Blood Cells 4 quarantine the unit for further testing 319 Coughing, cyanosis and difficult breathing are symptoms of which of the following transfusion reactions? a febrile b allergic € circulatory overload hemalytic 320 Which of the following is a nonimmunologic adverse effect of a transfusion? a hemolytic reaction b febrile nonkemolytic reaction € congestive heart failure urticaria 321 Congestive heart failure, severe headache and/or peripheral edema occurring soon after ‘transfusion is indicative of which type of transfusion reaction? a hemolytic b febrile € anaphylactic d circulatory overload 322 A patient with severe anemia became cyanotic and developed tachycardia, hypertension, and. difficulty breathing after receiving 3 units of blood. No fever or other symptoms were evident. This is most likely what type of reaction? fa febrile reaction b_transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) € anaphylactic reaction, 4 hemolytic reaction 323A patient became hypotensive and went into shock after receiving 50 mb of a unit of Red Blood Cells. She had a shaking chill and her temperature rose to 104.8°F (40.4 °C), A transfusion reaction investigation was initiated but no abnormal results were seen, What additional testing should be performed? a Gram stain and culture of the donor unit b lymphocytotoxicity tests for leukoagglutinins € plasma IgA level elution and antibody identification 324. The most frequent transfusion-associated disease complication of blood transfusions is: cytomegalovirus (CMY) syphilis hepatitis AIDS nace 50 The Board of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 325 ‘The purpose of a low-dose irradi 326 327 328 329 330 n of blood components is to: 4 prevent posttransfusion purpura prevent graft-vs-host (GVH) disease «© sterilize components 4 prevent noncardiogenic pulmonary edema ‘Which of the following patient groups isat risk of developing graft-vs-host disease? 4 full term infants b patients with history of febrile transfusion reactions € patients with a positive direct antiglobulin test recipients of blood donated by immediate fami Irradiation of donor blood is done to prevent which of the following adverse effects of transfusion? members 1 febrile transfusion reaction b cytomegalovirus infection © transfusion associated graft-vs-host disease d transfusion related acute lung injury (TRAL) ‘Therapeutic plasmapheresis is performed in order to: harvest granulocytes B harvest platelets € treat patients with polycythemia treat patients with plasma abnormalities Plasma exchange is recommended in the treatment of patients with macroglobulinemia in order to remove: antigen B excess IgM © excess IgG 4 abnormal platelets ‘The most important step in the safe administration of blood isto 4 perform compatibility testing accurately ‘b get an accurate patient history € exclude disqualified donors 4 accurately identity the donor unit and recipient (Clinical Laboratory Certification Bxaminations 51Answer Key-Blood Bank 1: Blood Bank » BTR OR TR CR NTR T TN TNO RRR CRP RAR TTR AAA 1 12 113 4 1s 4 116 d ROAR AANA RATA BARRA TT TRA A AOA TARR AA RRA TAO 17, 118 119 120 321 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 1BL 134 133 isa 159 161, 162 1163 52 the Board of Certification Study Guide AER TRO RR TEN TRAN TE TTA TAR TAA PRT RTN PEATE OO CAA RRO RTA EE 175 176 216 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 COR OR OR RT RR TR ERR TO TN TATE EERE EO RRO TR OTERO RENN 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 eageansogoogn 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 264 265 26 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 281 282 283 285 287 288 289 290 RO TRE TRO TRON OR TRO TRAP ETAT TRA TOP RPP TE 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 RT RAR TART ROO RN ATR AAA ARO ONO= 1: Blood Bank | Blood Products Answers Blood Products 1b Alldonors, vegardless of sex, require 4 minimum hemoglobin of 12.5 g/dL (225 g/L). The value must not be performed ‘on an earlobe stick IAABB Sandan 20086, 70] 2 € _Jaundiceis a sign of liver impairment, which might be due to HBV or HCV. Infection with HBV and HCV is a cause for indefinite deferral. ABR Stands 2068, p73: Kaplan 2003, pp? So) 3 € _Thereceipt of blood products isa Ii @-month deferral, the deferral for trabel to areas endemic for malaria is 12 months regardless of antimalarial prophylaxis, and a person taking antibiotics may have bacteremia. The requirement for temperature i not over 37.5°C or 99.5°F UAB Sande 28, pp 70-78 4 dA positive test for HhsAg at any time is an indefinite deferral, INABE Stands 20088, p70 741 $b Awoman who had» spontaneous Biv ahortionat 2 months of pregnancy. 3 months previowsly would be acceptable A donor is acceptable if she has not been pregnant inthe previous 6 weeks UR Sdn 2024 6b Thedici must be >383. A donor may be 16 unless statelaw differs. Temperature ‘myst not exceed 89 5°F/37 5°, blood pressure must be <1B0 mm Hg systolic and <100 mm Hg diastolic, pulse $0-100 unless anathlete (which can be lower). Toxoids and vaccines from synthetic or killed sources have no deferral UA onda 20,9 70-7 zs ‘The minimum platelet count required for frequent repeat donors is 180 « 10°/jL (180% 10°/L), Aplatelet count is not required prior to the frst donation or if the interval between donations is at least 4 weeks, AABR Sinn 2008 525) 8 a Thescrub must use iodine, eg, PVP iodine complex. Donors who are sensitive to iodine can have the area cleaned with a preparation of 2% chlorhexidine and 70% isopropyl alcoho! ARE Tech Mona 2008, p19, 92) 9 10 11 12 13 4 & 7 @ Testing for syphilis was the first ‘mandated donor screening test for infectious disease and is still part of donor screening RAR Tech Man 20H ch) b _ Platelets are prepared and stored at 20*-24°C for optimum function ABA Tech Manoa! 2008, p98) 1b The most common posttransfusion hepatitis is hepatitis B, The estimated risk of transmission is 1:220,000 units transfused. ‘The risk of hepatitis C transmission is 1:1,B00,000 units. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a required donor test for detection of acute or chronic HBY infection, IAABR Tele Manual 20nHb, 262,260 73) 1b Western blot uses purified HIV proteins to confirm reactivity in samples whose screening test for anti-HIV is positive WAN Tee Mapu! 208, ch20) b The causative agent for AIDS is the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. UAB Tech Mam 00H 4d Theenzyme-labeled immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method is a very sensitive method employed to screen donors for markers of transfusion-transmitted viruses. AAR ec Man 206, ch € Rejuvenation of RBCs uses additives 10 restore or enhance 2,3-DPG and ATP levels, armenia 2008, p11) Sterile docking devices aliow entry into donor units without affecting the expiration date of the product Dlarening 28, p24) 4 Sterile docking devices allow entry into donor units without affecting the expiration date of the product, [nari 208,266 € If storage devices do not have automated temperature recording, temperature must be manually monitored every 4 hours. Aaa Tee Manat 2008, 2A b _ Fresh Frozen Plasma is stored at -1B°C or below for 12 months, ABB Standards 2008, eferece Stans.) Ctinicot Laboratory Certification Examinations: 53: Blood Bank | Blood Products Answers 20 ‘dBlood may be returned to the blood bank after issue provided that 1) the container has not been entered, 2) at least 1 sealed segment is attached to the container, 3) visual inspection of the unit is satisfactory and documented, and 4) the unit has been maintained at the appropriate storage or transport temperature. Studies for up to 30 minutes after cemoval from the refrigerator. 1AABS Tees Mae! 2005 a Red Blood Cells, Frozen with 40% lycerol are stored at -65'C or lower. AASB Standards 2008s, Referance Standard] 4 Red Blood Cells are stored at 1°-6°C. AABB Standards 2008, Reference StndardS 11 in an open system, rather than a closed Cells in an open system is 24 hours, AASB Standads 7008, Refernce Standard 51] or lower. IAABB Standards 2008, Reference Standard 5.1] 25 a Cryoprecipitate must be transfused within 4 hours of pooling, |armering 200592321 26 Whole Blood-derived platelets are stored at 20°-24°C with continuous gentle agitation. Platelets prepared by the PRP ‘method may be stored for up to 5 days |AABBStandads 2008, RefernceStandacd $1] 27d The required temperature for storage of platelets is 20*-24°C. AASB Standards 008, Reference Standard 5.1 28 a Per ABB standards, thawed FFP should be stored at 1°-6°C for no more than 24 hours 1AABS Standards 2008, p88} 29 € Cryoprecipitate has a shelf life of 12 months in the frozen state, [Harmering 2008, p222] 30d Once thawed, PEP is stored at 1°-6°C for up to 24 hours. IMagues 2007, 925}, 54. ‘The Board of Certification Study Guide have shown that refrigerated components retain an acceptable temperature of «10°C b If the seals broken during processing, components are considered to be prepared system, The expiration time for Red Blood 4 Cryoprecipitated AHF is stored at -18°C b The pH of platelets should be ity maintained at 6.2 or above throughout the storage period. |AABE Standards 2008, 6575} a The required temperature for storage of, thawed plasma is 1°-6°C, IAABE Standards 2008s, Reference Starland S11 € 23-DPG declines during storage of Red Blood Cells, causing a “shift-to-the- left” in the oxygen dissociation curve and an impaired ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues ‘Maen 2005 6208 4 Ceyoprecipitate is used primarily or fibrinogen replacement. It is stored at room temperature (20-24°C) afer thawing and ‘must be infused within 6 houes. If pooled with other eryo units, it must he infused within 4 hours. (Harmen 215,930 € Blood products from blood relatives ‘containing viable lymphocytes must be irradiated to inhibit the proliferation of Tells and subsequent GVHD. IWarmeing 2005, p27 b__rradiation inhibits proliferation of T lymphocytes armening 200. p21 ¢ _FEP thawed ina water bath should be protected so that entry ports are not contaminated with water. One can may use aplastic overwrap or keep ports above the water level |AABB Tech Manual 20086, 9191) b Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) must be ‘separated and frozen within B hours of Whole Blood collection. [Warmening 2008, 52311, 1b Cryoprecipitate contains at least BO units of AHF. [aemening 2005-2321, b _Cryoprecipitated AHF contains at Jeast BO IU of Factor Vill concentrated in about 10 mLof plasma (aemening 2005, 52371 4 _Cryoprecipitate is indicated as a source of fibrinogen for hypoibrinogenemia. It contains a minimum of 150 mg of fibrinogen concentrated in a small volume of plasma. 1armening 200,908]1: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Answers 42 _Cryoprecipitate isthe fraction of plasma proteins that precipitate when FFPis slowly thawed at 1-6" Inarmening 205, 12321 4 Clotsin the unit may indicate contamination, |Horoeing 205, p21 44 © Per AABB standards, at least 90% of HS, platelet pheresis units sampled must contain atleast 3.0 » 10" platelets. nai standards 2008, 7361 45. a Per AABBsstandards, atleast 90% of the platelet units prepared from Whole Blood that are sampled must contain atleast 5.5 x30" platelets. (WA Standard 208 pi 35] 43 46 & Whole blood-derived Platelets are prepared by alight spin to separate the Red Blood Cells from the platelet-rich plastma {PRP), followed by a heavy spin of the PRP to concentrate the platelets Ievmering 25,9231 b Per ABB standards, at least 90% of platelet units sampled must have a pH of at least 6.2 at the end of the allowable storage, A Stand 288, 998 36) 48 a _ Per AABB standards, store Platelets at 20°-24°C with continuous agitation Platelets must be separated from ‘Whole Blood units and maintained at a temperature of at least 20°C. The pH must be at least 6.2 at the end of the storage time. ath Standard 2H, 5 1b Whole blood-derived (random donor) Platelets should contain at least 5.5 » 10" platelets, be stored with continuous agitation at 20°-24°C, and have a pH of 6.2 or higher when tested at the end of the storage period, [armening 205,230] SO Apheresis (single donor) Platelets ‘should contain at least 3.0» 30" platelets, be stored with continuous agitation at 20"-24°C, and have apH of 6.2 or higher when tested at the end of the storage period. armen 28, p23 FA 49 Sd Newly diagnoted bone marrow Me. Candidates are at great risk for severe sequelae of CMV infections. Infection can best be reduced by using leukocyte- reduction filters. CMV-seronegative units are rarely used since leukocyte reducing via filtration is so effective. Washing does not remove as many leukocytes as filtering armen 200, p10] 4 _Leukoreduction of blood products reduces donor leukocytes to less. than 5 x 10" and decreases the risk of HLA alloimmunization. Maries 207,920) 2 53. a Theapheresis process is to remove whole blood. the desired component removed, and the remaining portion of blood returned to the donor/patient. AAR Prt Guid 207, eA) 1b Autologous donors have less stringent criteria than allogeneic donors. Donations must be collected atleast 72 hours prior tosurgery, UA andar 208922 55 & Only ABO and Rh is required with the patient's sample. Each autologous unit must be confirmed for ABO and Rh from an integrally attached segment. Ini Stands 200%, 4) 86 € FDA requires that 4 representative units be tested each month for Factor VIII levels (of 80 IV or higher. Ifthe average value is less than 80 IU of Factor VIIL, corrective action ‘must be taken. [AAS Tech Manual 200, 224] 4 To determine the total IU of Factor VIII per bag of cryoprecipitate, multiple the assayed value/mL by the number of mi. in the container, [armening 205, p321 87 Blood Group Systems 58a The mother has a $0% chance of passing fon Ry and 50% chance of passing on r. The father will always pass on Ry. Statistically, 50% of the children will be Ry» and $0% of the them will be Ry. |Harvening 200, p233], (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 55Answers-Blood Bank 1: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems 59d Theentire set of HLA antigens located ‘on one chromosome is a haplotype. [Harovening 205, p85) 60d The patient lacks E. Since Cand care alleles, Cis inherited from one parent and from the other. Since the person is homoaygous for e, one of the genes needs to code for ce (RHce) and the other Ce (RHCe). ‘Tae RHD gene is more likely inherited with CCe than ce, 0 the person's most probable genotype is DCe/éce. This genotype is found in 31% of the white and 19% of the black populations. (AABB Tech Man 20085, pp 387.3921 © The Aand B structures can not be developed since there is no H precursor substance due to the lack of the H gene in the blood donor. |AABB Tach Manual 200%, 9352) 62. a This individual cannot have the k ‘antigen on their cells. Koky is rare and no Kell system antigens are detected on the red blood cells. Those individuals usually produce antibodies that are reactive with all normal cells. KK is the most probable genotype. Iarmening 2005, p176) 63 a Fy(a-b-) individuals are very rare with all populations other than the individual of [African descent, 68% of African Americans are Fy(a-b-) [AAB Tel Ms 20088, 22 64 a The baby is Rh-negative and lacks ‘since there is no evidence of HDEN, Inheritance of no D and noc is denoted as ‘The baby must have inherited this gene from both parents, and is homozygous TANBR Tech Manu 20088, pp387-398) 65a The most common genotype in Rh-negative individuals is rr. Anti-e would ‘not be formed because the recipient's red cells contain the e antigen. The first antibody most likely to develop would be anti-c. [Marmening 200, p1371 66 d__Blood group genes are autosomal, they are not carried on the sex gene. Whenever the gene is inherited, the antigen is ‘expressed on the red blood cells, which is known as codominant. {Haemening 2008, 110] 56. The Board of Certification Study Guide o7 68 70 n 3 74 Answers The Xgblood group system is unique in that the gene encodes on the X chromosome A negative mother would not have the Xg(a) to pass on. A positive father would, however, transmit the Xia) to al his daughters Iarmening 2005, p98} All common Rh antigens are present on the red blood celis. Ry (DCe) and Rp (DcE) are frequent genotypes. Iormeing 200, p139) ‘a Rufipis the only correct choice here. Ry = DeC-E-crer, IAABI Tech Moi 2008, 387 98) ¢ The Lewis antigens are developed by gene interaction. Both the Lewis and Secretor gene are required for red cells to type as Le(a-br). [fa person has a Lewis gene, but sot Secretar gene, then the cells type as Le(arb-). The Le(a-b-) phenotype is derived when the Lewis gene is absent and the Secretor gene may or may not be present. The Le(a+b-) phenotype occurs in 122% or the population, and Le(a-b-) occurs in 6%, 30 the most likely phenotype of a nonsecretor (se/se) is Le(arh-), and Tech Manual 2008, 74) ‘a Anti-fwill eact with react with cells that carry cand e on the same Rh polypeptide. No other listed genotypes produce an Rh polypeptide that carries both cand e. RAB Tech Manus! 2000h, 387-396) a Nonreactivity with anti-findicates the cells do not have an Rh polypeptide that possesses both c and ¢, which is necessary to type as f+. RyRy is the most likely genotype {AAB och Mans! 2008, pp387-398| b The Nantigen is lacking in 30% of the Caucasian population, {WADE Tech Manual 2008, 815] a The baby appears to lack ¢ since no HDEN was evident. The mom is most likely RjRj, 60 had to pass R; onto the baby. The father must have passed on an Rh gene that also did not produice c, Given the choices, the father has to be Rr. | AAD Tock Meus! 2008, pi37-3961: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Answers 6 76 79 aL 83, ‘€ The Fy(a-b-) phenotype occurs in {68% of the population of African descent, bbut is extremely rare in the other ethnic backgrounds, Lu(a-b-), Jk(a-b-) and K- are very rae inall ethnic backgrounds. AAR Tech Manus 2008, ch The frequency of compatible donors for this patient can be calculated by multiplying the percentage of the population that is e-C-xFy(a~) x Jk(b-), The blood supplier's immunohematology reference laboratory ‘may have units in stock or can request blood from other IRLs through the American Rare Donor w, |Barmeing 205,217,287) 1b The most likely haplotype is DCe/dc. [RABE Tech Mana 2008, 391, @ Prom the fist 2 children it can be determined the mom has the haplotypes ‘A2B12 and A23F18, The dad has the haplotypes A2B3 and ABB35. The expected B antigen in child #3 is B38. semen 2005, p35 ¢ _Hfanexact match of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens is necessary, siblings would be the most likely match, since siblings may hhave received the same haplotypes from the parents. |e Teh Mana 2008, p60) 4 Determination of compatibility can be determined by multiplying the percentage of compatibility of each antigen. 46% of the population is group O, 15% are D-, and 91% are =, 0.46 *0.15*0.81 =0. Ina Tet Manus 3008, p34 Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation: ? + 2p + 4? + 1.0 In this example, p?is the homozygous population, Jk(axb~) ‘The square root of p® =p, which is the gene frequency of Jk’ in this population, Out of 400 people, 122, or 30% are homozygous ‘The square root of 0.30 = is 0.55 UAABR Tech anal 2008, pc 351 b The Hardy-Weinberg equation states P+ q=1.0. When the equation i expanded, isp? + 2pqeq?=10. 1M Tech Mint 2008, pi. 2811 a When a markers ina child that the ‘mother and alleged father do not have, the alleged father can not be the biological father of the child. Tis isa direct exclusion. ABE Tec Manu 208, 521 4 85, Br 88 89 90 91 ‘¢ The child’s genotype does not inchude E. ‘The alleged father is homozygous for fhe vas the father the child would also have E, ‘The father can be excluded from paternity, [Harmen 25,9139) b Direct exclusion of paternity is established when a genetic marker is present In the child but is absent from the mother and the alleged father (RABE heh Mail 085, p39) € _Aycells are more strongly reactive with anti-A,B than with anti-A and the plasma frequently has anti-Ay present MABE Tech Mans} 2080, 9355) (volume2 x concentration?), A solution of 6%-8% albumin is used with some anti-D reagents as a control for spontaneous agglutination, AABN Tech Manet 2008, yp 726-7271 237 b__Rhantibodies show enhanced react with enzyme pretreated cells. Treatment of red cells with enzymes weakens reactivity with antibodies in the MNS and Duffy systems [Harmen 105, pp166 367,180.82), 238 b Patients may have antibodies to components of reagents. Washing the patient's ces prior to testing to remove their plasma from the cell suspension will resolve the reactivity with anti-B, AABN Tech Mana! 2008, 970) a _Enzyme treatment would allow for differentiation ofthe remaining antibodies after rule outs. The Fy" antigen would bbe denatured, allowing determination of ‘whether anti-JK? and -K are present, and to confirm anti (Barer 20085, 7252) € Soluble forms of some blood group antigens can be prepared from other sources and used to inhibit reactivity of the corresponding antihody, such as the HTLA antibodies anti-Ch and anti-Rg, Most HTLA antibodies, although weakly reactive in undiloted serum, will continue to react weakly at higher dilutions, AaB Teel Mans! 2008, yp 445) 4 For neutralization studies to be valid, the saline dilutional control must he reactive, Since neutralization studies involve adding a substance to the patlent’s plasma, nonreactivity in test tubes may be due to simple dilution, The saline control acts as the dilutional control and must be reactive When the saline control is reactive, then if the tube with the substance is nonreactive, the interpretation thal neutralization hhas occurred is made. If itis reactive, neutralization did not occur, RAB ck Ma) 2008, yi ‘8 In neutralization, a known source of a blood group soluble substance (for example, saliva, urine, or plasma) is incubated with 2 plasma antibody. During the incubation, tthe antihody combines with the soluble substance. The antibody is neutralized and inhibited from combining with the same blood group substance found on red blood cells when the blond cells are added to the system. aren 208,252 (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 67 yueg poofg-siemsuy1: Blood Bank | Serology Answers 243 b Anti-Le® is confirmed because the ‘250 a The Donath-Landsteiner test is tubes with Lewis substanceare negative, iy dlagnestic for PCH, The antibody is IgG Answers-Blood Bank Nonreactivity of the serum with Le(b+) cells indicates the anti-Le” in the serum was neutralized by the Lewis substance, The test is valid since the patient's serum with saline rather than substance added is still able to react with the Le(br) cells Iisrmeing 2005.58) 244 d_ Reactivicy with anti-H is no longer Sy demonstrable, which indicates H substance is present. There is no Aor B substance in the saliva as evidenced by the ability of anti-A and anti-B reacting with respective cells, People with H substance and no A or B substance are group O secretors Iai Tc Mansa 20DHb, 83 24S & Secretor studies demonstrates the BEL. presence ofa substance by the observation Gf neuttalization ofthe corresponding Sntibody. Nonreactivity with Band © cells indicates Band H substances ae present in the saliva 30 the red cels from this person are group B (AE a 208, 246 a Inthe solid phase technology, the antibody screening cells are bound to the surface of the well. Antibody specific for antigen on the red blood cells attaches, resulting in a diffuse pattern of red blood cells in the weil. A negative reaction would have manifested as a pellet of red blood cells in the bottom of the well [issn 2005, p206:247] 247 b ‘The K antigen is integral to the red ‘ell membrane and would not change in a patient, Errors in typing or patient identification may be detected when discrepancies are found when comparing historical records IAN Tech Mansa! 2008, pA 4 248 a _Polyagglutination is a property of the ted blood cells, Structures on the red cells are altered due to bacterial enzymes or a somatic mutation, so crypt antigens not normally exposed on cells are now present. Antibodies to the exposed structures are naturally occurring in adult plasma. Harenening 2005, 9528 249 ¢ Rouleaux will readily disperse in saline whereas true agglutination will remain after saline replacement. ABE Tech Manus 2008, pp 903-04) loard of Certification Study Guide and is biphasic: hemolysis occurs when the antibody is incubated with cells and cold temperatures and then incubated at 37°C Often the antibody demonstrates specificity towards the high-incidence antigen P (not to be confused with P,). The antibody screen is usually negative and the patient’ red cells, are coated with complement, [nen Tech Mar 20H, yo, 514 b Two reagents used for removing IgG from red blood cells are chloroquine diphosphate (CDP) and EDTA glycine acid (EGA). Using either of these procedures is useful to reduce a patient's DAT and allow phenotyping with IAT reactive antisera, UAH Tah Mon 208, pt a Anti-Fy! would not react with enzyme pretreated cells: a select cell panel would allow for individual reactivity of the remaining 2 antibodies. Thiol reagents ‘would he used to disperse agglutination of IyM antibodies, the antibodies in question are IgG Whnnening 2005 2521 € Dolichos bfforus plant seed extract forms complexes with N-acetylgalactosamine. When properly diluted, it can distinguish between A; donor cells and all other subgroups of A. ABR Tech Mapa 20088, 5 The serum of a group 0 individual contains anti-A, anti-8 and anti-A ‘Tu prepare suitable reagent, the ABO antibodies must be removed and anti-O left in the serum, The serum would need to be adsorbed with cells of the A\B, cde/ cde phenotype [Hemening 2005.91 101, d__ Since the auto control is positive after the AHG phase and no reactivity was detected at immediate spin, the serology is most consistent with 2 warm autoantibody. ‘An adsorption with autologous cells to remove the antibody to used the adsorbed plasma for alloantibody detection is the next step. MAB Tech Marsal 2008, 9508-50711: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Answers 256 a ZZAPisa reagent to remove IgG from EE, the patient’s own cells to allow better adsorption of IgG autoantibody from the patient's plasma onto the cells. The Intent of the autoadsorption is to remove autoantibody to look for alloantibodies prior to transfusion |aABB Tech Man 2008, ppS07508 257 a Treating autologous cells with a dkiy. proteolytic enzyme such as ficin enhances the adsorption of the cold reactive antibody. |AABE Tech Mans 2008, p12 $131 258 d _Anelution is the process of removal of antibody from red blood cells. The product of the elution method isan eluate. The eluate contains the antibody and can be used in antibody identification methods [armening 205, p52 @ Adsorption and elution techniques are used to detect ABO antigens that are not detectable by direct agglutination, ‘The cells are incubated with the antibody (anti-A or anti-B) to the antigen expected ‘on the ted blood cells. An elution method is performed and the antibody in the eluate is tested for recovering anti-A (or anti-B depending on the specificity that was used in the adsorption). a Tech Mm 2008, p36 260 € —Antibody-antigen complexes are dependent upon a neutral pH. Extremes in pH causes dissociation. Both auto and alloantibodies are recovered in elutes prepared by reagent kits that alter the pl UAB Teck Mam 2R, 9 2 ‘Transfusion Practice 261 b Each unit of Whole Blood or RECs will increase the hematocrit by 3%-5%, 50 2 units of RACs will increase the hematocrit by twice as much as } unit of Whole Blood. [eaemening 2005, y906 262 ¢ For emergency transfusions, group O- RBC units should be used, |semening 2005.92] 263 @ Granulocyte transfusions may be [iy indicated for severely neutropenic patients ‘with infections not controlled by antibiotic therapy, who are expected to recover bone ‘marrow production of white cells IRABR Tech Mans! 208, ppS96 597, 264 b Each unit of RBCS is expected to inceeage the hemoglobin level by 1-15 g/d (20-15 g/t). Warmening 20051305, 265 b Each unit of RBCs is expected to imerease the hematocrit level by 3%-5%, so it would take 2 units to raise the level 6%, Wem 2008508], 266 € CMV-seronegative or leukoreduced 5). blood products should be administered to immunocompromised patients, including hone marrow and hematopoietic cll ‘vansplant recipients, armen 2005-310 267 b _Cryoprecipitate contains ABO antibodies so one should consider giving ABO compatible. especially when infusing large volumes. Hie Man 2008, p87) 26B Clase | HLA antigens on platelets are a known cause for platelet refractoriness Loukoreduction of blood producte is used as 1 mechanism to reduce or prevent patients from developing antibodies mht Cle 20, 1 269 a Patients with IgA deficiency who have Shiv had anaphylactic transfusion reactions should receive washed RBCs. Anaphylactic reactions are typically caused by anti-IgA in the recipient. Washing removes plasma IgA from the donor unit. cells semi 2005, 08), __ FFP should be ABO compatible with the recipient's RBCs, Avoid FFP with antihodies toA or Bantigens the patient may have Group A plasma has anti-B, and should only be transfused to A or O recipients aren 200,937 d__FEP should be ABO compatible with the recipient’s RBCs. Avoid FFP with ABO antibodies to A or B antigens the patient may have armen 2005, p07) 270 2m 272 b Each unit of platelets should increase the count 5,000-10,000/p1. (5,000-10,000/L). [Parmening 200, p05] {Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 691: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Answers 273 ¢ Functional abnormalities are frequent Ont in hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia. Decreased platelets is not an outcome of a hemolytic transfusion reaction, posttransfusion purpura is usually self-limiting and is due to an antibody toaspecific platelet antigen, immune thrombocytopenia purpura patients have low platelet counts but rarely have hemorrhage, (AAG Teck Manual 2008, p57] 4 Washing red blood cells with saline removes donor plasma and IgA. and prevents anaphylactic reactions due to anti-IgA in the recipient, [Barmening 205, p35] 274 275 b Anaphylactic transfusion reactions are distinguished from other types of reactions by 1) the absence of fever, and 2) the reactions are sudden in onset after infusion of only a few mL of blood, Since the reaction is due to anti-lgA, washing the donor red blood cells to remove al plasma protein is indicated. Alternatively, blood products from IgA-deficient donors may be used. {Fares 2008, 9342] a _ FFP should be ABO compatible with the recipient's RBCs. Avoid FEP with AZO antibodies to A or 8 antigens the patient ‘may have. Rh type is not significant. Maren, 2005, p307) 277 ¢ _ FEP should be ABO compatible with the recipient's RBCs. If patient's type has not been determined (currently), plasma lacking, anti-A and anti-B should he given, [Harmer 200, p307] 278 ¢ _FEP contains all factors, including cryoprecipitate, (t does not have a higher risk of transmitting hepatitis than Whole 8lood. It must be transfused ‘within 24 hours of thawing and must be ‘ABO compatible. [Marner 2005, p207) 279 ¢ Bach unit of platelets should increase the count 5,000 10,000 platelets/ul. (5,000: 10,000/L). Platelet antibodies can diminish this expected increment {armen 2035, 9081 276 70 The Board of Certification Study Guide 280 284 285 286 € Symptoms of hemolytic transfusion reactions are fever, chills, Rushing, chest and back pain, hypotension, nausea, dyspnea, shock, renal failure, and DIC. Cireulatory overload, allergic, and anaphylactic reactions are not characterized by fever. (Harmen 205, p30) 4d Alloimmunization to the HLA results in refractoriness to random donor platelet transfusions, Harmen 2005, ps9) 1b Alloimmunization to the HLA results in refractoriness to random donor platelet transfusions. [Harmen 20, 883] € _ Posttransfusion purpura (PTP) is caused by platelet-specific alloantibedy in» previously immunized recipient. Transfused donor platelets in hlood products are destroyed, with concomitant destruction of the recipient's own platelets, through unknown mechanisms, The usttal antibody specificity is HPA-La, [Hfarmening 2008. p35. 45) 4 Previously immunized patients may have an undetectable level of antibody. ‘Transfusion of antigen-positive donor red cells may cause an anamnestic response and result in a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction. Symptoms may be mild, and present only as jaundice and unexplained anemia, |Harmering 2008, p38) b Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions are caused by a secondary anamnestic response ina previously alloimmunized recipient. Unlike a primary response, a secondary response is rapid. Antibody may be detectable 3-7 days from the time of transfusion |Harmening 2008, 52401 ‘4 Antibodies in the A8O system may activate complement and cause immediate intravascular hemolysis if incompatible blood is transfused. Antibodies in the Rh, Duffy, and MN systems typically cause extravascular hemolysis, which is ususlly less severe |armering 2005, 338] j i1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice 287 a ABO antibodies activate complement and may cause intravascular hemolysis, Rh, Kell, and Duffy antibodies are primarily associated with extravascular hemolysis. [Be ening 2005, pp109-110, 148,177) 288 b Antibodies in the Kidd system activate complement and may cause intravascular hemolysis. The antibodies often decline in vivo, are weak, show dosage, and are difficult to detect in vitro, making them prime candidates for causing anamnestic delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, [Parmening 28, p83] 289 @ ABO antibodies activate complement and may cause intravascular hemolysis, ‘The antibodies are naturally occurring against A and 8 antigens that the recipient lacks. Rh and Duffy antibodies may also cause hemolytic transfusion reactions, but the antibodies are the results of alloimmuntzation and not naturally present in recipients who lack the antigen, The incidence of septic transfusion reactions from bacterial contamination of Red Blood Cells is rare, about 1:500,000. Wire 200, pp, 344) 290 Patients receiving >1 blood volume replacement often develop thrombo: cytopenia and requite platelet transfusion. armenlog 2005, ph 291 a Apositive DAT in a posttransfusion Shiv blood sample usually indicates that the patient is producing alloantihody against fn antigen present on the transfused donor red cells, An elution should be performed to remove the antibody from the red cells and identify it Free antibody may also be present in the serum. If the antibody screen is positive, the antihody should be identified. Moose 2008, p50 292 a Free hemoglobin released from destruction of transfused donor red cells will impart a distinct pink or red color in the pposttransfusion sample plasma, [armen ing 2005, p348) Answers 293 d_ Theimmediate steps required to investigate a transfusion reaction include a clerical check of records and labels, visual inspection of postreaction plasma for hemolysis, and direc antiglobulin test and repeat ABO typing on the postreaction sample, Additional investigation is performed when there is evidence of hemolysis, bacterial contamination, TRALI, or other serious adverse event UWA tanards20085, 67421 294 & In septic transfusion reactions, patients experience fever »101'F (38.3°C), shaking chills, and hypotension. In severe reactions, patients develop shock, renal failure, hemoglobinuria, and DIC. (ABB Teh Man 2008, 9729) 295 € Clinical signs of a hemolytic transfusion reaction include fever and chills, and, in severe cases, DIC. Circulatory overload, allergic and anaphylactic reactions are not characterized hy fever and DIC. iar 2005 pS 9) 296 a Bilirubin is 2 marker for red cell hemolysis, Bilirubin peaks at 5-7 hours after transfusion and is back to pretransfusion levels at 24 hours if liver function is normal. {AA Tech Ml 200K, 723) 297 d__ Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions may occur in recipients who are previously immunized but who do not have detectable antihody, if they receive blood with the cortesponding antigen. When there is a history of clinicaly significant antibodies, donor red cells should be phenotyped and antigen-negative blood selected, A complete antigiohulin crossmatch must be performed, Into 2007, p81 82,7 298 b If the direct antiglobulin cest is positive ‘in a transfusion reaction investigation, the antibody should be cluted fram the red cells and identified. [Mares 2007, pp? 741 tin yueg poojg-siomsny1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Answers 299 € Lack of expected rise in hemoglobin after transfusion may be a sign of a delayed. hemolytic transfusion reaction, if the DAT. is positive, an elution should be performed to remove and identify the antibody coating the transfused donor red cells. In this case, the antibody is not detectable in the antibody screen, so a routine cel panel on the serum would not be helpful. Since the transfusion occurred 3 weeks previously donor samples are not available for testing. Iarmere 2005, p40 349-3501 300 b Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions are associated with extravascular hemolysis, rather than intravascular. Alloantibody coats the transfused antigen-positive donor cells, ln the recipient's circulation, producing a mixed-field positive reaction in the DAT. Iiormening 2005, psa. 249-3501 a In massive teansfusions, Platelets are ENS. indicated ifthe platelet count is less than $50,000/ (50,000/L). (Marnening 2005, pt) 302 d_ Treatment of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions focuses on supportive measures and control of DIC, hypotension, and acute renal fale. (Harmen 2005. 9329}, 303 € Red Blood Cells, Leukocyte Reduced should be chosen, because febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions are either due to chemokines released from leukocytes in nonleukoreduced blood components or to patient antibodies directed towards donor HLA antigens on the leukocytes UHmering 200, p24 304 © Leukocyte-Reduced RBCs and Platelets can be used to prevent further nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. [Harmening 2005, 9310) 305 a Leukocyteantibodies area primary cause of febrile transfusion reactions, Leukocyte-reduced blood components reduce the risk of febrile nonhemolytic reactions, IWsrmening 2005, 341) 306 ¢ Anaphylactic transfusion reactions areattributed to anti-lgA in IgA- deficient recipients. (Haemening 2008 312) 72 The Board of CortiGcation Study Guide 307 308 309 310 su 312 ‘Two distinguishing features of anaphylactic transfusion reactions are that symptoms occur with transfusion of only small amounts of blood, and the patient has no fever. Iarmeing 200, 93421 Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions are defined as fever of 1°C or greater (over baseline temperature) during or after transfusion, with no other reason. for the elevation than transfusion, and no evidence of hemolysis in the transfusion reaction investigation. Allergic reactions, citrate toxicity, and circulatory overload are not characterized by fever. [earmeng 205, x81] Allergic reactions area type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen in plasma, Most are mild reactions shawn by urticaria (hives, swollen red wheals) which may cause itching. {Wrenn 2005, 341-342) a Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions are defined as fever of 1°C or greater (over baseline temperature) during ‘rafter transfusion, with no other reason. for the elevation than transfusion, and no evidence of hemolysis in the transfusion reaction investigation. |armening 2005, p34 reactions occur in about 1% of transfusions, making it one of the most common types of reaction, Neither transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) or anaphylactic transfusion reactions are characterized by fever. Bacterially contaminated Red Blood Cells are rare, and rapidly produce severe symptoms upon transfusion, [ifrmeing 200, pp 341-3441 d__ Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion i Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions are caused by leukoagglutinins in the patient or cytokines released from donor leukocytes during storage. Since these reactions are not caused by red cell antibodies, transfusion investigation studies show no hemolysis or abnormal test results. Marques 2007, pp72 741 3— Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Answers 313 b TRALI is most commonly caused BE, by donor HLA or granulocyte-epecific antibodies that react with recipient antigens, ‘causing damage to the lung basement membrane and bilateral pulmonary edema within 6 hours of transfusion, Multiparous females are more likely to have antibodies than males, Using male donors as the sole source of plasma products is a strategy for reducing the risk of TRALL {ABI Tech Manus 2008, p75 735) 314 4 Prestorage leukoreduction reduces the Ski, number of white cellsin Apheresis Platelets and RBCs, and significantly decreases the risk of febrile reactions |AABB Te Mal 2008, p71 315 @_Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, dyspnea, hypotension, and hypoxemia jccurring within 6 hours of transfusion are clinical symptoms of TRALL Marques 2007, 85 316 a Anaphylactic transfusion reactions are severe reactions that occur after infusion of a small amount of donor blood. Symptems are hypotension, shock, respiratory distress, dyspnea, and substernal pain, Anaphylactic reactions are usually caused by anti-|gA. Marques 2007.51 317 © _Leukoreduction of blood products reduces the risk of febrile nonhhemolytic transfusion reactions, which are caused by leukoagglutinins or cytokines from white cells ‘Macys 207,20 318 d One reason to quarantine blood components before transfusion is hemolysis of the red cells, Hemalysis of red cells is an indication of contamination or improper storage, Wace 200, p24 319 € Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) is hypervolemia manifested by coughing, cyanosis, and pulmonary edema. [Macro 200, p83] 320 ¢ Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) is hypervolemia caused by blood transfusion in susceptible patients. Hemolytic (antibody to red cell antigen), febrile NHTR (leukoagglutinins or cytokines), and allergic (reaction to allergens im plasma) are immunologic reactions AAS Tech Manus) 20088, 9p725- 731] 321d Transfusion-induced hypervolemia causing edema and congestive heart failure isa feature of transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO). Hypervolemia is not a complication of a hemolytic, febrile, ‘or anaphylactic transfusion reaction, IMaemening 2005, p38 343] 322 b Hypervolemia due to transfusion in susceptible patients, such as cardiac, elderly, infants, or severely anemic, causes circulatory overload (TACO) and associated respiratory and cardiac problems. (Oarnening 205,43 323 a Septictransfusion reactions due to contaminated blood products are manifested by high fever. chills, hypotension, shock, nausea, diarrhea, renal failure, and DIC. Symptoms usually appear rapidly. ‘Transfusion reaction investigation shows no evidence of unexpected blood group antibodies. A Gram stain and blood culture ‘of the donor unit may detect the presence of aerobic or anaerobic organisms. IMarmerine 2005, pa 324 € Hepatitis transmission is unlikely, but hac a higher risk of transmission through blood transfusion than CMV (rare), syphilis (no transfusion-transmitted cases reported in >30 years), or HIV (2:2,300,000 units). IAAWE Tei Maal 20085, p24 2511 325 b Irradiation inhibits proliferation of ‘T cells and subsequent GVHD, [seeing 20,2271 326 @ Blood from a family member may be Ey homozygous ora shared HLA haplotype, allowing donor lymphocytes to engraft inthe recipient and cause transfusion- associated GVHD. Hanning 205,947 327 € Gamma irradiation of blood products prevents donor lymphocytes from replicating after transfusion and causing transfusion associated graft-vs-host disease in susceptible patients [mening 268, p37 328 The most common use of therapeutic plasmapheresis is to remove plasma abnormalities, such as pathologies! antibodies, immune complexes, or cryoglobulins. [ABR Praia Gude 2007, ch Clinical Laboratory Certification Ereminations 73 yueg poojg-sremsuy1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Answers 329 b Macroglobulinemia, also known as thir Waldenstrom, is a syndrome with gM monoclonal paraprotein. Since IgM protein ’s intravascular, plasma exchange provides symptomatic relief. (nABB Petal Gude 2007 cs} 330 a The major cause of transfusion: associated fatalities is transfusion of blood to the wrong patient (Harmering 208, p26 74 ‘TheBoerd of Cortifiation Study Guide2: Chemistry | Carbohydrates Questions Chemistry ‘The fllowing items have been identified generally as appropriate for both entry level medical laboratory scientists and medical laboratory technicians, Items that are appropriate for medical laboratory scientists only ‘are marked withan “MLS ONLY.” 75 Questions 128 Annwere with Explenations 15. Carbohytrats 128 Carbohydrates 78 Ae Bose Baloce 128 Acid ese lance a1 Blecrites 130 Eletroyes 85. Proteins ond Other MirogenContanng 130 Protein and Other Mirage. Conttning Compounds Compounds 95. Heme Derivatives 182 Heme Derivatives 99° Enaynes 288 Enaynes 4108 Lipids ond Lipoproteins 136 Lips ond Liproteins 107 Endocrinology and Tumor Markers 4187 Endocrinology and Tumor Markers 113 ToMand Toilogy 139 TDM and Tovcology 14S Quality Aesesement 140 Quality Assessment 117 Laboratory Mathematics 141 Laboratory Mathematics 421 Instrumentation 4142 Insiumentation Carbohydrates 1 Following overnight fasting, hypoglycemia in adults is defined as a glucose of 8 £70 mg/l (s3.9 mmol/L) B £60 mg/dl. (<3.3 mmol/L) © $55 mg/dl. (<3.0 mmol/L) £45 mg/d (£25 mmol/L) ‘The following results are from a 21-year-old patient with a back injury who appears otherwise healthy: whole blood glucose: 77 mg/l (.2 mmol) serum gucose: BB gL @BmmaIA) CSF glucose: 86 mg/dL (1 mmol) “The best interpretation of these results is that: the whole blood and serum values are expected but the CSF value is elevated B the whole blood glucose value should be higher than the serum value € allvalues are consistent with a normal healthy individual @ the serum and whole blood values should be identical ‘The preparation of a patient for standard glucose tolerance testing should include: ‘a ahigh carbohydrate diet for 3 days B alow carbohydrate diet for 3 days € fasting for 48 hoars prior to testing. a bed rest for 3 days tinical Laboretary Certification Examinations 752: Chemistry | Carbohydrates Questions 4 Ifa fasting glucose was 90 mg/dl, which ofthe following ?-hour postprandial glucose results ‘would most closely represent normal glucose metabolism? a 55 mp/él (3.0 mmol/L) b 100 mg/dl. (5.5 mmol/L) © 180 mp/al (9.9 mmol/L) 4260 mg/al (14.3 mmol/L) 5 Ahealthy person with a blood glucose of 80 mg/dl (4.4 mmol/L) would have a simultaneously determined cerebrospinal fluid glucose value of: a 25 mg/dl (1.4 mmol/L) 1b 50mp/dl 2.3 mmol/L) € 100 mp/el (5.5 mmol/L) 150 mp/b (8.3 mmol/L) 6 25-year-old man became nauseated and vomited 90 minutes after receiving a standard 75 g carbohydrate dose for an oral glucose tolerance test. The best course of action is to ‘& give the patient a glass of orange juice and continue the test 1b start the test over immediately with a 50 g carbohydrate dose ‘€. draw blood for glucose and discontinue test place the patient in a recumbent position, reassure him and continue the test 7 Cerebrospinal fluid for glucose assay should be: a refrigerated 'b analyzed immediately © heated t0 56°C 4 stored at room temperature after centrifugation 8 Which of the following 2 houe postprandial glucose values demonstrates unequivocal hyperglycemia diagnostic for diabetes mellitus? ‘2 160 mg/dl (88 mmol/L) b 170 mg/dl. (94 mmol/L) © 180 mg/dl (9.9 mmol/L) 200 mg/él 1.0 mmol/L) 9 Serum levels that define hypoglycemia in pre-term orlow birth weight infants are: the same as adults 1b lower than adults € thesameas anormal full-term infant higher than a normal full-term infant 10 A45-year-old woman has a fasting serum glucose concentration of 95 mg/dl. (5.2 mmol/L) anda 2-hour postprandial glucose concentration of 105 mg/aL (.8 mmol/L). The statement which best describes this patient’ fasting serum glucose concentration is ‘2 normal; reflecting glycogen breakdown by the liver 1b normal; reflecting glycogen breakdown by skeletal muscle € abnormal indicating diabetes mellitus 4 abnormal; indicating hypoglycemia 11. Pregnant women with symptoms of thirst, frequent urination or unexplained weight less should hhave which of the following tests performed? 4 tolbutamide test B lactose tolerance test € epinephrine tolerance test 4 glucose tolerance test 76 Tha Roard of Cartiscation Study Guide2: Chemistry | Carbohydrates Questions 2 3 “4 15 16 7 18 19 Tn the fasting state, the arterial and capillary blood glucose concentration varies from the venous glucose concentration by approximately how many mg/dL (mmol/L)? a 1 mp/dL. (0.05 mmol/L) higher tb Smg/dl. (0.27 mmol/L) higher ¢ 10:mp/al (0.55 mmol/L) lower 15 mg/al. (0.82 mmol/L) lower ‘The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate is called 8 glycogenesis b elycogenolysis gluconeogenesis 4 glycolysis Which one of the following values obtained during a glucose tolerance test are diagnostic of diabetes mellitus? ‘a 2hour specimen = 150 mg/dL(8.3 mmol/L) b fasting plasma glucose = 126 mg/dL 6.9 mmol/L) €. fasting plasma glucose = 110 mg/dL.(6.1 mmol/L) @ Dhour specimen = 180mg/al.(9.9 mmol/L) The glycated hemoglobin value represents the integrated values of glucose concentration during the preceding: a 13 weeks b 4S weeks 6B weeks a 16-20 weeks Monitoring long-term glucose conttol in patients with adult onset diabetes mellitus can best be accomplished by measuring: 8 weekly fasting 7 Ant serum glucose b glucose tolerance testing € Z-hour postprandial serum glucose 4 hemoglobin Are patient with Type 1. insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has the following results: Tost Patient Reference Renge fasting blood glucose: «180 mg/dl. (83mmolL) 70-110 mg/dL (3.9-6.1 mmol) hemoglobin Ae 35% 4.0%-6.0% {ructosamine: 25 mmovL, 20-29 mmov. “After reviewing these test results, the technologist concluded that the patient is ina 1a “steady state” of metabolic control B state of flux, progressively worsening metabolic control <¢_ improving state of metabolic control as indicated by fructosamine state of flux as indicted by the fasting glucose level ‘Total glycosylated hemoglobin levels in a hemolysate reflect the: ‘2 average blood glucose levels of the past 2-3 months B average blood glucose levels for the past week blood glucose level atthe time the sample is drawn hemoglobin Ay level atthe time the sample is drawn Which ofthe following hemoglobins has glucose-6-phosphate on the armino-terminal valine of the beta chain? as be © he a Ay Clinic LeboroteryCertifation Bezminetons 772: Chemistry | Acid-Base Balance Questions 20 A patient with hemolytic anemia will: a show a decrease in glycated Hgb value Bb show an increase in glycated Fgh value ¢ show little or no change in glycated Hgb value demonstrate an elevated Hgb Ay 21 In using ion-exchange chromatographic methods, falsely increased levels of Hgb Ay, might be demonstrated in the presence of: 44 iron deficiency anemia pernicious anemia © thalassemias di Hgbs 22 An increase in serum acetone is indicative of a defect in the metabolism of a carbohydrates b fat € urea nitrogen uric acid 23 _Aninfant with diarrhea is being evaluated for a carbohydrate intolerance, His stool yields Positive copper reduction test and a pH of S.0.It should be concluded that a further tests are indicated bb results are inconsistent —repeat both tests € the diarthea is not due to carbohydrate intolerance 4 the tests provided no useful information 24 Blood samples were collected atthe beginning ofan exercise class and after thirty minutes of serobic activity. Which ofthe following would be most consistent with the post-exercise sample? ‘4 normal lactic acd, low pyruvate low lactic act, elevated pyruvate € elevated lactic acid, low pyruvate . clevated lactic aci, elevated pyruvate 25 Whats the best method to diagnose lactase deficiency? a. Hy breath test b plasma aldolase level © LDH level d Daxylose test Base Balance 26 Theexpected blood gas results for a patient in chronic renal failure would match the pattern of 4 metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis ‘¢ metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis 27 Severe diarthea causes: metabolic acidosis b metabolic alkalosis € respiratory acidosis 4 ‘eespiratory alkalosis ‘78 The Board of Certification Stedy Gulde2: Chemistry | Acid-Base Balance Questions 28 ‘The following blood gas results were obtained pe 718 Pr 86mm Hp PCO,: comm Hg Opsatuation 92% Hoos 7921 mEgiL (21 mmo) 00, 29mEQ/t 28 mmoin baseercess| —— -80mEa/L -BOmmavt) ‘The patient's results are compatible with which of the following? a fever & uremia © emphysema a dehydration 29° Factors that contribute toa PCO; electrode requiting 60-120 seconds to reach equilibrium include the: 18 diffusion characteristics ofthe membrane B actual blood POy € type of calibrating standard (ie, liquid or humidified gas) 4 potential of the polarizing mercury ell, 30. An emphysema patient suffering from fluid accumulation in the alveolar spaces is likely to be in what metabolic state? «8 respiratory acidosis B respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis a metabolic alkalosis 31 At blood pH 7.40, what is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid? a ist b 201 © 251 4301 32 The reference tange for the pH of arterial blood measured at 37°Cis a 7.28-7.34 »b 733-737 © 735-745 4 745-750 33 A 68-year-old man arrives in the emergency room with a glucose level of 722 mg/dL. (39.7 mmol/L) and seruin acetone of 4+ undiluted, An arterial blood gas from this patient is likely to be: low pH 1b high pH « low PO, high FO. 34 A patient is admitted to the emergency room ina state of metabolic alkalosis. Which of the following would be consistent with this diagnosis? 4 high TC02, increased HCO b low TCOz, increased HCO, high TCO», decreased H2COs d low TCO2, decreased H2COy Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 792: Chemistry | Aci ise Balance Questions 35 36 37 39 40 41 ‘A person suspected of having metabolic alkalosis would have which of the following laboratory findings? ‘4 COp content and PCO elevated, pHi decreased COs content decreased and pHi elevated € CO; content, PCO; and pH decreased 4. CO; content and pH elevated Metabolic acidosis is described as a(n) 1a increase in CO content and PCO» with a decreased pH 1b decrease in CO; content with an increased pH ‘¢ increase in CO with an increased pHi 4d. decrease in COg content and PCO. with a decreased pH Respiratory acidosis is described as a(n): fa increase in CO3 content and PCO, with a decreased pt decrease in CO content with an increased pti € increase in CO3 content with an increased pi decrease in COz content and PCO; with a decreased pH ‘Acommon cause of respiratory alkalosis is: 2 vomiting starvation € asthma 4 hyperventilation Acidasis and alkalosis are best defined as fluctuations in blood pH! and CO2 content due to changes in a Bohreffect b O,content € bicarbonate buffer 4 carbonic anhydrase ‘A blood gas sample was sent to the lab on ice, and a bubble was present in the syringe. The blood had been exposed to room air for at least 30 minutes. The following change in blood gases will occur: ‘4 COp content increased/PCO2 decreased 1b COs content and PO? increased/pH increased € CO; content and PCO, decreased/pH decreased 4 PO2 increased/tHCO3 decreased The following laboratory results were obtained: Serum slectrolytes sodium 196 mEq/L (196 mmoW/) potassium: ‘4A mERIL (4.4 mmol/L) chloride 82 mEq/L. 2 mmol carbonate: 40 mEqyt (€0 mmoirt) ‘Atorial blood ok 132 COs Tamm Hs ‘These results are most compatible with: respiratory alkalosis, respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis ‘metabolic acidosis aaoe 80 The Board of Certification Study Guide2: Chemistry | Electrolytes Questions 42 Select the test which evaluates renal tubular function. a= IVP B ereatinine clearance © osmolarity microscopic urinalysis 43. A patient had the following serum results: Nati 140 meg/. (140 mmoun) cS 4.0 mEq/L (4.0 mmolit) glucose: 95 mg/d (6.2 mmoW/t) BUN: 10 mg/EL 57 mmol} ‘Which osmolality is consistent with these results? a 188 b 204 © 270 4 390 44 The degree to which the kidney concentrates the glomerular filtrate can be determined by: 4 urine creatine b serum creatinine € creatinine clearance 4 urine to serum osmolality ratio 45 Osmolal gap is the difference between: 4 the ideal and real osmolality values b calculated and measured osmolality values «plasma and water osmolality values 4 molality and molarity at 4°C Electrolytes 46 The most important buffer pair in plasma is the: 4 phosphate/biphosphate pair b hemoglobin/imidazole pair ‘¢_bicarbonate/carbonic acid pair 4 sulfate/bisulfate pair 47 Quantitation of Na‘ and K’ by ion-selective electrode is the standard method because: 4 dilution is required for flame photometry there is no lipoprotein interference © of advances in electrochemistry 4 of the absence of an internal standard 48 What battery of tests is most useful in evaluating an anion gap of 22 mEq/L (22 mmol/L)? 8 Cat", Mg**, PO" and pHt b BUN, creatinine, salicylate and methanol © AST, ALT, LD and armylase 4 glucose, CK, myoglobin and eryoglobulin2: Chemistry | Electrolytes Questions 49 _ A patient with myeloproliferative disorder has the following values: gb: 13 gla (190 mmol) Het 28% i wee: 30 x 10°%aL 0 x 10%L) platelets 3000 « 10%%pL (1000 x 10%") ‘serum Na" 140 mEq/t (140 mmol) serum Kt 7 mEq/L (7 mmol) ‘The serum K° should be confirmed by: ‘a repeat testing of the original serum b testing freshly drawn serum € testing heparinized plasma atomic absorption spectrometry 50 Most of the carbon dioxide present in blood is ia the form of! a dissolved CO b carbonate € bicarbonate ion 4 carbonic acid 51 Serum “anion gap” is increased in patients with: renal tubular acidosis b diabetic alkalosis metabolic acidosis due to diarrhea lactic acidosis 52 The anion gap is useful for quality control of laboratory results for: ‘a amino acids and proteins b blood gas analyses | sodium, potassium, chloride, and total CO, 4 calcium, phosphorus and magnesium 53. The buffering capacity of blood is maintained by a reversible exchange process between bicarbonate ané: sodium b potassium € ealcium chloride 54 In respiratory acidosis, a compensatory mechanism is the increase in: a respiration rate 'b ammonia formation € blood PCO, 4 plasma bicarbonate concentration 55 Which of the following electrolytes is the chief plasma cation whose main function is maintaining osmotic pressure? a chloride calcium € potassium 4 sodium 56 A potassium level of 6.8 mEq/L (6.8 mmol/L) is obtained. Before reporting the results, the first step the technologist should tale isto: ‘a check the serum for hemolysis bb rerun the test € check the age of the patient 4 donothing, simply report out the result 82 The Board of Certification Study Guide2: Chemistry | Electrolytes Questions 7 58 59 on 62 63 64 “The solute that contributes the most to the total serum osmolality is a glucose & sodium «€ chloride urea A sweat chloride result of 55 mEq/L (S5 mmol/L) and a sweat sodium of 52 mEq/L (52 mmol/L) ‘were obtained on a patient who has a history of respiratory problems. The best interpretation of these results is: a normal 'b normal sodium and an abnormal chloride test should be repeated © abnormal results borderline results, the test should be repeated Which ofthe following is true about direction selective electrodes for electrolytes? ‘whole blood specimens are acceptable b elevated lipids cause falsely decreased results € elevated proteins cause falsely decreased results elevated platelets cause falsely increased results Sodium determination by indirect ion selective electrode is falsely decreased by: 1a clevated chloride levels b elevated lipid levels € decreased protein levels, decreased albumin levels ‘A physician requested that electrolytes on a multiple myeloma patient specimen be run by direct ISE and not indirect ISE because: ‘4 excess protein binds Na in indirect ISB b Nis falsely increased by indixect ISE € Nais falsely decreased by indirect |SE 4 excess protein reacts with diluent in indirect ISE Which percentage of total serum calcium is nondiffusible protein bound? 80%-90% 51%-60% 40%-50% 10%-30% anee Calcium concentration in the serum is regulated by insulin } parathyroid hormone © thyroxine 4 vitamin C ‘The regulation of calcium and phosphorous metabolism is accomplished by which of the following glands? a thyroid b parathyroid © adrenal glands 4 pituitary, Clinical Laboratory Certification Fxaminations 83chemistry | glectrotytes Questions 65 A patient has the following test results: ‘Increased sorum calcium | ‘decreased serum phoschate levels Increased levels of parathyroid hormone ‘This patient most likely has: a hyperparathyzoidisin b hypoparathyroidism © nephrosis 4 steatorrhea, 66 A hospitalized patient is experiencing increased neuromuscular irritability (tetany). Which of the following tests should be ordered immediately? calcium 'b phosphate © BUN 4 glucose 67 Which of the following is most likely to be ordered in addition to serum calcium to determine the cause of tetany? magnesium B phosphate © sodium 4 vitamin 68 A reciprocal relationship exists between: sodium and potassium B calcium and phosphate « chloride and CO, calcium and magnesium 69° Fasting serum phosphate concentration is controlled primarily by the: @ pancreas B skeleton € parathyroid glands 4 small intestine 70. Alow concentration of serum phosphorus is commonly found in: ‘4 patients who are receiving carbohydrate hyperalimentation B chronic renal disease «© hypoparathyroidism patients with pituitary tumors 71 The following laboratory results were obtained: Alkaline Calcium Phosphate serum Ineroased decreased normolor increased rine: incroased increased ‘These results are most compatible with a multiple myeloma B millealkali syndrome € sarcoidosis primary hyperparathyroidism 84 The Board of Certification Study Gulde2: Chemistry | Proteins and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Questions Proteins and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds ‘72 The primary function of serum albumin in the peripheral blood is to: ‘2 maintain colloidal osmotic pressure b increase antibody production € increase fibrinogen formation 4 maintain blood viscosity 73 In apleural effusion caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, the protein value of the pleural uid as {Miy compared to the serum value would probably be 8 decreased by2 b decreased by © increased by % 4 equal 74 The frst step in analyzing a 24-hour urine specimen for quantitative urine protein is 4 subculture the urine for bacteria badd the appropriate preservative € screen for albumin using a dipstick 4 measure the total volume 75 When performing a manual protein analysis on a xenthochromic spina fluid, the ‘ire technician should 48 perform the test as usual } makea patient blank € centrifuge the specimen 4. dilute the specimen with deionized water JS The direction in which albumin migrates (ie, toward anode or cathode) during electrophoretic Sly separation of serum proteins, at pH 8.6, is determined by: 4 the ionization ofthe amine groups, yielding a net positive charge b theionization ofthe carboxyl groups, yielding a net negative charge € albumin acting as a awiterion 4 the density ofthe get layer 72 The protein that has the highest dye-binding capacity is: "a albumin b alpha globulin © beta globulin gamma globulin (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 852: Chemistry | Proteins and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Questions 78 Refer to the following illustration: the serum protein electrophoresis pattern shown below was obtained on cellulose acetate at PHBE. Ww 6 Identify che serum protein fraction on the left ofthe illustration. 2 gamma globulin & albumin « alpha-1 globulin 4 alpha-2 globulin 79. ‘The biuret reaction for the analysis of serum protein depends on the number of “a free amino groups B free carboxyl groups © peptide bonds tyrosine residues 80 In electrophoresis of proteins, when the sample is placed in an electric field connected to a buffer AS, of pH 86, allof the proteins: ‘have a positive charge havea negative charge € are electrically neutral migrate toward the cathode 81. The relative migration rate of proteins on cellulose acetate is based on Sa molecular weight } concentration € ionic charge 4 partide size 82 The cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 8.6 of serum proteins will show an order of migration Site beginning with the fastest migration as follows: 4 albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin b alpha-1 globulin alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin, alburnin € albumin, alpha-2 globulin, alpha-i globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin gamma globulin, beta globulin, alpha-2 globulin, alpha-l globulin, alburnin 83. Which of the following amino acids is associated with sulfhydryl group? OY a cysteine: b alyine © Serine 4 tyrosine 86 The Board of Certification Study Guide2: Chemistry | Proteins and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Questions 84 Maple syrup urine disease is characterized by an increase in which of the following urinary thir amino acids? phenylalanine b tyrosine € valine, leucine and isoleucine cystine and cysteine 85 _ Increased serum albumin concentrations are seen in which of the following conditions? og nephrotic syndrome b acute hepatitis, © chronic inflammation 4 dehyération 86 The following data was obtained from a cellulose acetate protein electrophoresis scan: albumin area: 7S units {gamma globulin area: 30 units total area 180 uni {010i protein 6.5 g/Gl (65 g/t) ‘The gamma globulin content in g/dl. is: a Li g/l (11g) b 27 p/Al (27 g/t) © 38 g/al 38 g/L) 49 g/€l (49 g/L) 87 Apatient is admitted with biliary cirrhosis. If serum protein electrophoresis is performed, which {iy of the following globulin fractions will be most elevated? a alpha.d & alpha-2 © beta gamma 88 Which of the following serum protein fractions is most likely to be elevated in patients with Mey nephrotic syndrome? 4 alpha-l globulin B albumin alpha-2 globulin beta globulin and gamma globulin Clinical Laboratory Certification Bxeminations 872: Chemistry | Proteins and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 39 Refer tothe following illustration w) o Patient values Reference values total protain 72 g/dL (7T2gA) —_6.0-80 gia (60-80 g/L) albumin A2g/dL 2g) 36-52 g/dL (96-52 g/L) ana? ON gia (Og ———O-D.4 gia (1-4 git) aha? —«Q9GML MG/L] 04-10 glal (4-10) beta OB G/ML BON) —OS-12 glaL. 6-12 gH) gamma ta gidL (gil) 06-6 glal 6-16 G/L) ‘Tis electrophoresis pattern is consistent with cirrhosis b monoclonal gammopathy € polyclonal gammopatay (eg, chronic inflammation) alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, severe emphysema 90 Refer to the following illustration: @ oO Patient values Reference valu total protan 89 gia 89 g/L) 60-8. a/c (00-8091) abumin 4B gidh Ogi) 36-S.29/0L 05-8291) aha! ODL GG) 01-04 Gd 1-4 gM) apha2 OT gidL ail) 04-10 9/4. 4-10 GIL) bata OBgicl Bo) 05-12 g/dL S-t2 g/L) gamma «23 gKL Agi) 06-1.8G/AL (6-16 gM) ‘The serum protein electrophoresis pattern is consistent with: a cirrhosis acute inflammation ‘€ monoclonal gammopathy 4. polyclonal gammopathy (eg, chronic inflammation) BB The Hoard of Certification Study Guide Questions2: Chemistry | Proteins and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Questions a1 o 4 Refer to the following pattern: (4): ie) Potientvelues Reference values total protein 6.1 gid. (g/l) 6.0-8.0 g/dL (€0-80g/1) albumin 23.9/dL @3g/L) 36-52 gldl 6-52 g/L) alpha? OZ gidL ail) 01-04 gS (1-4G/L) ‘aiphe-2 OS GidL Geil) 04-1,0gidL W-I0 g/L) eto A2gidL 2g) 05-12 gI6L G-I2 g/L) gamma «1 @gHdL BGA) 06-16 gial (6-16 g/L} ‘This pattern is consistent with: a drthosis: acute inflammation € polyclonal gammopathy (eg, chronic inflammation) @ alpha-l antitrypsin deficiency; severe emphysema [A characteristic of the Bence Jones protein that is used to distinguish it from other urinary proteins is ts solubility in ammonium sulfate in sulfuric acid at 40". 60°C at 100°C ‘The electrophoretic pattern of plasma sample as compared to a serum sample shows a: broad prealbumin peak sharp fibrinogen peak diffuse pattern because of the presence of anticoagulants decreased globulin fraction ‘Ata pH of 86 the gamma globulins move toward the cathode, despite the fact that they are negatively charged, What is this phenomenon called? reverse migration molecular sieve endosmosis anor Clinical Laboratory Certification Exeminations: 892: Chemistry | Proteins and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Questions 85 Refer tothe following illustration ow a Patlent values Reference values total protein 7.8 g/dL (78a/L) 60-80 gid (60-80 oft) albumin LOG/AL.GOGIL) 36-5.2 GL 05-52 g/L) alphas AGL GL — 01.04 gid (1-4 g/L) aipnag §— VBGIAL(IB G/L) 04-10 gid 4-10.G/L) beta OSGI GG OS-12g/aL (6-12 g/l) gamma 11 g/dL (11 g/L) 96-1.6 g/dL. (6-16 g/L) ‘The serum protein electrophoresis pattern is consistent with: a cievhosis B acute inflammation € polyclonal gammopathy (eg, chronic inflammation) 4. sipha-L-antitrypsin deficiency, severe emphysema 96 Refer to the following illustration GH a Patient values totalpretein 8.5 gil 85 g/t) albumin -43.g/0L @2g/L) alpha, 0.3 gol Gait) alna, 07 gid ToL) beta 09 giat @ git) gamma 23g/dt 29g) ‘The above serum protein electrophoresis pattern is consistent with: a circhosis b monoclonal gammopathy € polyclonal gammopathy (eg, ch 4 alpha-T-antitrypsin deficiency: & a roultiple myeloma B mukiple sclerosis ‘¢ myasthenia gravis 4. von Willebrand disease 90 the Board of Certification Study Guide Reference values 6.0-8, 0g/0L (00-809/L) 9.6-5.2 g/Al (38-52 9/0) Or-0.49/a(1-4 9/1) (04-1. 9/4 (6-10 9/1) 018-1.2 g/d (5-12 g/L) 06-15 9/a 6-189 wronic inflammation) severe emphysema 97 Analysis of CSF for oligoclonal bands is used to screen for which of the following disease states?2: Chemistry | Proteins and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Questions 38. ony 99) 100 101 102 103, 104 105, ‘The identification of Bence Jones protein is best accomplished by, 18 a sulfosaicylic acid test D urine reagent strips immunofexation electrophoresis Total iron-binding capacity measures the serum iron transporting capacity of ‘a hemoglobin b ceruloplasmin transferrin 4 ferritin ‘The first step in the quantitation of serum iron is ‘8 direct reaction with appropriate chromogen 'b iron saturation of transferrin € free iron precipitation 4. separation of iron from transferring ‘Apatient’s blood was drawn at 8 AM fora serum ton determination. The result was 85 yg/aL. (45.2 umol/L). A repeat specimen was drawn a 8 pw; the serum was stored at 4°C and run the next morning. The result was 40 ug/l. (7.2 umol/L). These results are most likely due to: 2 iron deficiency anemia 'b improper storage of the specimen € possible liver damage 4 the time of day the second specimen was drawn An elevated serum iron with normal iron binding capacity is mast likely associated with, & iron deficiency anemia b renal damage € pernicious anemia 4 septicemia Decreased serum iron associated with increased TIBC is compatible with which of the following. disease states? anemia of chronic infection iron deficiency anemia chronic liver disease nephrosis > anoe patient has the following results: Patient values Reference values ‘serum ron 260 ugiet 44.8 pov) 160-150 pg/L. (10.7-28,9 pov) mc 350 pa/ol (62.7 umovt) 300-380 urd. (63.7-62.7 pmol) ‘The best conclusion is that this patient has: normal iron status 'b iron deficiency anemia € chronic disease 4 iron hemochromatosis To assure an accurate ammonia level result, the specimen should be: 1 incubated at 37°C prior to testing b spun and separated immediately, tested as routine © spun, separated, iced, and tested immediately 4 stored at room temperature until tested (linieal Laboratory Certification Examinations 91y ] 2: Chemistry | Proteins and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Questions 106. Erroneous ammonia levels can be eliminated by al of the following except a assuring water and reagents are ammonia-free by separating plasma from cells and performing test analysis as soon as possible ‘€ Grawing the specimen in a prechlled tube and immersing the tube in sce 4. storing the specimen protected from light until the analysis is done i 107 A critically ill patient becomes comatose. The physician believes the coma is due to hepatic failure i Uiy. The assay most helpful in this diagnosis is q @ ammonia 1 b ALT € Ast j 4 GGT q 108 A serum sample demonstrates an elevated result when tested with the Jaffe reaction, “This indicates: | 4 prolonged hypothermia 'b renal fanctional impairment € pregnancy arrhythmia 109 In order to prepare 100 mi. of 15 mg/dL. BUN (5.35 mmol/L) working standard from a stock Gly. standard containing 500 mg/dL (178.5 mmol/L) of urea nitrogen, the number of ml. of stock | solution that should be used is: i | i | | | © urea | 4 ric acid | a 3mL b Smt © 33mL 4 Smt }O0_A patient with glomerulonephritis is most likely to present with the following serum results: b calcium increased ¢ phosphorous decreased OMY a. creatinine decreased BUN increased. 111 The principle excretory form of nitrogen is "Ya amino acids b creatinine 112 In the Jaffe reaction, creatinine reacts with: 4 alkaline sulfasalazine solution to produce an orange-yellow complex potassium iodide to form a reddish-purple complex € sodium nitroferricyanide to yield a reddish-brown color 4 alkaline picrate solution to yield an orange-red complex 113 Creatinine clearance is used to estimate the: a tubular secretion of creatinine B glomerular secretion af creatinine renal glomerular and tubular mass glomerular filtration rate 92 The Rosrd of Cortiscation Study Guide2: Chemistry | Proteins and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Questions 14 A blood creatinine value of 5.0 mg/dl. (442.0 pmol/L) is most likely to be found with which of the following blood values? 2 osmolality: 292 mOsm/kg D uricacié Bmp/él. (475.8 pmol/L) € urea nitrogen: 80 mg/dl (28.56 mmol/L) d ammonia; — 80 ug/dL (44 pmol/L) 215 Technical problems encountered during the collection of an amniotic uid specimen caused doubt ‘MG, as to whether the specimen was amniotic in origin, Which 1 of the following procedures would best establish thatthe fluid is amniotic in origin? ‘a measurement of absorbance at 450 nm } creatinine measurement € lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio @_ human amniotic placental lactogen (HPL) 116 Which of the following represents the end product of purine metabolism in humans? Ya AMP and GMP b DNAand RNA € allantoin 4 uric acid 117 Which ofthe following substances is the biologically active precursor of a fat soluble vitamin? Oa biotin b retinol € folic acid @ ascorbic acid 118 The troponin complex consists of: a troponin T, calcium and tropomyosin b troponin C, troponin | and troponin T € troponin I, actin, and tropomyosin 4 troponin C, myoglobin, and actin 119 The presence of C-reactive protein in the blood is an indication of 18a recent streptococcal infection recovery from a pneumococcal infection € aninflammatory process 4 a state of hypersensitivity 120 Oligocloral bands are present on electrophoresis of concentrated CSF and also on concurrently MRiy_ tested serum of the same patient, The proper interpretation is a diagnostic for primary CNS tumor 'b diagnostic for multiple sclerosis € CNS involvement by acute leukemia 4. nondiagnostic for multiple sclerosis Clinica Laboratory Certification Examinations: 93 SSS