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JNTU ONLINE Examinations[Mid1-Eds]
In electric power system the major operation and maintainance expenses has been given next to
generation sector is Distribution sector
The main consideration in the design of a feder is the Current carrying capacity
The major part of investment on secondary distribution is made on Distribution
transformers
The interconnected system the reserve capacity of the systemsIncreases
Loads on a distribution feeder can be modeled as or Star-connected, Delta connected
In delta connected load modelling which quantity is changing for every iteration of the analysis Line to
Line voltage
The relation between coincidence factor (fc) and contribution factor (Ci) is
The coincidence factor is equal to the average contribution factor when individual demands are equal
If D1=100, D2=1000, D3=1200 and C1=0, C2=0.6, C3 = 1.0 then FD is 1.278
If D1=100, D2=1000, D3=1200 and FD = 1.278 then diversified maximum demand of the group is
1800kw
The ratio of total annual energy to the annual peak load is called as Annual load factor
The value of the loss factor is square of the load factor if the load is having very short lasting peak
An approximate formula to relate the loss factor (FLS) to the load factor (FLD)
as
The diversity factor for domestic loads is 1.2 - 1.3
The diversity factor for commercial loads is 1.1-1.2
In general, load factor, demand factor, power factor, diversity factor etc mainly characterized the
of load nature of load
The demand factor of residential load is 70-100%
The demand factor of commercial load is 90 - 100%
For heavy industries the load factor is 70-30%
For heavy industries the demand factor is 85-90%
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The diversity factor for agricultural load is 1-1.5
The load characteristics of a distribution feeder is mainly depends on its load composition and its
electrical characteristics
The equation of real power which varies with the voltage is given as
The reactive power varies with the
voltage square
The relationship between reactive power, nominal voltage is given by
The nature of the load connected mainly varies the of primary
feeder rating
A feeder is sectionalised by at various locations to remove the faulted portion of the
system reclosers
The design of radial primary feeder is depends on Current carrying capacity
Joint use of utility poles is the example for the effect of Primary feeder voltage level
The feeders located in high load density areas may be restricted in length and loading by Thermal
limitations
Feeder routing decisions are decided by Total cost
The location and capacity of the distribution substation is the factor, which decides the following
Primary feeder loading
The number of feeders are decided by the following factor is load density
In downtown areas for high-rise buildings with super high load densities network are usedSpot
In general, secondary mains are connected as type of conductor connection
If single-phase lateral is changed to an equivalent three-phase lateral then the power loss due to
load currents in the primary line are approximately halved
The power loss due to load currents in the conductors if the single-phase two-wire unigrounded lateral
with full capacity neutral is 90 Kw, then the power loss in the equivalent three-phase four wire lateral
is 15 Kw
If the neutral is multigrounded then the power loss due to load currents in the conductors of the 2 -
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Φ, 3 - wire lateral and in the equivalent 3 - Φ lateral is
The total power loss per phase in the main of uniformly distributed load due to I2 R losses is
The total power loss can be calculated in balanced main feeder so that the total load current is
lumped at a distance of
In general, the difinition of an electric power system includes a generation, a transmission and a
systemDistribution
The part of power system which distrubutes electric power for local use is known asDistribution
system
is a conductor which connects the substration to the area where power is to be distributed
Feeder
A distributior is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to Consumers
A small cable which connects the distributor to consumer's terminals is serivice mains
The underground distribution system has intial cost than the over head system
more
connect the distributor and the consumer terminals
service mains
The overhead syustem is flexible than the underground system
more
The chance of faults in underground system are as compared to overhead system
less
In constant impedance load model, which quantity is constant throughout the analysis Impedance
Constant current load model, which quantity is constant throughout the analysisCurrent
The line currents for constant real and reactive power loads are given by
The load current as a function of the constant load impedance is given by
The equation of constant load impedance is given by
The delta load current as functions of the constant load impedances is
In delta connected loads, the equation of constant load impedance is
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Coincidence factor is defined as
The contribution factor (ci) is defined in terms of coincident maximum demand
(Dg) and individual maximum demand (Di) is
Dg=C1 X D1+C2 X D2+ ...............+ Cn X Dn
The coincidence factor is equal to the contribution factor when
C1=C2=..............=Cn
The definition of loss factor is
The load factor is defined for particular time period is
The maximum value of load factor is 1.0
The ratio of units served to the product of peak load and time period is known asLoad factor
If annual average loads is 1141kw and peak monthly demand is 3500kw then annual load factor is
0.326
The example for residential load is heaters, fans, lights
In general, the loads are mainly divided into types of loadsResidential, commercial,
Industrial, Muncipal and Agricultureal types of loads
Heaters, mixers, ovens used in house hold applications is the example of loadDomestic
The example of commercial load is Lighting for shops
The example for industrial load is Small and medium scale Industries
Irrigation load is the example for type of load Agricultural
Street lighting load is example for type of loadAgricultural
The load factor of agriculture load is 20-15%
The demand factor for agricultural load is 90-100%
Most of the loads consists power
factor lagging p.f
Load curve is drawn between quantitiesload
and time
The curve is constructed by selecting the maximum peak loads and time is called load duration
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curve
The part of the system which is between the distribution substation and the distribution transformers
is called primary distribution feeder system
The laterals of primary distribution system is tapped from main feeder of primary distribution
system
The laterals located in rural areas are type of circuitSingle phase, neutral
The rating of primary feeder is mainly depends on type of regulating equipment used
Series capacitors are used to improve of the distribution
system voltage
The simplest and low-cost type of primary feeder is radial type
The reliability of service continuity of the radial primary feeder is low
In radial type the current magnitude is in the circuit conductors that leave the substation
Maximum
The size of the conductor is same for type of primary feeder
loop
The reliability of service is high in type of primary feder systemLoop
type of primary feeder consists of less voltage fluctuations at consumer's terminals
ring
The design, cost and operation of the primary feeder system depends on Voltage level
type of primary feeder systems are commonly used for distribution3- , 4-wire
The voltage-square factor is defined as
For a constant percent voltage drop and a uniformly distributed load, the feeder service area is
proportional to voltage levels
The primary feeder loading mainly affected by the factor of Load growth rate
Physical barriers is the factor which decides the following Feeder routing decisions
Power losses is the factor affect the feeder selectionConductor-size
Conductor size is the factor which decides of the primary feeder No. of conductors
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Primary feeder loading is defined as the of a feeder during peak-load conditions, as measured
at the substation Loading
The standard voltage level for single-phase residential load is 120/240V
The secondary distribution systems are designed in for areas of residential
customers single phase
The secondary distribution systenms are designed in for areas of industrial customers with highload
density3-phase
type of design is used for secondary system to supply rural loadsRadial
The system with a common secondary main that is supplied by serval distribution
transformers which are all fed by the same primary feederSecondary-bank
The main advantage of secondary banking isImproved voltage regulation
The primary function of a distribution substation is to reduce the voltage to the distribution
voltage level
The 'Standard' distribution voltage level at substation is 13.2kv
The change of voltage level when change of load at substation is carried out by Load tap
changing transformer
The range of voltage limit for high-voltage winding of substation transformer is
The substations must be protected from faults short-circuit fault
meters are usd to measure substation currents for specific time periodDigital recording
meters
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristic (eg. voltage, pf, frequency etc) of
electric supply is called Substation
The selection criteriator for the location to install a substation is safe reliable easy
maintenance and regulation facility
Which of the component is not related to the substation Generator
In thickly populated areas the substation is installed at areasUnderground
Single bus bar arrangement in substations is used for voltages less than 33kV
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Majority of distribution substations are of typePole mounted
The voltage rating of the transforner in distribution substation is 11KV
The voltage rating between any two phases in distribution substation is 400V
The voltage between any phase and neutral in distribution substation is 230V
In rating of distribution substation Kdrop factor defined as Percent voltage
drop/KVA. mile
The factor Krise in rating of distribution substation is defined as
What type of load is assumed while considering the surface area with 'n' primary feeders?
uniformly distributed loads
The load in the service area is uniformly distributed and each feeder serves an area of triangular
shape. The total service area of the feeder can be calculated as (in-total length of feeder)
If area served by four primary feeders the percent voltage drop in the main feeder is
If area served by four primary feeders, the load current in the main feeder at the feed point is
The percent voltage drop in the main feder when area is served with 6 primary feeders
The 6 feeders service area can carry times as much load as the 4 feeders service area if they
are thermally loaded 1.5
If 6 feeder service area and 4 feeder service area are voltage drop limitd, then 6 feeder can carry
times as much load as 4 feeders 1.25
The reliability of the substation by installing a substation at optimal
location increases
By selecting optimal location to install the substation the voltage profile is improved
"Further expansion" is another consideration for to install at optimal
location sub station
"Either keeping the service area of a given substation constant and increasing its capacity'" is an
example for distribution
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planning short-term
"Developing new distrubution substation and there by keeping the rating of the given substation
as standard" is an example type of distribution planning
long-term
The design of primary & secondary system includes
optimal distribution substation allocation
The voltage drop is defined between source voltge and load voltage is
The value of source voltage in a R-L series equivalent circuit supplied a 3-phase balanced load is
VS= 0
What is the load power factor for which the voltage drop is maximum
If I = 30A, R - 0.05Ω, X = 0.01&Omega and cos θ =1.0 then the voltage drop is
1.5 V
If R = 0.0334Ω, X = 0.00299&Omega, kVA=120 per mile VD = 3.136 V then the constant
Kdrop is 0.0261pu
The total 3 - phase power loss of the line shown in figure is ('R' is total resistance of
the line
If 'R' is the total 3 - Φ resistance of the line, then the total power loss in the circuit shown in figure is
If PLS = power loss of a circuit, Kw, Pr = power delivered by the circuit Kw then
percent power loss of a circuit can be expressed as
If I2 R loss = 100 kw, Pr = 200 kw then percent conductor power loss is given by 50%
If % I2 R = 20, % VD = 0.5 then = 40
If a power factor angle is 300 and impedance angle is 600 then ratio
The per unit voltage drop in the single phase ungrounded lateral is times larger than the one
in the equivalent three phase lateral 2
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The ratio of power loss due to load currents in the conductors of the single-phase lateral and
the equivalent three-phase lateral is 2.0
The ratio of p.u. voltage drop in the single - phase two=wire unigrounded lateral with full
capacity neutral and in the equivalent three-phase four-wire balanced lateral is 6
The in single-phase two-wire laterals with multigrounded
common neutrals converted to equivalent of carson's grounded neutral conductor and neutral
wire4.0
If = 72 Kw
The ratio of 0 2.0
If the neutral is unigrounded and the neutral conductor impedance (Zn) is larger than zero then the
ratio of is
If 2
If = 3.28 Kw
The most common, balanced system for secondary distribution is 400/ V, 3 - phase,
wire system230v.4
In a 3 - phase, 4 - wire ac system, if the loads are balanced, then the current in the neutral wire is
zero
The 3 - phase, 3 - wire ac system of distribution is used for loads
balanced
The total voltage drop in a three-phase main feeder with non-uniformly distributed load is
The total voltage drop in a uniformly loaded distributor fed at one end is
The second highest investment in electric power system has been given to Distribution
In which part of the distribution system consider the voltage drop is the main criteria for design
distributor
The distribution system may be classified as A.C & D.C distribution systems according to nature
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of current
The statutory limit for voltage variations at the consumer's terminals is % of rated value
± 6%
Now a days system is used for distribution
ac
The distribution transformer links the primary and distrubution
systems secondary
The most common system for secondary distribution is wire system 400/230V, 3 - , 4 wire
In constant power load model, which quantities are constant through out the analysis Real and
reactive
power
In star-connected load modelling which quantity is changing for every iterationLine to neutral
voltage
The line currents for constant PQ loads in delta connected loads are
The relation between coincidence factor (Fc) and diversity factor (FD)is FC =
If C1=C2= .... = Cn=C then coincidence factor isFc=C
If diversity factor is 1.33 then coincidence factor is 0.752
If FD=0.278 then FC is 0.7825
If D1=D2= ......... = Dn=D then coincidence factor (FC) is equal to
The loss factor is mainly applicable for losses of the system Copper losses
The relationhshi[p between load factor (FLD) and loss factor (FLS) when off- peak load is zero when
The relation between loss factor and load factor if the load is steady is
If FLD=0.32 then the value of FLS using approximate formula is 0.1681
Fans and airconditioning etc used in shops are example of load Commercial
The load factor for residential types of loads is 10-15%
The load factor for commercial loads is 25-30%
For large-scale industrial loads the demand factor may be taken as 70-80%
For large scale industrial loads the load factor is 60-65%
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The demand factor is 100% for type of loadMunicipal load
The diversity factor is taken as 1 for type of load
municipal
The main feeder of primary distribution system is usually type of circuit3-phase, 4-wire
The voltage conditions on distribution system can be improved by using shunt capacitors
The main disadvantage of series capacitors used to improve the voltage on distribution system I2 R
losses
The section of the feeder between the substation low-voltage bus and the load center of the service
area is called
Express feeder
type of primary feeder system, the size of the conductor is reduced when move towards end of
the conductor Radial
A ring main system of distribution is reliable than the radial system
more
The example of design aspect which is affected by the primary-feeder voltage level is Primary feeder
length
For underground residential distribution system uses type of primary feeder system 4-wire
If the new feeder voltage level is increased to twice the previous voltage level, the new load and area
that can be served with the same percent voltage drop is times the original load and area.
2.52
If the new feeder voltage level is increased to three times the previous voltage level , the new load
and area that can be served with the same percent voltage drop is times the original load and area
4.32
Feeder conductor size selection is decided by the following factor is Voltage drops
Quality of service and reliability of service decides of the primary feederLoading levels
Transmformer rating is the factor which decides Conductor size
The density of the feeder load is the factor which affect of the primary feeder Loading
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The gridor mesh-type secondary network system used in areas Residential and commercial with
high load density
The voltage levels in high-load density areas is 208Y/120V
The voltage levels for areas of industrial/Commercial customers is 480Y/277V
The secondary systems may be designed in grid or mesh type network for the areas of type of
loads
Emergency loads like hospitals and miltary installations
The selection of conductor size for secondary mains mainly consider criterion Voltage drop
are used to protect occurrence of short circuit outside the substation Circuit breakers (or)
reclosers
The type meters may monitor the output of each substation transformer and the output of
each feeder Digital metrs
The rating of transformer located in the foreground is 15/20/28MVA, 115/4.16KV, 8.8%
impedance
The substation should be located at the centre of Gravity of load
For voltages of 11kV range, the sub station installed at Indoor
The cheapest substation among all other substations is Pole mounted
An ideal location for the substation would be at the of load Centre of gravity
The KVA rating of transformer in a pole mounted substation does not exceed 200
What is an advantage of Kdrop factor?
Easy computation of approximate voltage drop from a source to load
The total kilo voltampere load served by one of 'n' feeders can be calculated as
The load current in the main feeder at the feed point when area ios served with 6 primary feeders is
The main considerations for installing substations at optimal location
are reliability & economics
Mainly the distribution substation is installed to and of the distribution
Network have control and protection
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In substation, the bus-bar scheme is selected by the degree of of supply during maintanance
& fault
reliabili
ty
If Z12 = (3+j4)Ω, I12 = then the voltage drop
between nodes 1,2 is
If the angle between the source voltage and load voltage (δ) is very small, then voltage
drop between the source and load voltage is approximately equal to Vdrop = Re (Z.I)
In a balanced distribution system, the system voltage regulation is improved by equally
loading in each phase
An overloaded single - phase lateral is changed to an equivalent 3 - phase, 3 - wire with balanced
lateral, then the voltage drop in three-phase lateral can be expressed as
The total power loss in a circuit shown in figure is
The total power loss in the circuit shown in figure is Let resistance/m = 5Ω
<br> 1500 W
If resistance/m of the line is 8Ω, then find the total power loss if the current carrying by the
line of 10m is 10A. 8 Kw
If the per unit voltage drop in the equivalent three - phase lateral is 0.05 then the value of
perunit voltage drop in the single phase ungrounded lateral is 0.1
If the neutral is unigrounded and the neutral conductor impedance (Zn) is zero then
3/2
In the view of economic and operating advantages, the most commonly used distribution system is
four wire, multigrounded common neutral distribution system
The total series voltage drop in main having uniformly distributed load over the total length 'l' is
'Z' impedance of length
If the total load current is lumped at a distance to calculate the total voltage drop in
the main feeder with uniformly distributed load x = l/3
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The total power loss per phase due to load current in non-uniformly distributed 3 - Φ main feeder
is
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