Fundamentals of Pipeline

Design
using Abaqus 6.8.3

Pr. Raresh Pascali

Fares Cherif

University of Houston
College of Technology
Session 1 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Introduction to Finite Element

Analysis using Abaqus

1. Theoretical concepts:
In the framework of fundamentals of pipeline design, the most influent stresses are
the hoop, the radial and the longitudinal stress. These are the three components of the
stress in cylindrical coordinates. We will describe in the following the importance and
impact of each one.

1.a Hoop stress:

Hoop stress, also called circumferential or tangential stress is mechanical stress

defined for rotationally-symmetric objects being the result of forces acting
circumferentially. The most common example is a pressure or force applied to the wall
of a cylindrical pipe. This will give rise to a hoop stress inside the wall. The expression of
the hoop stress in its more general form is given by Lame’s formula:

ri 2 ⎛ r0 2 ⎞
σθ = P 2 ⎜1 + 2 ⎟ (1)
ri − ro 2 ⎝ r ⎠

where,

• σ θ : the hoop stress.

• P : the internal pressure
• ro : the external radius of the cylinder
• ri : the internal radius of the cylinder

For thin-wall approximation, the hoop stress is nearly constant and is given by the
following expression:

PD
σθ = (2)
2t
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where,

• σ θ : the hoop stress.

• P : the internal pressure
• D : the internal diameter of the cylinder
• t : the wall thickness

1.b Radial stress:

Within the concept of radial stress there is a need to specify the thickness of the cross-
section of the pipe. Compared to thin cross-sections which often have negligibly small
radial stress, thicker-walled cylindrical models require such stresses to be taken into
account. The expression of the radial stress is given by:

ri 2 ⎛ r0 2 ⎞
σr = P ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ (3)
ri 2 − ro 2 ⎝ r ⎠
where,

• σ θ : the hoop stress.

• P : the internal pressure
• ro : the external radius of the cylinder
• ri : the internal radius of the cylinder

The expression of the radial stress using the thin-wall approximation is given by:

P
σr = − (4)
2
where,

• σ r : the radial stress.

• P : the internal pressure

1.c Longitudinal stress:

Longitudinal or axial stress is the stress resulting from the normal forces applied to
the cross-section. The more general expression for the radial stress is given by the lame’s
formula:
r2
σz = P 2 i 2 (5)
ri − ro

The expression of the longitudinal stress using the thin-wall approximation is written
as:

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PD
σZ = (6)
4t
where,

• σ Z : the longitudinal stress.

• P : the internal pressure
• D : the inside diameter of the cylinder
• t : the wall thickness

Figure1: Longitudinal stress σ Z , radial stress σ r , hoop stress σ θ in a pipe

2. Finite Element Analysis:

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical method which furnishes solutions to

relatively simple or complex problems. It consists of a computer model of a structure
with specific material properties and geometry with certain boundary constraints that is
subjected to a predefined type of loads. The model is then analyzed for particular
problems and specific results. FEA is generally used for design and conception of
nonexistent structure and for existent product modification and improvement. A
numerical simulation of a given structure provides the designer with valuable information
to ensure that the adopted structural design is suitable for the purpose that it is intended to.

3. Overview of solid modeling using Abaqus:

3.1 Introduction to Abaqus:

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Abaqus is a commercial software package for finite element analysis developed by

SIMULIA, a brand of Dassault systems S.A. The product is widely used in academic and
research institutions due to the broad material modeling capability, and the program's
ability to be customized. Abaqus is commonly used for nonlinear and highly non linear
problems. As a result, the package has an extensive range of material models.

3.2 Solid modeling:

While formulating a problem for a finite element analysis, several steps should be
followed and this commonly for any type of analysis, structural, heat transfer, fluid flow,
dynamics, etc… These steps are generally embodied in the available commercial finite
element code and software packages, and they are described as follows:

3.2.1 Preprocessing:

The preprocessing step consists mainly in introducing the model information and
consists of:
- Defining the domain and geometry of the problem

- Define the element types used to model the structure

- Define the material properties for each type of element.

- Define the geometric properties of the elements (the dimensions for each
part of the structure)

- Mesh the model (elements connectivity)

- Define the boundary conditions of the model ( initial constraints applied to

the structure)

- Define the applied loads and nature (point, uniformly distributed,

pressure…)

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This part of the finite element procedure is critical, since the inputs accuracy affects
considerably the outputs of the analysis and this apart of the computer’s performance and
robustness in solving the differential equations related to the problem.

3.2.2 Results of the Finite Elements Procedure:

After all inputs are introduced to the computer model, FEA provides outputs which
represent the results of the analysis. Based on the outputs, engineers can argue on the
physical response of the system, make or justify decisions on the serviceability, durability
and safety of the structure. Outputs differ from type of analysis to another. They can be
related to the stress distribution, possible and admissible deformation, thermal response,
plasticity, failure, fatigue, etc…

3.2.3 Postprocessing:

Analysis and evaluation of the solution results is also referred as postprocessing.

The commercially available software contains different routines used for plotting selected
results for any processed solution. Examples of operations that can be accomplished
include:
- Plot element stresses in order of magnitude.
- Check equilibrium state.
- Plot deformed structural shape.
- Animate dynamic model behavior (modeshapes, eigenmodes)
- Produce color-coded temperature, stress, strain, displacement plots.
The solution in postprocessing phase depends only and essentially on the input
introduced in preprocessing phase. The judgments and conclusions made on the solution
should be questionable in prevision of any misleading results. Any previous error made in
the model will lead to erroneous results.

3.3 Loading conditions:

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There are multiple loading conditions that may be applied to a structure described
by the following:

• Point, pressure, thermal, gravity, and centrifugal static loads

• Thermal loads from solution of heat transfer analysis
• Enforced displacements
• Heat flux and convection
• Point, pressure and gravity dynamic loads

3.4 Boundary conditions:

One important step in the modeling is the constraint applied to the model also called
boundary conditions. The boundary conditions for a pipeline consist of three different
types:
- Free-free
- Fixed-free
- Fixed-fixed

Figure2: Boundary condition for a pipeline

a) free-free, b) fixed-free, c) fixed-fixed

The term free corresponds to the zero degree of constraint. The end is completely
free to displace or rotate along any axis. Conversely, the term fixed constraints all the
displacement and rotations along the entire axis.

3.5 Meshing procedure:

FEA considers the structure as a domain which is subdivided in a finite numbers of

subdomains called also finite elements (Figure 3). Each subdomain represents a mesh and

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is also called element. Each mesh consists of numbers of nodes that is three for a
triangular meshing or four for a quadrilateral meshing. Each mesh contains information
on the material and structural properties which describe the mechanical behavior of the
structure to a certain predefined loading conditions.

Figure3: Meshing of “T” shaped solid on Abaqus

3.6 Types of elements:

While dealing with modeling on Abaqus, the choice of the type of elements to
model the structure is fundamental. There are basically three types used in FEA:
- Beam element: used for a one dimensional representation of the structure.
- Shell element: 2-D and 3-D analysis,
- Solid element: also called brick element is a 3-D model of the structure.

4. Example: Cantilever beam

A beam of length L=1m, cylindrical cross-section with internal radius 20 mm and

external 25 mm. The beam is made of steel with young’s modulus E= 2.09 × 1011 and
poison’s ratio υ = 0.3 . The material is assumed to be linear elastic and homogeneous. The
beam is fixed at the left end and free at the right one. The applied load consists of a point
force applied at the free end. The force magnitude is F=10 N.

ƒ Solving the problem on Abaqus:

- Modeling assumption

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The beam geometry satisfies the assumption of 1-D modeling theory since the ratio
of the beam’s length with respect to the beam’s thickness is greater than 16. The material
of the beam is linear, elastic, isotropic and homogeneous. The beam has a circular cross-
section and its longitudinal axis represents an axis of symmetry in the plane of bending
and the loading is in the plane of bending.

- Preprocessing

At this stage the user should define the model of the physical problem and then
create an Abaqus input file. The model is first created graphically using Abaqus/CAE or
another preprocessor. For more skilled user, the Abaqus input file for a simple analysis
can be created directly using a text editor.

Open the user’s interface on Abaqus, or Abaqus/CAE

From the Start Session dialog box that appears, select Create Model Database.

If you are already in an Abaqus/CAE session, select File New from the main menu bar.
In the Model Tree, double-click the Parts container to create a new part.

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- Name the part Beam.

- Change the default settings to a two-dimensional planar,

deformable body and a wire base feature.

- In the Approximate size text field, type 2.

- Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog box

To sketch the profile of the cantilever beam, you need to select the lines drawing tool .
In the viewport, sketch a first point and a far from second point or you can enter the first
point coordinates P1 (0, 0) in the prompt area as shown in the next figure. To cancel the
task, click the Cancel button.

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Previous Prompt

Cancel

Then enter the coordinates of the second point P2 (1, 0). The user can also sketch any two
points in the viewport and then adjust the distance between the two ends and this using

the dimension tool . When dimensioning the beam, simply select the line, position the
dimension text, and then enter the new dimension in the prompt area. The final sketch is
shown in the next figure.

From the prompt area (near the bottom of the main window), click Done to exit the
Sketcher.
Note: If you don't see the Done button in the prompt area, continue to click mouse
button 2 and cancel the procedure as shown in the following:

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Abaqus/CAE displays a view of the new part, as shown in next figure.

Before you proceed further in this example, save your model in a model database file.
From the main menu bar, select File Save. The Save Model Database As dialog box
appears. Type a name for the new model database in the File Name field, and click OK.

For the cantilever beam example you will need to create a single linear elastic material
with Young's modulus of 2.09 × 109 MPa and a Poisson's ratio of 0.3. Then, you need to
define the material, In the Model Tree, double-click the Materials container to create a

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new material. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Property module, and the Edit Material
dialog box appears.

Name the material Steel. From the material editor's menu bar, select Mechanical
Elasticity Elastic.

Abaqus/CAE displays the Elastic data form.

- Type a value of 209.E11 for Young's modulus and a value of 0.3 for Poisson's ratio in
the respective fields, as shown in next figure. Use [Tab] to move between cells.

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Click OK to exit the material editor.

Now, you must define the orientation of a beam's cross-section in global Cartesian space.
In the Model Tree, double-click the Section container to create a new section for the
beam. Give a name to the cross section and select Beam category and Beam type.

Click Continue to exit the create Section part.

Abaqus/CAE displays the next part.

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Then select Create Profile name and create a name and select Pipe.

Click Continue to exit the Create Profile name part.

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Introduce the geometric input data of the beam, (the radius and the thickness) and Click
OK to exit the Edit Profile part.
Choose the Profile-1 in the profile name box and then click OK to exit the Create
Section part.

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You need now to define the cross section orientation of the beam. The orientation of a
beam cross-section can be defined in terms of a local, right-handed axis system, user-
defined or calculated by Abaqus.

Property module: Assign Beam Section Orientation.

In the prompt area, you see:

Select the beam and click Done. In the prompt area, enter the n1-direction representing
the axis orthogonal to the beam’s longitudinal axis. The n1-direction is always (0.0,0.0,-
1.0) for two dimensional beam elements.

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Then click OK, to confirm your input.

In the following, you will need to assign the cross section to the beam.

In the Model Tree, expand the branch for the part named Beam by clicking the “ ”
symbol to expand the Parts container and then clicking the “ ” symbol to expand the
Beam item.

- Double-click Section Assignments in the list of part

attributes that appears.

Abaqus/CAE displays prompts in the prompt area to

guide you through the procedure.

- Click anywhere on the beam to select the region to

which the section will be applied.

Abaqus/CAE highlights the entire beam.

Click mouse button 2 in the viewport or click Done in the prompt area to accept the
selected geometry.

The Edit Section Assignment dialog box appears

containing a list of existing sections.

- Accept the default selection of BeamSection as

the section.

- Click OK.

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Now, you need to assemble the model. In the Model Tree, expand the Assembly
container. Then double-click Instances in the list that appears. Abaqus/CAE switches to
the Assembly module, and the Create Instance dialog box appears.In the dialog box,
select Beam and click OK.

Now that you have created your part, you can define your analysis steps. For the
cantilever beam tutorial the analysis will consist of two main steps:

• An initial step, in which you will apply a boundary condition that constrains one
end of the cantilever beam.
• A general, static analysis step, in which you will apply a point load to the free end
of the beam.

Abaqus/CAE generates the initial step automatically, but you must create the analysis
step yourself. You may also request output for any steps in the analysis. In the Model
Tree, double-click the Steps container to create a step. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Step
module. The Create Step dialog box appears with a list of all the general procedures and

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a default step name of Step-1. General procedures are those that can be used to analyze
linear or nonlinear response.

- Name the step BeamLoad.

- From the list of available general procedures in the

Create Step dialog box, select Static, General if it
is not already selected and click Continue.

The Edit Step dialog box appears with the default

settings for a general, static step.

The Basic tab is selected by default. In the Description field, type Load the end of
the beam.

Click the Incrementation tab, and accept the default time incrementation settings.

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Click the Other tab to see its contents; you can accept the default values provided for the
step.

Click OK to create the step and to exit the Edit Step dialog box.

In the Model Tree, click mouse button 2 on the Field Output Requests container and
select Manager from the menu that appears.

Review the default output request that Abaqus/CAE generates for the Static, General
step you created and named BeamLoad.

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Click the cell in the table labeled Created; that cell becomes highlighted, and the
following information related to the cell appears in the legend at the bottom of the
manager:

• The type of analysis procedure carried out in the step in that column.
• The list of output request variables.
• The output request status.

On the right side of the Field Output Requests Manager, click Edit to view more
detailed information about the output request.

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Click Cancel to close the field output editor, since you do not wish to make any changes
to the default choice.

Click Dismiss to close the Field Output Requests Manager.

To apply boundary conditions to one end of the cantilever beam, in the Model Tree,
double-click the BCs container. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Load module, and the
Create Boundary Condition dialog box appears.

In the Create Boundary Condition dialog box:

- Name the boundary condition Fixed.

- From the list of steps, select Initial as the step in which the boundary condition
will be activated.

- In the Category list, accept Mechanical as the default category selection.

- In the Types for Selected Step list, accept Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre as

the default type selection, and click Continue.

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Abaqus/CAE displays prompts in the prompt area to guide you through the procedure.

Select the end to constrain in the viewport.

Then, click Done from the prompt area.

The Edit Boundary Condition dialog box appears.

In the dialog box:

- Toggle on ENCASTRE.

- Click OK to create the boundary condition and

to close the dialog box.

Now, the next step will be to load the beam. The loading consists of a concentrated force
at the end.

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In the Model Tree, double click Loads

In the box Create load name the load Concen1.

From the Category box select mechanical and

from type of selected step, choose Concentrated
Force.
Then click Continue,

The Edit Load box will appear. Type -10 in the

CF2 box. It represents the value of the
concentrated force along the axis orthogonal to the beam’s axis.

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Then click OK.

Abaqus will display the beam with the loading and the boundary conditions as displayed
in the following picture

You will now generate the meshing for the model:

In the Model Tree, expand the Beam item underneath the Parts container and double-
click Mesh in the list that appears.

Abaqus/CAE switches to the Mesh module. The Mesh module functionality is available
only through menu bar items or toolbox icons.

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In the following, you will need to assign an Abaqus element type:

From the main menu bar, select Mesh Element Type. The Element Type dialog box
appears.

In the dialog box, accept the following default selections that control the elements that
are available for selection:

• Standard is the default Element Library selection.

• Linear is the default Geometric Order.
• Choose Pipe from the Family section.
• Toggle on Hybrid formulation.

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From the main menu bar, select Seed Part

Abaqus displays the Global Seeds editor

In the box Approximate global size, write 0.1, and then Click Apply.

In the viewport you will see the sketch of the beam subdivided into 10 subdomains.

Then, Click OK.

From the main menu bar, select Mesh Part to mesh the part instance.

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From the buttons in the prompt area, click Yes to confirm that you want to mesh the part
instance.

Now that the model is created, you will need to create a job that is associated with your
model and to submit the job for analysis.

In the Model Tree, double-click the Jobs container to create a job.

Abaqus/CAE switches to the Job module, and the Create Job dialog box appears with a
list of the models in the model database.

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Name the job beam_analysis.

Click Continue to create the job.

The Edit Job dialog box appears.

In the Description field, type Cantilever beam example.

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Click OK to accept all the default job settings and to close the dialog box.

In the Model Tree, expand the Jobs container; click mouse button 2 on the job named
beam_analysis.

Select Submit from the menu that appears to submit your job for analysis.

The job is then submitted for analysis.

¾ Post-Processing

The next step is to check the outputs of the analysis.

Click on the tab Results

Double click on ouput Databases and open the file
“Pipe_analysis.odb”
Abaqus displays the undeformed pipe.

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You can also in the Model Tree, expand

Jobs, click mouse button 2.

- Select Results.

To display a deformed shape plot:

From the main menu bar, select Plot Deformed Shape. You may also plot the
deformed shape using the tool in the Visualization module toolbox.

To display a contour plot:

1. From the main menu bar, select Plot Contours On Deformed Shape.

Tip: You can also display a contour plot using the tool in the Visualization
module toolbox.

Abaqus displays by default the Von mises stress in the pipe.

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You can choose different stress to visualize.

From the file menu select Result Æ Field Output

The Field Outpout editor appears.

- Click the Primary Variable tab if it is not already selected.

- From the Output Variable field, select U ( Spatial displacement at nodes).

- From the Component field, select the component U2.

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Then click OK.

To plot other stress variables:

- From the main menu bar, select Result ÆField Output.

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Abaqus displays the Field Output dialog box. You use the Field Output dialog box to
select the variable to display.

- Click the Primary Variable tab if it is not already selected.

- From the Output Variable field, select S (Stress components at integration points).

- From the Component field, select the component S11.

Click OK to select S11 as the primary variable and to close the Field Output dialog box.

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¾ Interpretation:

The deflection of the cantilever beam given by the theoretical expression is:
Pl 3
δ theo =
3EI

I =π ×
( 0.05 4
− 0.044 )
= 1.81 × 10−7 m 4
64

δ theo
=
Pl 3
=
( −10 ) × 13
= −8.76 × 10−5 m = −8.76 × 10−2 mm
−7
3EI 3 × 2.1 × 10 × 1.81 × 10
11

The Deflection given by the FEA at the right end of the beam is given by:

δ FEA = −8.95 × 10 −2 mm

The maximum normal bending stress is given by the following expression:

Mc Plc ( −10 ) × 1 × 2.5 × 10
−2

σ theo = = = −7
= 1.38 × 106 Pa
I I 1.81 × 10
The FEA gives a maximum value for the normal bending stress :
σ FEA = 1.195 × 106 Pa

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References

1- “Piping and Pipeline engineering” Design, Construction Maintenance, Repair and

Intergrity. George A. Antaki

2- “Pipeline Design and Construction: A Practical Approach” 2nd Edition M.

Mohitpour, H. Golshan and A. Murray

3- Abaqus 6.8.1 Documentation, Abaqus Theory Manual, Abaqus Problems Manual,...

4- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_method

5- Introduction to Finite Element Analysis,

http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/97ClassProj/num/widas/history.html

6-“A Practical Guide to Reliable Finite Element Modeling” Alan Morris, Ahmed

Rahman

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Modeling Consideration on Abaqus

1. Types of Element for Modeling Pipeline:

Depending on the nature of the problem, the geometry of the structure, the given
constraints and loading conditions, the choice of the type of elements for modeling can be
crucial. There are basically three types of elements:

1.1 Beam Elements

A “beam” in this framework is an element for which assumptions are made so that
the problem is reduced to one dimension (1-D) mathematically. To this end, the loading
the material properties and the primary solution variables are functions of position along
the beam axis only. The usual assumptions of elementary beam theory are applicable:

- The beam is loaded only in the y direction (Figure 2).

- Deflections of the beam are small in comparison to the characteristic dimensions

of the beam.

- The material of the beam is linearly elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous.

- The beam is prismatic and the cross section has an axis of symmetry in the plane
of bending.

The simplest approach to beam theory is the classical Euler-Bernoulli assumption, that
plane cross-sections initially normal to the beam's axis remain plane, normal to the beam

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axis, and undistorted (Figure 2). Timoshenko beam theory is generally considered useful
for thicker beams, whose shear flexibility may be important and can not be disregarded.
A further assumption is that the strain in the beam's cross-section is the same in any
direction in the cross-section.

Figure 2: a) Simply supported beam subjected to uniform loading

b) Deflected beam with the cross-section in the plane orthogonal to the

longitudinal axis.

The regular beam elements can be used for slender and reasonably thick beams. For
particularly slender beams, for which the length with respect to the thickness ratio exceed
103 and geometrically nonlinear analysis is required (such as pipelines), convergence may
become very poor. For such cases, it is advised to use hybrid elements, in which the axial
(and transverse) forces are treated as independent degrees of freedom.

1.2 Shell Elements

Shell elements are used to model structures in which one dimension, the thickness,
is significantly smaller than the other dimensions (membranes, plates, pipelines,…). Shell
elements are subdivided in two major types. Thin shell element for which the shear stress
is almost negligible and the thick shell element also called the solid shell element or the
conventional shell elements. The former is an approximation to the shell element
modeling and this while the element has one dimension, the thickness in this case, widely
larger than the other dimensions of the element. The later is an intermediate class of finite
element models between the thin shell element and the solid element.

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1.3 Solid Elements

Solid elements are the 3-D representation of a structure. These elements are
generally used when the geometry and/or the applied loading are too complex for any
other element type with fewer spatial dimensions. They are also known to be costly in
terms of Central Processing Unit (CPU).

2. Example: Shell modeling

Let’s take the example of a pipeline with a length of L= 0.2 m, an external diameter
re = 0.015m and a thickness, t = 0.005m . The material of the pipeline is steel with a

Young modulus Es = 209 × 109 N/m 2 and a Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.3 . Let’s model this
pipeline using shell elements as the type of modeling element. In this model we will
apply an internal pressure. The internal pressure value is: Pi = 100 kPa . The pipeline is
assumed to be fixed at both ends.

¾ Solving the problem on Abaqus:

In the following, and given the dimension of the structure, we will model the pipeline as a
classical shell structure for which we will analyze the mid structure.

Select File New from the main menu bar.

In the Model Tree, double-click the Parts container to create a new part.

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Create Part box appears. Name the part Shell_Pipe.

Choose the 3D Modeling space, deformable Type.

In the Base Feature, select Shell and extrusion

Type.

Click Continue

In the prompt area you will read . Click on

the tab and in the prompt area, type the center of the pipe section coordinates 0, 0
and then the coordinates of a point on the midline of the thickness of the cross section
0.0125 , 0.
Remarks:
Carefully choose the direction of extrusion for the given structure. For a pipeline, the
longitudinal axis respresents the direction of the extrusion and the length of the pipeline
is the depth of extrusion. Extrusion can be applied to solids, shells and cuts.

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To end the procedure, click mouse button 2 and select cancel procedure.

From the prompt area select Done.

The Edit Base Extrusion dialog box appears. Choose the depth to be 0.2. Then click OK.

Abaqus/CAE displays the perspective view of the pipe.

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From the main menu bar, select Section Create.

A Create Section dialog box appears.

You can also click Create in the Section Manager or select the create section tool in
the Property module toolbox.

Enter a section Name Pipe_section.

Select Shell as the section Category and Homogeneous as the section Type, and click
Continue. The Edit Section dialog box appears

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Æ When you create shell sections, you must choose a section integration method. You
can choose to provide the section property data before the analysis (a pre-integrated shell
section) or to have Abaqus calculate (integrate) the cross-sectional behavior from section
integration points during the analysis.

Select the Section integration method. Choose During analysis to specify properties
for homogeneous shell sections integrated during the analysis.

Then enter the Shell thickness 0.005 m. Click on the Material Create, to create the
material.

Name the material Steel. From the material editor's menu bar, select Mechanical
Elasticity Elastic.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Abaqus/CAE displays the Elastic data form. Type a value of 209.E9 for Young's
modulus and a value of 0.3 for Poisson's ratio in the respective fields, as shown in the
next figure. Use [Tab] to move between cells.

Click OK to exit the material editor.

In the model Tree, double click the Section Assignments.

In the Prompt area, you will see .

Select the lateral surface of the pipe.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click Done from the prompt area.

Abaqus displays the Edit Section Assignments box.

Click OK to exit the dialog box.

¾ Assembly

In Abaqus the components that are assembled together are called part instances.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

.In the Model Tree, expand the Assembly container. Then double-click Instances in the
list that appears.

Abaqus/CAE switches to the Assembly module, and the

Create Instance dialog box appears.

In Instance Type, Select Dependent (mesh on part).

In the dialog box, select shell_pipe .

Click OK.

Abaqus/CAE displays the perspective of the pipe in a different color.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Steps

In the Model Tree, double-click the Steps container to create a step. Abaqus/CAE
switches to the Step module.

The Create Step dialog box appears with a list of all the general
procedures and a default step name of Step-1. General
procedures are those that can be used to analyze linear or
nonlinear response.

- Name the step Pipe_Load.

- From the list of available general procedures in the Create

Step dialog box, select Static, General if it is not already
selected.

- Click Continue.

The Edit Step dialog box appears with the default settings for a general, static step.

In the description tab type Step_Load.

Click OK, to close the Edit Step dialog box.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the Model Tree, click mouse button 2 on the Field Output Requests container and
select Manager from the menu that appears.

Review the default output request that

Abaqus/CAE generates for the Static, General step you created and named pipe_load.

Click the cell in the table labeled Created; that cell becomes highlighted, and the
following information related to the cell appears in the legend at the bottom of the
manager:

• The type of analysis procedure carried out in the step in that column.
• The list of output request variables.
• The output request status.

On the right side of the Field Output Requests Manager, click Edit to view more
detailed information about the output request.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click Cancel to close the field output editor, since you do not wish to make any changes
to the default choice.

Click Dismiss to close the Field Output Requests Manager.

¾ Meshing Procedure

You can enter the Mesh module at any time during an Abaqus/CAE session by
clicking Mesh in the Module list located in the context bar.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

To create an acceptable mesh, the user should follow at his best the following process:

- Assign mesh attributes and set mesh controls

The Mesh module provides a variety of tools that allow you to specify different mesh
characteristics, such as mesh density, element shape, and element type.

- Generate the mesh

The Mesh module uses a variety of techniques to generate meshes. The different
mesh techniques provide you with different levels of control over the mesh.

- Refine the mesh

The Mesh module provides a variety of tools that allow you to refine the mesh:

• The seeding tools allow you to adjust the mesh density in selected regions.
• The Partition toolset allows you to partition complex models into simpler
subregions.
• The Virtual Topology toolset allows you to simplify your model by combining
small faces and edges with adjacent faces and edges.
• The Edit Mesh toolset allows you to make minor adjustments to your mesh.

- Optimize the mesh

You can assign remeshing rules to regions of your model. Remeshing rules enable
successive refinement of your mesh where each refinement is based on the results of an
analysis.

- Verify the mesh

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The verification tools provide you with information concerning the quality of the
elements used in a mesh.

In the Model Tree, expand the Shell item underneath the Parts container and double-
click Mesh in the list that appears.

From the File menu, Select MeshÆControls

The Mesh Controls editor appears

Select Quad-dominated as Element Shape.

Choose Sweep Technique, and then click OK to exit.

Quad-dominated Uses primarily quadrilateral

elements, but allow triangles in transition regions.
This setting is the default.

The Element Type dialog box appears.

Accept the default Standard Element Library and the Linear Geometric Order.
Choose the Shell Family

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Then click OK.

Æ S4R is a 4-node, quadrilateral, stress/displacement shell element with reduced

integration and a large-strain formulation

From the File menu, select Seed ÆPart

The Global Seeds dialog box appears.

Accept the default values for the Approximate Global Size. Click OK to exit.
From the File menu, select MeshÆ Part
From the prompt area select Yes.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Abaqus/CAE displays the meshed part.

The user should pay attention to number of elements created regarding the type of the
version of Abaqus.

¾ Boundary conditions:

To apply boundary conditions to one end of the cantilever beam, in the Model Tree,
double-click the BCs container. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Load module, and the
Create Boundary Condition dialog box appears.

In the Create Boundary Condition dialog box:

- Name the boundary condition fixed1.

- From the list of steps, select Initial as the step in which the boundary condition
will be activated.

- In the Category list, accept Mechanical as the default category selection.

- In the Types for Selected Step list, accept Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre as

the default type selection, and click Continue.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Abaqus/CAE displays prompts in the prompt area to guide you through the procedure.

Select the end to constrain in the viewport.

From the Edit Boundary Condition dialog box select ENCASTRE.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the same manner, redo the previous steps to create the boundary conditions named
fixed2, to constraint the right end.

¾ Loading

The loading consists of an internal pressure applied to the pipe.

From the Model Tree, double click Loads

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the box Create load name the load Pres_int.

From the Category box, select mechanical and from type

of selected step, choose Pressure.
Then click Continue,

In the prompt area, you will see

Select the lateral surface of the pipe, then click Done from the prompt area.

In the prompt area, you will have to select the purple surface which corresponds to the
internal one. Click Purple.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Load box will appear. Type 100E3

in the Magnitude box.
It represents the value of the internal pressure
along the axis normal to the internal surface.
Then click OK.

Abaqus will display the beam with the

loading and the boundary conditions as displayed in the following picture.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Analysis

In the Model Tree, double-click the Jobs container to

create a job.

Abaqus/CAE switches to the Job module, and the Create Job dialog box appears with a
list of the models in the model database.

Name the job Pipe_analysis.

Click Continue to create the job.

The Edit Job dialog box appears.

In the Description field, type fixed-fixed end pipe example.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click OK to accept all the default job settings and to close the dialog box.

In the Model Tree, expand the Jobs container; click mouse button 2 on the job named
Pipe_analysis.

Select Submit from the menu that appears to submit your job for analysis.

The job is then submitted for analysis.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Post-Processing

The next step is to check the outputs of the analysis.

Click on the tab Results

Double click on ouput Databases and open the file
“Pipe_analysis.odb”
Abaqus displays the undeformed pipe.

To display a deformed shape plot:

From the main menu bar, select Plot Deformed Shape. You may also plot the
deformed shape using the tool in the Visualization module toolbox.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

To display a contour plot:

1. From the main menu bar, select Plot Contours On Deformed Shape.

Tip: You can also display a contour plot using the tool in the Visualization
module toolbox.

Abaqus displays by default the Von mises stress in the pipe.

You can choose different stress to visualize.

From the file menu select Result Æ Field
Output

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the Invariant field choose the Max.Principal , which corresponds to the maximum
principal stress.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The most important stress is the hoop stress in a pipeline. If you neglect the end effects,
you can compare the value of the hoop stress at the middle section of the pipeline to the
one proposed by Lame’s formula and the one proposed by the thin-wall approximation.

To plot other variables:

From the main menu bar, select Result ÆField Output.

Abaqus displays the Field Output dialog box. You use the Field Output dialog box to
select the variable to display.

Click the Primary Variable tab if it is not already selected.

From the Output Variable field, select E ( Strain components at integration points).

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the Component field, select the component E11.

Click OK to select E11 as the primary variable and to close the Field Output dialog box.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

You can also visualize the strain E33 in the longitudinal direction.

¾ Interpretation

The hoop stress given by the finite element analysis can be compared by the available
formulas:
Lame formulas
⎛ (10−2 ) ⎞ ⎛ (1.5 × 10−2 ) ⎞
2 2
3⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜1 + ⎟ = 1.95 × 105 Pa
σ θ = 100 × 10
⎜ (1.5 × 10 ) − (10 ) ⎟ ⎜ (1.25 × 10 ) ⎟
−2 2 −2 2 −2 2

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Thin-wall approximation:
100 × 103 × 2.5 × 10−3
σθ = −3
= 2.5 × 105 Pa
2 × 5 × 10

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The hoop stress given by the FEA evaluated at the middles section of the pipe:
σ θ = 2.508 × 105 Pa
We conclude that the thin-wall approximation gives a good approximation of the hoop
stress for this problem.

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Session 2 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

References

1- “Piping and Pipeline engineering” Design, Construction Maintenance, Repair and

Intergrity. George A. Antaki

2- “Pipeline Design and Construction: A Practical Approach” 2nd Edition M.

Mohitpour, H. Golshan and A. Murray

3- Abaqus 6.8.1 Documentation, Abaqus Theory Manual, Abaqus Problems Manual,...

4-“A Practical Guide to Reliable Finite Element Modeling” Alan Morris, Ahmed

Rahman

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Pipeline Solid Modeling

1. Problem formulation:
In this tutorial, we will proceed with a simple model for a pipeline. We will
incorporate a fixed-fixed boundary conditions for the pipeline model. The pipeline will
be modeled using the solid elements. The applied load consists mainly in internal
pressure at the first step. Gravity, uniform load and external pressure will be added
subsequently in this analysis.

1.1 Geometry

The pipeline has a length L= 0.4 m, an internal and external radius re = 0.06m and

an internal radius ri = 0.04m . The pipeline is made of steel with a Young

modulus Es = 209 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.3 . The internal pressure value

is: Pi = 100 psi . The gravity load is g = 10 N/kg . The external pressure Pe = 10 psi .

1.2 Solid modeling

The ratio of the pipeline length by the internal diameter is less than 10. The thin
wall approximation may not be well suited in this example and the hoop stress may vary
remarkably in the radial direction. Then solid elements are best fitted to this type of
problem.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

2. Solving the problem on Abaqus:

Select File New from the main menu bar.

In the Model Tree, double-click the Parts container to create a new part.

Create Part box appears.

- Name the part Pipe_3D.
- Choose the 3D Modeling space, deformable Type.
- In the Base Feature, select Solid and Extrusion Type.
-Click Continue

Click on the tab and in the prompt area, type the center of the pipe section

coordinates 0,0
and then the coordinates of a point on the midline of the thickness of the cross section

0.04, 0.

Redo the same procedure to pick the center and the perimeter coordinates point
respectively 0,0 and 0.06,0

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

To end the procedure, click mouse button 2 and select cancel procedure.

From the prompt area select Done.

The Edit Base Extrusion dialog box appears. Choose the depth to be 0.4. Then click OK.

Abaqus/CAE displays the perspective view of the pipe.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the main menu bar, select Section Create.

A Create Section dialog box appears.

You can also click Create in the Section Manager or select the create section tool in
the Property module toolbox.

Enter a section Name Pipe_section.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Select Solid as the section Category and Homogeneous as the section Type, and click
Continue. The Edit Section dialog box appears

Click on the Material Create, to create the material.

Name the material Steel. From the material editor's menu bar, select Mechanical
Elasticity Elastic.

Abaqus/CAE displays the Elastic data form.

Type a value of 209.E9 for Young's modulus and a value of 0.3 for Poisson's ratio in the
respective fields, as shown in the next figure.

Use [Tab] to move between cells.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click OK to exit the material editor.

In the model Tree, double click the Section Assignments.

In the Prompt area, you will see .

Select the end of the pipe

Click Done from the prompt area.

Abaqus displays the Edit Section Assignments box.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click OK to exit the dialog box.

.In the Model Tree, expand the Assembly container. Then double-click Instances in the
list that appears. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Assembly module, and the Create
Instance dialog box appears. In the dialog box, select Pipe_3D and click OK.

In the Model Tree, double-click the Steps container to create a step.

Abaqus/CAE switches to the Step module.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Create Step dialog box appears with a list of all the general procedures and a default
step name of Step-1. General procedures are those that can be used to analyze linear or
nonlinear response.

1. Name the step Pipe3D_step.

2. From the list of available general procedures in the Create Step dialog box, select
Static, General if it is not already selected and click Continue.

The Edit Step dialog box appears with the default settings for a general, static step.

In the description tab type Load the 3D pipe.

Click OK, to close the Edit Step dialog box.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the Model Tree, click mouse button 2 on the Field Output Requests container and
select Manager from the menu that appears.

Review the default output request that Abaqus/CAE generates for the Static, General
step you created and named load the 3D_pipe.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click the cell in the table labeled Created; that cell becomes highlighted, and the
following information related to the cell appears in the legend at the bottom of the
manager:

• The type of analysis procedure carried out in the step in that column.
• The list of output request variables.
• The output request status.

On the right side of the Field Output Requests Manager, click Edit to view more
detailed information about the output request.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click Cancel to close the field output editor, since you do not wish to make any changes
to the default choice.

Click Dismiss to close the Field Output Requests Manager.

In the Model Tree, expand the Shell item underneath the Parts container and double-
click Mesh in the list that appears.

From the File menu, Select MeshÆControls

The Mesh Controls editor appears

- Select Quad-dominated as Element Shape.

- Choose Sweep Technique, Medial axis

Algorithm.

- Click OK to exit.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the File menu, Select MeshÆElements

The Element Type dialog box appears.

Accept the default Standard Element Library and the Linear Geometric Order.
Choose the 3D Stress Family

Toggle on Hybrid formulation in Element Controls. Toggle off the reduced

integration choice.

Then click OK.

From the File menu, select Seed ÆPart

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Global Seeds dialog box appears.

- Accept the default values for the

Approximate Global Size.
- Click OK to exit.

From the File menu, select MeshÆ Part

You will see that the meshing is not appropriate and that the meshes are irregular. You
can choose SeedÆ by Edge and type the value 0.01
From the File menu, select MeshÆ Part
From the prompt area select Yes.

Abaqus/CAE displays the meshed part.

¾ Applying boundary conditions:

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

To apply boundary conditions to one end of the cantilever beam, in the Model Tree,
double-click the BCs container. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Load module, and the
Create Boundary Condition dialog box appears.

In the Create Boundary Condition dialog box:

a. Name the boundary condition fixed1.

b. From the list of steps, select Initial as the step in which the boundary condition
will be activated.
c. In the Category list, accept Mechanical as the default category selection.
d. In the Types for Selected Step list, accept Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre
as the default type selection, and click Continue.

Abaqus/CAE displays prompts in the prompt area to guide you through the procedure.

Select the end to constrain in the viewport.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the Edit Boundary Condition dialog box select ENCASTRE.

In the same manner, redo the previous steps to create the boundary conditions named
fixed2, to constraint the right end.

Remark: You will have to rotate the pipeline using the tab from the toolbar.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Applying load

The loading consists of an internal pressure applied to the pipe.

From the Model Tree, double click Loads

The Create Load dialog box appears.

- In the box Create load name the load Pres_int.

- From the Category box select mechanical.

- From type of selected step, choose Pressure.
- Then click Continue,

In the prompt area, you will see

Select the lateral surface of the pipe, then click Done from the prompt area.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Load box will appear. Type 689.27E3 which corresponds to 100 psi in the
Magnitude box. It represents the value of the internal pressure along the axis normal to
the internal surface. Then click OK.
¾ Submitting a job

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the Model Tree, double-click the Jobs

container to create a job.

Abaqus/CAE switches to the Job module, and the Create Job dialog box appears with a
list of the models in the model database.

Name the job Pipe_3D_analysis.

Click Continue to create the job.

The Edit Job dialog box appears.

In the Description field, type fixed-fixed end pipe exemple.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click OK to accept all the default job settings and to close the dialog box.

In the Model Tree, expand the Jobs container; click mouse button 2 on the job named
Pipe_analysis.

Select Submit from the menu that appears to submit your job for analysis.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The job is then submitted for analysis.

¾ Results

The next step is to check the outputs of the analysis.

Abaqus displays the undeformed pipe.

To display a deformed shape plot:

From the main menu bar, select Plot Deformed

Shape.

You may also plot the deformed shape using the tool in the Visualization module
toolbox.

Undeformed shape Deformed shape

To display a contour plot:

1. From the main menu bar, select Plot Contours On Deformed Shape.

Tip: You can also display a contour plot using the tool in the Visualization
module toolbox.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Abaqus displays by default the Von Mises stress in the pipe.

You can choose different stress to visualize.

From the file menu select Result Æ Field Output

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

S33 represents the axial stress,

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

ri 2 ⎛ r0 2 ⎞
The theoretical value for the longitudinal stress is given by : σ r = P ⎜1 − 2 ⎟
ri 2 − ro 2 ⎝ r ⎠
ri 2 42
σz = P 2 = 689.27 2 × 103 = 551.416 × 103 Pa = 5.51 × 105 Pa
ri − ro 2
4 −6 2

From the FEA, , σ z = 5.13 × 105 Pa which corresponds mainly to the green region on the
contour plot.
You can also visualize the hoop stress which corresponds to the maximum stress in the
pipeline.

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

ri 2 ⎛ r0 2 ⎞
The hoop stress is given by: σ θ = P 2 ⎜1 + 2 ⎟
ri − ro 2 ⎝ r ⎠
ri 2
At the external radius: σ θ e = 2 P = 2 × 5.51 × 105 Pa =1.12 × 106 Pa
ri − ro
2 2

The FEA gives: σ θ e FEA =1.15 × 106 Pa

This can be appreciated by visualizing a cut view of the beam.

Click on the tab . The cut is made in the longitudinal direction as displayed in the
following plot,

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Session 3 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

ri 2
At the internal radius, σ θ i = 2.5 × P = 2.5 × 5.51 × 105 Pa =1.375 × 106 Pa
ri 2 − ro 2

The FEA σ θ i =1.64 × 106 Pa

¾ Further analysis can contain the gravity load and an external pressure.

Homework#1:

Rework the pipeline solid modeling adding a coating of thickness t= 0.01m and Young ‘s
modulus E= 117 GPa and a poison ‘s ratio of υ = 0.32 . Assume that the contact between
the two layers is perfect with no sliding perfectly tied. The boundary conditions are
considered to fixed-fixed.

Coating

Pipeline

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Thermal-Stress Analysis

1. Introduction:

In this session, we will be interested in performing a thermal analysis to a pipeline

structure. The loading for such analysis consists of applying thermal gradient or
differential thermal analysis to the structure and experience the behavior of the pipe and
its thermal expansion. The pipeline is subjected to temperature gradient either from the
surrounding environment or from the flowing fluid inside the pipe. In general it’s a
combination of both phenomena.
In this matter the thermal expansion of pipeline should be taken into account in the
design step. The effect of thermal loading can be appreciated on a numerical analysis of
the previously analyzed model with some modifications.

2. Problem formulation:
A cantilever beam, with length L=2m, is subjected to a fluid flowing inside the
pipeline. The outside part of the pipeline is exposed to air that has a constant temperature
of 21°C (70°F). The inside of the pipeline is filled with hot water with an operating
temperature of 160°C (320°F). The pipeline is subjected to an internal pressure of 1.38 ×
107 Pa (2000 psi).

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In this analysis, the stress-displacement solution is affected by the temperature

fields applied to the structure as well as the applied internal pressure. To appreciate the
difference in both loading, we will assume in this analysis only the thermal loading. The
analysis is called a “fully-coupled thermal-stress analysis”.

2.1. Solving the problem on Abaqus:

Since the beam modeling part has already been done in the first session, we will be
interested in the thermal loading part and what follows.

2.1.1 Thermal loading on Abaqus/CAE:

The heat transfer analysis requires specification of thermal conductivity, which is

16 W/m/°C. The density of the material is also specified, which is 7850 kg/m3. The
thermal expansion of the steel is given by the previous variables are all summarized in
the following table:

Air Internal Expansion Thermal Material

Variables temperature temperature coefficient conductivity density
[°C ] [°C ] [ m/m°C] [ W/m/°C ] [ kg/m3]

Values 21 160 1.1 × 10−5 16 7850

At this stage, we will go through the same steps as for the cantilever beam.

Select File New from the main menu bar. In the Model Tree, double-click the Parts
container to create a new part.

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Name the part Beam.

- Change the default settings to a two-

dimensional planar, deformable body and a wire
base feature.

- In the Approximate size text field, type 2.

Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog
box

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

To sketch the profile of the cantilever beam, you need to select the lines drawing tool .
In the viewport, sketch a first point and a far from second point or you can enter the first
point coordinates P1 (0, 0) in the prompt area as shown in the next figure. To cancel the
task, click the Cancel button.

Previous Prompt

Cancel

Then enter the coordinates of the second point P2 (2, 0). Click Done to exit the Sketcher.
Note: If you don't see the Done button in the prompt area, continue to click mouse
button 2 and cancel the procedure as shown in the following:

Abaqus/CAE displays a view of the new part, as shown in next figure.

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Before you proceed further in this example, save your model in a model database file.
From the main menu bar, select File Save. The Save Model Database As dialog box
appears. Type a name for the new model database in the File Name field, and click OK.

For the thermal analysis of the cantilever beam, you will need to specify all the properties
of the material. In the Model Tree, double-click the Materials container to create a new

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

material. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Property module, and the Edit Material dialog
box appears. Name the material Steel, and then select General Æ Density from
Material Behaviors.

Enter the mass density value ρ = 7850 kg/m3

In the same Edit Material box, select Mechanical Æ Expansion

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Enter the value of the Expansion coefficient α = 1.1 × 10−5

Now, we need to specify the elastic material property. Select Mechanical Æ Elastic.

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Choose the elastic isotropic behavior. Enter the Young’s modulus E=210 GPa and the
poison’s ratio υ = 0.3

The last property to introduce and is important in the case of a thermal-stress analysis is
the thermal conductivity of the material.

From the Edit material dialog box, select, Thermal Æ Conductivity

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Enter then the conductivity value W=16 W/m/°C.

¾ Section assignment

From the model Tree double click Sections. The Edit Section dialog box appears. Name
the section Beam_section.
Select the Beam Category and Truss Type.

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 Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Then we need to specify the cross sectional area. Enter 7.06 × 10−4 m 2 . Recall that the
internal and external diameters of the pipeline were respectively di = 4 × 10−2 m and

d e = 5 × 10−2 m

From the model tree, double click on Section

Assignments. In the prompt area, will appear:

Select the pipeline from the viewer, then click Done.

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Section Assignment dialog box appears.

Select Beam_section as Section.
You can verify that the Type is Truss and the
material is Steel for the 1D pipeline model.
Then click OK

¾ Assembly

Expand the Assembly tree. Double click on Instances.

The Create instance dialog box appears.

- Select Part-1
- Accept Instance Type Dependent.
- Then click OK.

¾ Steps

The analysis is called a coupled temperature-displacement analysis.

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

It is performed when the mechanical and thermal solutions affect each other strongly and,
therefore, must be obtained simultaneously.
In the model tree, double click on Steps. The create Step dialog box appears.

Specify the step name or accept the default

one, Step-1.
Choose in the Procedure type GeneralÆ
Coupled temp-displacement
Click Continue…

The Edit Step dialog box appears. Enter a description to the step Applied external
temperature.
9 Toggle in the Steady-state Response.
9 Accept the time period default value.
9 Toggle on Nlgeom for large displacements.
9 Click OK.
You can click on the Incrementation tab and the Other tab and accept the default value.

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The next step is used to define the internal temperature as another applied thermal load to
the pipeline.

In the same manner, we will define Step-2.

Specify the step name or accept the default
one, Step-1.
Choose in the Procedure type GeneralÆ
Coupled temp-displacement
Click Continue…

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

9 Toggle in the Steady-state Response.

9 Accept the time period default value.
9 Toggle on Nlgeom for large displacements.
9 Click OK.

You may click on the Incrementation and Other tab and accept the default value.

¾ Boundary conditions

The internal and external pressure will be defined as boundary conditions for the pipeline
at two different steps. The pipeline is also fixed at one end and free at the other.

In the model tree double click on BCs.

- Name the boundary conditions external temperature.
- Select Step-1. In Category toggle on Other.
- Select Temperature Types for Selected Step.
- Click Continue…

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the prompt area you will see

Select the beam and click Done.

The Edit Boundary Condition dialog

box appears.
Enter the magnitude of the external
temperature, Te = 21o C .
Click OK, to close the dialog box.
Kif kif exrernal temp

We will define a second step this time for the internal temperature Ti = 160o C . In this
same manner, double click the BCs from the model tree. Name the boundary conditions
internal temperature. Select Step-2. In Category toggle on Other and select
Temperature Types for Selected Step.
Click Continue…

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the prompt area you will see . Select the

beam and click Done .

The Edit Boundary Condition dialog

box appears.
Enter the magnitude of the external
temperature, Te = 160o C .
Click OK, to close the dialog box.

Now that both boundary conditions are created, we need to specify that they act apart one
from the other. The external pressure boundary condition should not be propagated but
deactivated for the second step.

From the BCs in the model tree expand the external temp boundary conditions. Use
mouse button 2 to deactivate external temperature effect on step-2.

The last boundary conditions will be to constrain the left hand end of the pipeline.
In the model tree double click on BCs.

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 Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Name the boundary conditions fixed_end.

- Select Step-1 from Step.
- In Category toggle on Mechanical
- select Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre
Types for Selected Step.
- Click Continue…

- The Edit Boundary Condition dialog box

appears.
- Toggle on ENCASTRE to fix the left end.
- Click OK to close the Edit Boundary
Condition dialog box.

¾ Meshing

- From the Models tree, expand Assembly

and double click on Mesh.

- From the File Menu Select MeshÆ

Element Type.
- The Element Type dialog box appears.

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Accept the Standard Element library and the Linear Geometric Order.
- Choose the Coupled Temperature-Displacement Family.

Click OK to close the Element Type dialog box.

From the File menu, select Seed.

The Global Seeds dialog box appears

- In sizing controls, choose the

Approximate global size to be 0.1
- Accept the default parameter and
click OK.

From the File menu, select Mesh Æ Instance

In the prompt area appears .

Click Yes to mesh the instance.

¾ Analysis

Now that all data was introduced, we need to create the job and run the analysis.

- From the Models tree, double-click the Jobs container to create a job.

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Create Job dialog box appears.

- Name the job Thermal_beam_analysis, and click Continue. The job editor appears.

In the Description field, type thermal_analysis tutorial.

- Click the tabs to see the contents of the job editor, and review the default settings. Click
OK to accept all the default job settings.

- In the Model Tree, click mouse button 2 on the job named Thermal_beam_analysis
and select Submit from the menu that appears to submit your job for analysis.

The job is now submitted for analysis.

¾ Post- Processing

Plotting the deformed shape:

- From the main menu bar, select Plot Contours On Deformed Shape.
Since the cantilever beam was submitted to two different temperature fields, we expect to
see a longitudinal expansion of the beam due to the thermal loading.
Displacement distribution

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Spatial displacement at nodes from the Output Variable

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From Component of the displacement choose U1 which represents the displacement at

nodes along the direction-1 that is the displacement in the longitudinal direction.

In the next figure, the contour plot of the displacement U1 in the direction-1 or the
longitudinal direction is shown.

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The maximum displacement is at the free end. The fixed node obviously does not
experience any displacement.
You can view other variables by selecting Result Field Output.
Different displacements different steps
You may check the displacement at a different step
FileÆResultsÆStep/Frames…

Select Step1 from Step/Frame.

Click OK

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now, you can check the displacement in the 1-direction and compare with the
displacement from Step 2
Report Results

The user can list the results in an external file.

File MenuÆReportÆFields outputs

The Report Field Output box appears.

You can choose the step to report
results from.
Select Unique nodal, since you are
dealing with displacement.

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Select Spatial displacement in

the 1-direction U1 (axial
direction).
From the Setup table, Rename
the file in which you will list the
results.
Click OK.

The file is the created in the

working directory.

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Interpretation

The displacement caused by the thermal loading can be compared to the analytical
expression of the thermal deformation given by: δ th = α × ∆T × L .
Using the previous values given in the input procedure we can find the value:
δ th = 1.1 × 10−5 × 152 × 2 = 3.34 × 10−3 m .

The value found by the FEA is given by: δ fea th = 3.3 × 10−3 m .

HW#2

Reconsider the same problem but assuming both ends fixed. Find the thermal stress
acting on the pipeline and compare to its value given by theoretical formula.
σ th = − E × α × ∆T

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Session 4 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

References

1- “Piping and Pipeline engineering” Design, Construction Maintenance, Repair and

Intergrity. George A. Antaki

2- “Pipeline Design and Construction: A Practical Approach” 2nd Edition M.

Mohitpour, H. Golshan and A. Murray

3- Abaqus 6.8.1 Documentation, Abaqus Theory Manual, Abaqus Problems Manual,...

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Global Thermal
Expansion Model
Seabed Interaction

1. Introduction:

In the previous session, the model defined was for a slender (beam) pipeline that
was subjected to thermal loading from the surrounding and internal gradient of
temperature. To proceed to a more realistic modeling of the pipeline at deep sea, a seabed
should be introduced and the interaction between seabed and the pipeline should be
introduced. In this direction, thermal loading will be introduced and few types of friction
will be discussed regarding whether the seabed is considered to be frictionless or a rough
surface.

2. Problem formulation:
A fixed-free ends pipeline, with length L=2km, is subjected to a gradient of
temperature. The internal and external diameters of the pipeline were respectively
di = 0.9m and d e = 1m . The pipeline is assumed to be at deep sea and benefits of a free

end at the right-hand side. At this stage, we will not be interested in the effect of internal,
external and hydrostatic pressure applied to the pipeline but still can be added in later
considerations. The expected expansion of the pipeline due to the thermal loading will be

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

affected by the type of tangential friction applied as an interaction. The seabed will be
modeled as a rectangular surface with dimensions 2100 × 50 m 2 .

2.1. Solving the problem on Abaqus:

The problem can be solved either using input files or Abaqus/CAE. The pipeline is
considered to be a slender beam.

2.1.1 Thermal loading on Abaqus/CAE:

The data for the global thermal expansion analysis of the pipeline will be the same
as the previously used ones in session 4 and are summarized in the following table:

At this stage, we will go through the same steps as for the cantilever beam with a design
of a spool at one end.

Select File New from the main menu bar. In the Model Tree, double-click the Parts
container to create a new part.

Seabed Internal Expansion Thermal Material

Variables temperature temperature coefficient conductivity density
[°C ] [°C ] [ m/m°C] [ W/m/°C ] [ kg/m3]

Values -2 150 1.1 × 10−5 16 7850

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Name the part slender_beam.

- Change the default settings to a two-

dimensional planar, deformable body and a wire
base feature.

- In the Approximate size text field, type 4000.

Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog
box

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

To sketch the profile of the cantilever beam, you need to select the lines drawing

tool . In the viewport, sketch a first point and a far from second point or you can enter
the first point coordinates P1 (0, 0) in the prompt area as shown in the next figure. To
cancel the task, click the Cancel button.

Previous Prompt

Cancel
Then enter the coordinates of the second point P2 (2000, 0).

Note: If you don't see the Done button in the prompt area, continue to click mouse
button 2 and cancel the procedure.
Abaqus/CAE displays a view of the new part, as shown in next figure.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the following, we will create the seabed part. We will

model the seabed as a rigid body.

- Name the part Seabed.

- Change the default settings to a 3D , Discrete

rigid Type and a Shell base feature with
Extrusion Type

- In the Approximate size text field, type 4000.

Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog
box.

To sketch the profile of the Seabed, you need to select the lines drawing tool . In
the viewport, sketch a first point and a far from second point or you can enter the first
point coordinates P1 (-50, 0) in the prompt area as shown in the next figure. To cancel the
task, click the Cancel button.

Previous Prompt

Cancel

Then enter the coordinates of the second point P2 (2100, 0).

Once the sketch of the shell is done click on Done from the Pompt Area.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Base Extrusion dialog box appears.

Enter 50 in the Depth box as a width value for

the seabed.

Click OK

Abaqus displays an isometric view of the seabed.

Before you proceed further in this example, save your model in a model database file.
From the main menu bar, select File Save. The Save Model Database As dialog box
appears. Type a name for the new model database in the File Name field, and click OK.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

For the thermal analysis of the slender pipeline, you will need to specify all the properties
of the material. In the Model Tree, double-click the Materials container to create a new
material. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Property module, and the Edit Material dialog
box appears. Name the material Steel, and then select General Æ Density from
Material Behaviors.

Enter the mass density value ρ = 7850 kg/m3

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the same Edit Material box, select Mechanical Æ Expansion

Enter the value of the Expansion coefficient α = 1.1 × 10−5

Now, we need to specify the elastic material property. Select Mechanical Æ Elastic.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Choose the elastic isotropic behavior. Enter the Young’s modulus E=210 GPa and the
Poisson’s ratio υ = 0.3

¾ Section assignment

From the model Tree double click Sections.

The Edit Section dialog box appears.

- Name the section Pipe_section.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Select the Beam Category and Beam Type.

- Click Continue…

The Edit Beam Section dialog box appears.

- Click on Create in the Profile name.

The Create Profile editor appears.

- Choose Pipe from Shape list.
- Click Continue…
- The Edit Profile dialog box appears.
- Type the value 0.5 for the Radius and 0.005 for the
Thickness.
- Click OK to exit the Edit Profile

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 Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now that the Profile is defined, in the Edit

Beam Section,
- Select Profile-1 in the Profile name.
- Select the Steel for the Material Name.
- Then Click OK.

¾ Section assignment

From the model tree, double click on Section

Assignments. In the prompt area, will appear:

Select the entire pipeline and the spool from the viewer
, then click Done.

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 Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Section Assignment dialog box appears.

Select Pipe_section as Section.
- Click OK

Now, you need to assign beam orientation.

- Click on the tab .

In the Prompt Area you see :

Select the pipeline with the spool part and then click Done
In the Prompt Area you read:

Press Enter. In the Prompt Area click OK.

¾ Assembly

Expand the Assembly tree. Double click on Instances.

The Create Instance dialog box appears.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Select slender_beam and Seabed.

- Choose Independent from Instance Type.
- Then click OK.

Remarks:

We remark that the pipeline needs to be translated to the midline of the seabed.
From the file menuÆInstanceÆTranslate
From the Prompt Area you can select the instance to translate.

Select the pipeline and click Done.

From the Prompt area type the starting point for the translation.

Accept the origin point, and enter the next point at a z-coordinate 25.0

From the Prompt Area, click Ok to accept the new position of the instance.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Rigid body

To each rigid body defined in Abaqus we need to

attach a Reference Point that will govern the motion
of the Rigid Body.
From the File MenuÆToolsÆ Reference Point

From The Prompt Area, type the coordinates of the Refernce Point.

You can also choose the Reference Point from the viewer.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now that the Reference Point is created we need to attach it to the Rigid Body.
From the module Interaction, Select
ConstraintÆCreate

- The Create constraint dialog box appears.

- Select Rigid body Type and click Continue…

The Constraint editor appears.

- Select Rigid body and click on Edit.

- Select the rigid body from the

viewer.
- Click Done.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Next, you will have to pick in the same fashion the Reference Point.

¾ Interactions
At this stage, we need to define the interaction between the seabed and the pipeline.
We will assume at the first level that the interaction is frictionless ie: the pipeline is
allowed to slide freely on the seabed.
From the Model tree double click on
Interactions.

The Create Interaction properties dialog box

appears.
Name the interaction: Seabed_pipe_inter
Select Contact as Type of interaction
Click Continue…

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Contact Property Editor appears.

- Select MechanicalÆ Tangential
Behavior.

- Select Frictionless.
- Click OK.

To this end, we need to create the interaction it self between the seabed and the pipeline.

From the FileÆ InteractionsÆ Create

The Create Interaction dialog box appears

- Select Surface-To-Surface Contact.

- Click Continue…

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

You will have to select the seabed as a master surface. From the Propmt Area you can
read

Select the seabed and Click Done.

Choose the purple side of the surface which

represents the seabed surface.
- You will have to select the pipeline as a node
region since its modeled as beam elements.
From the Prompt area choose node region and select the pipeline

Click done.

The Interaction editor appears.

Accept the defaut value for the Sliding

Formulation as Finite formulation.
Choose the node to surface Discretization
method.
Accept the default value for Degree of
smoothing for master surface.
Select Adjust only to remove overclosure.
Contact interaction property is selected
by default as the one introduced previously.
Click Ok.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Steps

The analysis is a thermal expansion analysis. It can be performed as a static general

analysis with predefined temperature fields.
In the model tree, double click on Steps. The create Step dialog box appears.

- Specify the step name or accept the default

one, Step-1.
- Choose in the Procedure type GeneralÆ -
Static, General
- Click Continue…

The Edit Step dialog box appears. Enter a description

to the step Application internal temperature.
9 Accept the time period default value.
9 Toggle on Nlgeom for large displacements.
9 Click OK.
You can click on the Incrementation tab and the Other tab and accept the default value.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Predefined fields
The next step is to define the initial temperature as another initially applied
thermal load to the pipeline.
In the model tree expand + Steps and expand Initial.
Double Click on Predefined Fields.

The predefined field dialog box appears.

Enter a name: initial_temperature
- In category toggle Other.
- From Types for selected step choose temperature.
- Click Continue…

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the Prompt Area you see :

- Select the pipeline with the spool part and Click Done.

The Edit Predefined Field dialog box

appears.

- Type the Magnitude value of -2.0

which represents the temperature of the
seabed at deep sea.

- Click OK to exit.

In the model tree double click on Predefined Fields.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Create Predefined Field dialog box appears.

- Enter a name: internal_temperature.
- Select Step-1 from Step box.
- In Category toggle Other.
- In Types for Selected Step, choose temperature.
- Click Continue…

In the Prompt Area you see :

- Select the pipeline with the spool part and Click Done.

The Edit Predefined Field dialog box appears.

- Type the Magnitude value of 150 which represents the temperature of the internal
flowing fluid.

- Click OK to exit.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

To this end two predefined fields were activated for the initial and first step. This can
cause a convergence problem. You need to deactivate the initial field acting in the first
step.
In the Model Tree, expand Predefined
Fields, then expand initial temperature
and States.
Using mouse button 2, click on Step-1
(propagated).
Select Edit.

The Edit Predefined Field dialog

box appears.
- From Status Select Reset to
initial.
- Click OK, to exit.

¾ Meshing Procedure

From the Module list select the

Mesh module.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- From the File Menu Select MeshÆ Element Type.

- The Element Type dialog box appears.
In the Prompt area you see

Select the pipeline with the spool part and click Done.

The Element Type editor appears.

In the dialog box, accept the following default selections that control the elements that
are available for selection:

• Standard is the default Element Library selection.

• Linear is the default Geometric Order.
• Choose Pipe from the Family section.
• Toggle on Hybrid formulation.

Click OK to exit the Element Type dialog box.

From the main menu bar, select Seed Edge by size

From the Prompt Area enter the element size edge.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Meshing the rigid body

By default the element type chosen for the rigid body will be the discrete rigid
body type of elements that you can still check.
From the File ÆmeshÆ Element Type

Click Ok.
In the same fashion seed the rigid body.

From the main menu bar, select Seed Edge by size

From the Prompt Area enter the element size edge.

From the main menu bar, select Mesh Instance to mesh the part instance.

Select both instances (seabed and pipeline).

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the buttons in the prompt area, click Yes to confirm that you want to mesh the part
instance.

¾ Boundary conditions

Let’s assume that the pipeline is fixed at one end and free at another.
In the model tree double click on BCs.

- From the list of steps, select Initial as the step in which the boundary condition
will be activated.

- In the Category list, accept Mechanical as

the default category selection.

- In the Types for Selected Step list, accept

Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre as the
default type selection, and click Continue.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the prompt area you will see

Select the left end and click Done.

The Edit Boundary Condition dialog box

appears. In the dialog box:

- Toggle on ENCASTRE.

- Click OK to create the boundary condition

and to close the dialog box.

In the same fashion we will proceed to constraint the reference point.

¾ Analysis

Now that all data was introduced, we need to create the job and run the analysis.

- From the Models tree, double-click the Jobs

container to create a job.

The Create Job dialog box appears.

- Name the job Global_expansion_pipeline, and click Continue. The job editor
appears.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the Description field, type Global

expansion analysis tutorial.

- Click the tabs to see the contents of the

job editor, and review the default settings.

- Click OK to accept all the default job

settings.

- In the Model Tree, click mouse button 2 on the job named

Global_expansion_pipeline and select Submit from the menu that appears to submit

your job for analysis.

The job is now submitted for analysis.

¾ Post- Processing

The main purpose of such analysis is see the thermal expansion of the pipeline
under thermal loading. We want to experience the expansion at the spool part. To this end
we will be interested on the deformed shape.
- Plotting the deformed shape:
- From the main menu bar, select Plot Contours On Deformed Shape.

The expansion at the spool end is appreciated on the deformed shape.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Displacement distribution

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Spatial displacement at nodes from the Output Variable

From Component of the displacement choose U1 which represents the displacement at

nodes along the direction-1 that is the displacement in the longitudinal direction.

In the next figure, the contour plot of the displacement U1 in the direction-1 or the
longitudinal direction is shown.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the contour plot of the displacements in the 1-direction, we can see that the
maximum displacement is at the end with the spool. The fixed node obviously does not
experience any displacement. This suggests the use of the spool to accommodate the
thermal global expansion.
You can verify the stress has a relatively little values.

• Rough surface interaction

As a next step, we will apply a rough surface

interaction.
From the model tree, Right click on interaction
properties and select Edit

Select the Rough friction formulation.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Rename the job and run it.

Stress distribution

The stress that appears in the cantilever beam is a result of the applied thermal load. To
appreciate the stress distribution:

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Stress components at integration points from the Output Variable

Choose S11 Component which represents the longitudinal stress..

Click OK to close the Field Output dialog box.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The S11 Component of the stress is given by the following contour plot:

You can check on other variables. By default, the contour plot displays the Von Mises
stresses in the model.
You can view other variables by selecting Result Field Output.

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Session 5 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

You can verify the displacements has a relatively little values.

Interpretation:

The frictionless interaction between the seabed and the pipeline allowed the pipeline to
expand freely and the expansion is δ th = α × ∆T × L = 1.1 × 10−5 × 152 × 2000 = 3.34 m .

The FEA suggested a value of δ fea = 3.347 m

The rough surface induced an axial stress in the pipeline given by

σ fea = −3.511 × 108 N/m 2 .
The theoretical value is given
by σ th = − E × ∆T × α = 210 × 109 × 152 × 1.1 × 10−5 = −3.511 × 108 N/m 2

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Free Spanning of
Pipelines

1. Introduction:

In the previous session, we modeled the interaction seabed-pipeline under external

thermal loading. Building on the last session, we will today proceed with the free
spanning of the pipeline which can occur when the seabed presents a sudden difference of
depth. The pipeline can not always be positioned on the seabed and has therefore to be
free spanned (Figure 1). In this direction, the density of the pipeline is introduced and the
gravity loading is taken into account. A more realistic approach will be to consider also
the sea water weight as an external pressure applied to the pipeline.
The pipeline has a first horizontal section of 240 m and a second one starting at the
coordinates points (360,0) with a length of 100 m.

Pipeline
50

200
Seabed

200 100 200

Figure1: Pipeline free spanning.

All units are in meter.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

2. Problem formulation:
A fixed-free ends pipeline is subjected to its own weight. The internal and external
diameters of the pipeline were respectively d i = 0.45m and d e = 0.5m . The pipeline is
assumed to be at deep sea and benefits of a free end at the right-hand side. At this stage,
we will not be interested in the effect of internal, external and hydrostatic pressure
applied to the pipeline but still can be added in later considerations. The seabed will be
modeled as a rectangular surface.

2.1. Solving the problem on Abaqus:

Select File New from the main menu bar. In the Model Tree, double-click the Parts
container to create a new part.

In the following, we will create the seabed part.

We will model the seabed as a rigid body.

- Name the part Seabed.

- Change the default settings to a 3D , Discrete

rigid Type and a Shell base feature with Sweep
Type

- In the Approximate size text field, type 1000.

Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog
box.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the Prompt area you can read . To sketch the sweep

path of the seabed, you need to select the lines drawing tool . In the viewport, sketch a
first point coordinates P1 (0, 200) in the prompt area as shown in the next figure. To
cancel the task, click the Cancel button.

Previous Prompt

Cancel
Then enter the coordinates of the second point P2 (200, 200). Enter the coordinates of the
third point and the forth point, P3 (300,0) and P4 (500,0). Click Done.

The viewer displays the sweep path of the seabed.

To approach the geometric behavior of the seabed, you will have to draw rounded corners

for the sweep path. Select from the tool box to create a fillet between the lines.
From the Prompt area enter the magnitude 20 for the fillet radius.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the Prompt Area, click Done.

At this level, we need to sketch the
section to be swept.
Enter the first point P1 (0,0) and a
second point P2 (0,50).
Click Done.
Abaqus displays a view of the seabed.

¾ Sets

From the model tree, under Seabed Part,

select Create Sets.
Name the Set: Seabed_Set.
Click Continue

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Select all the geometries and Click Done from the Prompt Area.

¾ Surfaces

Since we will be dealing with contact between master surfaces and slave surfaces, we
need to create surface for the seabed.
From the Model tree, under Seabed
Part, create surfaces,
Name the surfaces: Seabed_surf

Select all the surfaces and click Done. Select the brown
surfaces.

We will now create the pipeline.

In the same fashion, select Create Æ Part,

- Name the part Pipeline.

- Change the default settings to a 3D, deformable

body and a wire base feature.

- In the Approximate size text field, type 1000.

Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog
box

To sketch the profile of the Pipeline, you need to select the lines drawing tool . In the
viewport, sketch a first point and a far from second point or you can enter the first point

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

coordinates P1 (50, 200) , the second P2 (240,

200), a third P3 (0, 360) and the last P4 (0,
460) in the prompt area as shown in the next
figure.

In the same manner, we will round the corner

at the intersections for the pipeline to
approach a realistic geometry.

Note: If you don't see the Done button in the prompt area, continue to click mouse
button 2 and cancel the procedure.
Abaqus/CAE displays a view of the new part, as shown in next figure.

¾ Sets

From the model tree, under Seabed Part,

select Create Sets.
Name the Set: Seabed_Set.
Click Continue
Select the pipeline and Click Done
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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Before you proceed further in this example, save your model in a model database file.
From the main menu bar, select File Save. The Save Model Database As dialog box
appears. Type a name for the new model database in the File Name field, and click OK.

For the free spaning analysis of the pipeline, you will need to specify all the properties of
the material. In the Model Tree, double-click the Materials container to create a new
material. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Property module, and the Edit Material dialog
box appears. Name the material Steel, and then select General Æ Density from
Material Behaviors.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Enter the mass density value ρ = 7850 kg/m3

In the same Edit Material box, select Mechanical Æ Expansion

Enter the value of the Expansion coefficient α = 1.1 × 10−5

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now, we need to specify the elastic material property. Select Mechanical Æ Elastic.

Choose the elastic isotropic behavior. Enter the Young’s modulus E=210 GPa and the
Poisson’s ratio υ = 0.3

¾ Section assignment

From the model Tree double click Sections.

The Edit Section dialog box appears.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Name the section Pipe_section.

- Select the Beam Category and Beam Type.
- Click Continue…

The Edit Beam Section dialog box appears.

- Click on Create in the Profile name.

The Create Profile editor appears.

- Choose Pipe from Shape list.
- Click Continue…
- The Edit Profile dialog box appears.
- Type the value 0.25 for the Radius and 0.05 for the Thickness.
- Click OK to exit the Edit Profile

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 Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now that the Profile is defined, in the Edit

Beam Section,
- Select Profile-1 in the Profile name.
- Select the Steel for the Material Name.
- Then Click OK.

¾ Section assignment

From the model tree, double click on Section

Assignments. In the prompt area, will appear:

You can click on sets from the prompt area.

The Region Selection dialog box appears.
Select the Pipe_set geometry to assign the section to the
pipeline.
Click Continue.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Section Assignment dialog box appears.

Select Pipe_section as Section.
- Click OK

Now, you need to assign beam orientation.

- Click on the tab .

In the Prompt Area you see :

Select the pipeline with the spool part and then click Done
In the Prompt Area you read:

Press Enter. In the Prompt Area click OK.

¾ Assembly

Expand the Assembly tree. Double click on Instances.

The Create Instance dialog box appears.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Select Pipeline and Seabed.

- Choose Independent from Instance Type.
- Then click OK.

Remarks:

We remark that the pipeline needs to be translated to the midline of the seabed.
From the file menuÆInstanceÆTranslate
From the Prompt Area you can select the instance to translate.

Select the pipeline and click Done.

From the Prompt area type the starting point for the translation.

Accept the origin point, and enter the next point at a z-coordinate 25.0

From the Prompt Area, click Ok to accept the new position of the instance.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Rigid body

To each rigid body defined in Abaqus we need to

attach a Reference Point that will govern the motion
of the Rigid Body.
From the File MenuÆToolsÆ Reference Point

From The Prompt Area, type the coordinates of the Refernce Point.

You can also choose the Reference Point from the viewer.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now that the Reference Point is created we need to attach it to the Rigid Body.
From the module Interaction, Select
ConstraintÆCreate

- The Create constraint dialog box appears.

- Select Rigid body Type and click Continue…

The Constraint editor appears.

- Select Rigid body and click on Edit.

- Select the rigid body from the

viewer.
- Click Done.

Next, you will have to pick in the same fashion the Reference Point.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Interactions
At this stage, we need to define the interaction between the seabed and the pipeline.
We will assume at the first level that the interaction is frictionless ie: the pipeline is
allowed to slide freely on the seabed.
From the Model tree double click on
Interactions.

The Create Interaction properties dialog box

appears.
Name the interaction: Seabed_pipe_inter
Select Contact as Type of interaction
Click Continue…

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Contact Property Editor appears.

- Select MechanicalÆ Damping

- Select Linear, so that the damping

increases linearly from a value zero
when the surfaces are not in contact to
a specified maximum value.
Enter 10000 for the damping
coefficient and 0.05 for clearance or
distance between the two surfaces in
contact at which the damping is zero.
- Click OK.
To this end, we need to create the interaction it self between the seabed and the pipeline.
From the FileÆ InteractionsÆ Create

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Create Interaction dialog box appears

- Select Surface-To-Surface Contact.

- Click Continue…

You will have to select the seabed as a master surface. From the Propmt Area you can
read

Select the seabed and Click Done.

Choose the purple side of the surface which represents the seabed surface.
- You will have to select the pipeline as a node region since its modeled as beam
elements.
From the Prompt area choose node region and select the pipeline

Click done.

The Interaction editor appears.

Accept the defaut value for the Sliding

Formulation as Finite formulation.
Choose the node to surface Discretization
method.
Accept the default value for Degree of smoothing
for master surface.
Select Adjust only to remove overclosure.
Contact interaction property is selected by
default as the one introduced previously.
Click Ok.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Steps

The analysis is a thermal expansion analysis. It can be performed as a static general

analysis with predefined temperature fields.
In the model tree, double click on Steps. The create Step dialog box appears.

- Specify the step name or accept the default

one, Step-1.
- Choose in the Procedure type GeneralÆ -
Static, General
- Click Continue…

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Step dialog box appears. Enter a description to the step Application
internal temperature.
9 Accept the time period default value.
9 Toggle on Nlgeom for large displacements.
9 Click OK.
You can click on the Incrementation tab and the Other tab and accept the default value.

Click Ok

¾ Meshing Procedure

From the Module list select the

Mesh module.

- From the File Menu Select

MeshÆ Element Type.
- The Element Type dialog box appears.
In the Prompt area you see

Select the pipeline with the spool part and click Done.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Element Type editor appears.

In the dialog box, accept the following default selections that control the elements that
are available for selection:

• Standard is the default Element Library selection.

• Linear is the default Geometric Order.
• Choose Pipe from the Family section.
• Toggle on Hybrid formulation.

Click OK to exit the Element Type dialog box.

From the main menu bar, select Seed Edge by size

From the Prompt Area enter the element size edge. Enter 10 as the edge size.

Meshing the rigid body

By default the element type chosen for the rigid body will be the discrete rigid
body type of elements that you can still check.
From the File ÆmeshÆ Element Type

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click Ok.
In the same fashion seed the rigid body.

From the main menu bar, select Seed Edge by size

From the Prompt Area enter the element size edge.

From the main menu bar, select Mesh Instance to mesh the part instance.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Select both instances (seabed and pipeline).

From the buttons in the prompt area, click Yes to confirm that you want to mesh the part

instance.

¾ Boundary conditions

Let’s assume that the pipeline is fixed at one end and free at another.
In the model tree double click on BCs.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- From the list of steps, select Initial as the step in which the boundary condition
will be activated.

- In the Category list, accept Mechanical as

the default category selection.

- In the Types for Selected Step list, accept

Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre as the
default type selection, and click Continue.

In the prompt area you will see

Select the left end and click Done.

The Edit Boundary Condition dialog box

appears. In the dialog box:

- Toggle on ENCASTRE.

- Click OK to create the boundary condition

and to close the dialog box.

In the same fashion we will constraint the reference point.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Load

- Specify the step name or accept the default

one, Step-1.
- Choose Category Mechanical.
- Select Gravity,
- Click Continue.

-Select the pipeline.

- Component2: enter -10.
- Click Ok.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Analysis

Now that all data was introduced, we need to create the job and run the analysis.

- From the Models tree, double-click the Jobs

container to create a job.

The Create Job dialog box appears.

- Name the job Free_spanning_pipeline, and click Continue. The job editor appears.

In the Description field, type Free_spanning

tutorial.

- Click the tabs to see the contents of the job editor,

and review the default settings.

- Click OK to accept all the default job settings.

- In the Model Tree, click mouse button 2 on the job named Free_spanning_pipeline
and select Submit from the menu that appears to submit your job for analysis.

The job is now submitted for analysis.

¾ Post- Processing

The main purpose of such analysis is to see the deflection of the pipeline under the
gravity loading and visualize the most stressed parts of the pipeline. To this end we will
be interested on the deformed shape.
- Plotting the deformed shape:
- From the main menu bar, select Plot Contours On Deformed Shape.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Displacement distribution

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Spatial displacement at nodes from the Output Variable

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From Invariant of the displacement choose Magnitude which represents the total
displacement at nodes.

In the next figure, the contour plot of the displacement magnitude is shown.

From the contour plot of the displacements magnitude, we can see that the maximum
displacement is middle part of the pipeline that is not supported by the seabed.

Stress distribution

The stress that appears in the cantilever beam is a result of the applied thermal load. To
appreciate the stress distribution:

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Stress components at integration points from the Output Variable

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Choose S11 Component which represents the longitudinal stress..

Click OK to close the Field Output dialog box.

The S11 Component of the stress is given by the following contour plot:

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

You can check on other variables. By default, the contour plot displays the Von Mises
stresses in the model.
You can view other variables by selecting Result Field Output.

Homework#4

Redo the previous work for the following geometry of the pipeline. Assume fixed-fixed
ends pipeline that is subjected to its own weight. The internal and external diameters of
the pipeline were respectively di = 0.20m and d e = 0.25m . Assume also an external
pressure (sea water weight) on the pipeline for a water depth of 300 m.

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Session 6 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

200

50

100 50 100

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Global Thermal
Expansion Model
With upheaval buckling

1. Introduction:

This session discusses a slender pipeline that has at one of its ends a spool as shown
in the figure below. Spools are used to accommodate the expansion of the pipeline in the
axial direction and this due the thermal loading applied to the pipeline throughout its
length. A sleeper will be placed at the mid path of the pipeline. Sleepers are used to
control the buckling or more precisely to have a controlled buckling in terms of preferred
direction and to accommodate thermal expansion and overcome soil uncertainties.
In this matter the thermal expansion of pipeline should be taken into account in the
design step. The effect of thermal loading can be appreciated on a numerical analysis of
the previously analyzed model with some modifications.

10 m

10m
2 km

Pipeline Spool End

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The sleeper consists in this analysis on a displacement of value 0.9 m applied at the
middle of the pipeline.

2. Problem formulation:
A fixed-fixed ends pipeline, with length L=2km, is subjected to a gradient of
temperature. The internal and external diameters of the pipeline were respectively
di = 0.36m and d e = 0.4m . The pipeline is assumed to be at deep sea and benefits of a

spool at the right-hand end. At this stage, we will not be interested in the effect of
internal, external and hydrostatic pressure applied to the pipeline. The expected
expansion and buckling of the pipeline due to the thermal loading suggests the use of the
spool.

2.1. Solving the problem on Abaqus:

The problem can be solved either using input files or Abaqus/CAE. The pipeline is
considered to be a slender beam.
2.1.1 Thermal loading on Abaqus/CAE:

The data for the global thermal expansion analysis of the pipeline will be the same
as the previously used ones in session 5 and are summarized in the following table:

Seabed Internal Expansion Material density

Variables temperature temperature coefficient
[°C ] [°C ] [ m/m°C] [ kg/m3]

Values -2 150 1.1 × 10−5 7850

At this stage, we will go through the same steps as for the cantilever beam with a design
of a spool at one end.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Select File New from the main menu bar. In the Model Tree, double-click the Parts
container to create a new part.

- Name the part slender_beam.

- Change the default settings to a two-

dimensional planar, deformable body and a wire
base feature.

- In the Approximate size text field, type 4000.

Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog
box

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

We will try at this level to approach a more realistic geometry of the pipeline not
perfectly straight but more like a spline behavior. In order to sketch the profile of the

cantilever beam, you need to select the lines drawing tool . Enter the first point
coordinates P1 (0, 0) in the prompt area as shown in the next figure. To cancel the task,
click the Cancel button.

Previous Prompt

Cancel

Then enter the coordinates of the second point P2 (1000, 0.9). Enter the third point P3
(2000,0). Now that the pipeline is sketched we will create the spool part: Select the lines
drawing tool and create the fourth point P4 (2000,10) and P5 (2010,10).

At the spool part we need to eliminate the singularity. The right angles present a
singularity for the section of the pipe. We will introduce a curvature at these two
locations.

- Click on the tab . The prompt area displays:

- Enter the value 1.0 for the Fillet radius and press enter .

In the prompt area you will read .

- Select the First part and then you see in the prompt area,

- Select the second part. Abaqus displays the filleted end,

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Do the same steps for the other end.

- Click Done to exit the Sketcher.

Note: If you don't see the Done button in the prompt area, continue to click mouse
button 2 and cancel the procedure as shown in the following:

Abaqus/CAE displays a view of the new part, as shown in next figure.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Before you proceed further in this example, save your model in a model database file.
From the main menu bar, select File Save. The Save Model Database As dialog box
appears. Type a name for the new model database in the File Name field, and click OK.

For the thermal analysis of the slender pipeline, you will need to specify all the properties
of the material. In the Model Tree, double-click the Materials container to create a new
material. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Property module, and the Edit Material dialog
box appears. Name the material Steel, and then select General Æ Density from
Material Behaviors.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Enter the mass density value ρ = 7850 kg/m3

In the same Edit Material box, select Mechanical Æ Expansion

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Enter the value of the Expansion coefficient α = 1.1 × 10−5

Now, we need to specify the elastic material property. Select Mechanical Æ Elastic.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Choose the elastic isotropic behavior. Enter the Young’s modulus E=210 GPa and the
poison’s ratio υ = 0.3

¾ Section assignment

From the model Tree double click Sections.

The Edit Section dialog box appears.

- Name the section Pipe_section.

- Select the Beam Category and Beam Type.
- Click Continue…

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Beam Section dialog box appears.

- Click on Create in the Profile name.

The Create Profile editor

appears.
- Choose Pipe from Shape list.
- Click Continue…
- The Edit Profile dialog box appears.
- Type the value 0.2 for the Radius and 0.02 for the Thickness.
- Click OK to exit the Edit Profile

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 Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now that the Profile is defined, in the Edit

Beam Section,
- Select Profile-1 in the Profile name.
- Select the Steel for the Material Name.
- Then Click OK.

¾ Section assignment

From the model tree, double click on Section

Assignments. In the prompt area, will appear:

Select the entire pipeline and the spool from the viewer
, then click Done.

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 Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Section Assignment dialog box appears.

Select Pipe_section as Section.
- Click OK

Now, you need to assign beam orientation.

- Click on the tab .

In the Prompt Area you see :

Select the pipeline with the spool part and then click Done
In the Prompt Area you read:

Press Enter. In the Prompt Area click OK.

¾ Assembly

Expand the Assembly tree. Double click on Instances.

The Create Instance dialog box appears.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Select slender_beam.
- Choose Independent from Instance Type.
- Toggle on Auto-offset from other instance.
- Then click OK.

¾ Steps

The analysis is a thermal expansion analysis. It can be performed as a static general

analysis with predefined temperature fields.
In the model tree, double click on Steps. The create Step dialog box appears.

- Specify the step name or accept the default

one, Step-1.
- Choose in the Procedure type GeneralÆ -
Static, General
- Click Continue…

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Step dialog box appears. Enter a description to the step Application
internal temperature.
9 Accept the time period default value.
9 Toggle on Nlgeom for large displacements.
9 Click OK.
You can click on the Incrementation tab and the Other tab and accept the default value.

¾ Predefined fields

The next step is to define the initial temperature as another initially applied thermal load
to the pipeline.
In the model tree expand + Steps and expand Initial.
Double Click on Predefined Fields.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The predefined field dialog box appears.

Enter a name: initial_temperature
- In category toggle Other.
- From Types for selected step choose temperature.
- Click Continue…

In the Prompt Area you see :

- Select the pipeline with the spool part and Click Done.

The Edit Predefined Field dialog box

appears.

- Type the Magnitude value of -2.0

which represents the temperature of the
seabed at deep sea.

- Click OK to exit.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the model tree double click on Predefined Fields.

The Create Predefined Field dialog box appears.

- Enter a name: internal_temperature.
- Select Step-1 from Step box.
- In Category toggle Other.
- In Types for Selected Step, choose temperature.
- Click Continue…

In the Prompt Area you see :

- Select the pipeline with the spool part and Click Done.

The Edit Predefined Field dialog box appears.

- Type the Magnitude value of 150 which represents the temperature of the internal
flowing fluid.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Click OK to exit.

To this end two predefined fields were activated for the initial and first step. This can
cause a convergence problem. You need to deactivate the initial field acting in the first
step.
In the Model Tree, expand Predefined
Fields, then expand initial temperature
and States.
Using mouse button 2, click on Step-1
(propagated).
Select Edit.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Predefined Field dialog box appears.

- From Status Select Reset to initial.
- Click OK, to exit.

¾ Meshing Procedure

From the Module list select the

Mesh module.

- From the File Menu Select MeshÆ Element Type.

- The Element Type dialog box appears.
In the Prompt area you see

Select the pipeline with the spool part and click Done.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Element Type editor appears.

In the dialog box, accept the following default selections that control the elements that
are available for selection:

• Standard is the default Element Library selection.

• Linear is the default Geometric Order.
• Choose Pipe from the Family section.
• Toggle on Hybrid formulation.

Click OK to exit the Element Type dialog box.

From the main menu bar, select Seed Edge by number

From the prompt area you can read

Select the pipeline without the spool part and click Done. In the prompt area enter 100
for number of elements along edges.

.
Do the same procedure for the spool and choose a number of elements by edge of 6.

From the main menu bar, select Mesh Instance to mesh the part instance.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the buttons in the prompt area, click Yes to confirm that you want to mesh the part
instance.

¾ Boundary conditions

Let’s assume that the pipeline is fixed at one end and pinned at another.
In the model tree double click on BCs.

- From the list of steps, select Initial as the step in which the boundary condition
will be activated.

- In the Category list, accept Mechanical as

the default category selection.

- In the Types for Selected Step list, Select

Displacememnt/Rotation as the default type
selection, and click Continue.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the prompt area you will see

Select the left end and click Done.

The Edit Boundary Condition dialog box

appears. In the dialog box:

- Toggle on ENCASTRE.

- Click OK to create the boundary condition

and to close the dialog box.

In the same fashion we will proceed to the second

end boundary conditions.

- Select Initial from Step.

- In Category toggle on Mechanical

- select Displacement/Rotation Types for
Selected Step.
- Click Continue…

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 Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- The Edit Boundary Condition dialog box

appears.
- Toggle on ENCASTRE to fix the left end.
- Click OK to close the Edit Boundary
Condition dialog box.

¾ Analysis

Now that all data was introduced, we need to create the job and run the analysis.

- From the Models tree, double-click the Jobs

container to create a job.

The Create Job dialog box appears.

- Name the job Global_expansion_pipeline, and click Continue. The job editor
appears.

In the Description field, type Global

expansion analysis tutorial.

- Click the tabs to see the contents of the

job editor, and review the default settings.

- Click OK to accept all the default job

settings.
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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- In the Model Tree, click mouse button 2 on the job named

Global_expansion_pipeline and select Submit from the menu that appears to submit

your job for analysis.

The job is now submitted for analysis.

¾ Post- Processing

The main purpose of such analysis is to see the thermal expansion of the pipeline
under thermal loading and the induced buckling. We want to experience the expansion at
the spool part. To this end we will be interested on the deformed shape.
- Plotting the deformed shape:
- From the main menu bar, select Plot Contours On Deformed Shape.

The expansion at the spool end is appreciated on the deformed shape.

You can accommodate the scale factor of the deformed shape using the following steps:

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Select from the file menu, File ÆOptions

Æ Common
Toggle on Uniform from Deformation
Scale Factor and enter the value 1 to
appreciate the real deformed shape.

Displacement distribution

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Spatial displacement at nodes from the Output Variable

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From Component of the displacement choose U1 which represents the displacement at

nodes along the direction-1 that is the displacement in the longitudinal direction.

In the next figure, the contour plot of the displacements U1 in the direction-1 or the
longitudinal direction and in the U2 direction-2 are shown.

From the contour plot of the displacements in the 1-direction, we can see that the
maximum displacement is at the end of the pipeline and the intersection with the spool.
The fixed node obviously does not experience any displacement. This suggests the use of
the spool to accommodate the thermal global expansion. In the other hand, you can
appreciate the buckling of the pipeline under the thermal loading.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Stress distribution

The stress that appears in the cantilever beam is a result of the applied thermal load. To
appreciate the stress distribution:

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Stress components at integration points from the Output Variable

Choose S11 Component which represents the longitudinal stress..

Click OK to close the Field Output dialog box.

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Session 7 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The S11 Component of the stress is given by the following contour plot:

You can check on other variables. By default, the contour plot displays the Von Mises
stresses in the model.
You can view other variables by selecting Result Field Output.

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Further Features of Abaqus

1. Introduction:

As mentioned in previous chapters, a complete Abaqus analysis usually consists of

three distinct stages: preprocessing, simulation, and postprocessing. These three stages
are linked together by files as shown below:

Preprocessing
Abaqus/CAE or other
software

Input file:
Job.inp

Simulation
Abaqus/Standard
Or Abaqus/Explicit

Output files:
Job.odb, job.dat,
Job.res, job.fil

Postprocessing
Abaqus/CAE or other
software

For most general problems, the model is build graphically using Abaqus/CAE or another
preprocessor and then the input file is generated by the computer code. For a simple
analysis, the Abaqus input file can be created directly using a text editor.

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2. Input Files:
The input file is the interface for communication between the preprocessor
Abaqus/CAE, and the analysis product, Abaqus/Standard or Abaqus/Explicit. It contains
a complete description of the numerical model. It’s described by a text file that has an
intuitive, keyword-based format, and easy to modify using a text editor. Input files are
automatically generated by a preprocessor such as Abaqus/CAE is used, modifications
should be made using it. Indeed, small analyses can be specified easily by typing the
input file directly.

2.1.Creating Input Files:

In this session, we will discuss how to create the input file for a relatively simple
problem. For a more advanced users, the problems can eventually be more complex and
involving more parameters. For purpose of simplicity, we will choose to model a 1D
beam element in this example. In the following, we will introduce the steps and the
keywords related to the input file format.
The input file is composed of two main sections. The first section contains the
model data and includes all the required information for defining the structure being
analyzed. The second section contains history data that defines what happens to the
model: the sequence of loading for which the response of the structure is required.
This history data part it self is divided into a sequence of steps, each defining a separate
part of the simulation. For example, the first step can be defining a static loading while
the second step will be defining a dynamic loading, etc.

2.2.Problem formulation:

The beam has a length L=1m. The material is steel Es = 209 × 109 Pa and a

Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.3 . The beam has a cross section with an internal and external
diameter respectively of di = 4 × 10−2 m and d e = 5 × 10−2 m and a thickness t = 5 × 10−3 m .
The beam is represented in the next figure.

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Let’s choose to divide the beam into 11 separate nodes linked by 10 beam elements as
represented in the following picture. The nodes are labeled N1 to N11 and the elements
are labeled EL1 to EL10.

3. Solving the problem on Abaqus:

The problem will be solved using input files. The format of the input files is written
on a notepad file. The input file is composed of a number of option blocks that contain
data describing a part of the model. Each option block begins with a keyword line, which
is usually followed by one or more data lines.

3.1. Keyword lines:

Keywords always begin with a star or asterisk (*). For example, *NODE is the
keyword for specifying the nodal coordinates, and *ELEMENT is the keyword for
specifying the element connectivity. Keywords are often followed by parameters, some
of which may be required and others may be optional.
3.2 Data lines:

Keyword lines are usually followed by data lines, which provide data that are more
easily specified as lists than as parameters on the keyword line. Examples of such data

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include nodal coordinates; element connectivities, or tables of material properties. As

described in the following the Keyword line and the data line for nodes definition;

*NODE
1, 0., 0. 0.
2, 0.1, 0. 0.
3, 0.2, 0. 0.

Following the keyword line * NODE, in the first line we introduce the first node as
follows:

1, 0., 0., 0.

• Third coordinate of the node

• Second coordinate of the node.

• First coordinate of the node.

• Node number

For element definition;

*ELEMENT, TYPE=B31

1, 1, 2

2, 2, 3

The keyword line *ELEMENT is always followed by TYPE which is a required

parameter, because the element type must always be given when defining elements. For
more information on the available types of elements consult Part VI, “Elements,” of the
Abaqus Analysis User's Manual. Then, in the first line we introduce the element as
follows:

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

1, 1, 2

• Second node number forming the element

• First node number forming the element

• Element number

If a parameter has a value, an equal sign (=) is used to associate the value with the
parameter, in our case TYPE=B31.

B31 refers to a naming convention for element type described as follows:

B 3 1

• Linear (1)

• Beam in space (3)

• Beam Element (B)

Keywords and parameters are case independent and must use enough characters to make
them unique. Parameters are separated by commas.

The nodes can be assigned to a node set using the parameter NSET, which is set to be
equal to the name of the part.

*NSET, NSET=PIPE, GENERATE

1, 11, 1

• GENERATE is a parameter that when it is included, each data line should give a first
node, N1 a last node N2 and the increment in node numbers between these nodes, i. Then,
all nodes going from N1 to N2 in steps of i will be added to the set.

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

N 2 − N1
Remark: i must be an integer such that is a whole number (not a fraction).
i

1 11 1

• Increment in node numbers between nodes

in the set, the default is 1.

• Last node in the Set

• First node in the set

The elements can also be assigned an element set using ELSET, which is equal to the
name of the element set to which the elements will be assigned.

*ELSET, ELSET=Pipe, GENERATE

1, 10, 1

1 10 1

• Increment in element numbers between

elements in the set. The default is 1.

• Last element in set.

• First element in set.

3.2.1. Input file format:

The input file format consists basically of two main distinct parts. Each part contains
different data related to the structure and the type of analysis.

3.2.2 First Part:

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The first part of the input file must contain all the model data. These data represent
the structure submitted for analysis. In the 1D beam example the model data consist of
the following:

9 Geometry:

9 Nodal coordinates.
9 Element connectivity.
9 Element section properties.

9 Material properties.

*HEADING

The first option in any Abaqus input file must be *HEADING. The data lines that
follow the *HEADING option are lines of text describing the problem being simulated.
An accurate description allows the user to identify the input file at any later date. In
addition, it is often helpful to specify the system of units, directions of the global
coordinate system, etc. The heading can be several lines long, but only the first 80
characters of the first line will be saved and printed as a heading.

For example, the *HEADING option block for the 1D beam problem contains the
following:

*HEADING
One-dimensional beam analysis Title of the analysis
SI units (kg, m, s, N)
1-axis longitudinal, 2-axis vertical, 3-axis horizontal

Data file printing options

By default, Abaqus will not print an echo of the input file or the model and history
definition data to the printed output (.dat) file. However, it is recommended that you
check your model and history definition in a datacheck run before performing the
analysis. The datacheck run is discussed later in this chapter.

To request a printout of the input file and of the model and history definition data, add the
following statement to the input file:

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

*PREPRINT, ECHO=YES, MODEL=YES, HISTORY=YES

We need to start a Part definition to provide information on the geometrical details of the
beam.

*PART

This option is used to begin a part definition. It must be used in conjunction with the
*ASSEMBLY, *END PART, and *INSTANCE options.

Required parameter:

• NAME

Set this parameter equal to a label that will be used to refer to the part.

*PART, NAME=BEAM

The structure will be basically decomposed in a set of nodes and elements that form the
beam.

*NODE

We have seen previously how to enter the nodes definition. One more advanced way
consists of predefinig the number of nodes and this by defining the first node and the last
one and generating the nodes in between. This way there will be no need to type and
exhaustive list of nodes with given coordinates. This step is described as follows:
*NODE
1, 0.0, 0.0, 0. First node and its coordinates
<no_node>,<length>,0.0, 0.0 last node and its coordinates.
*NGEN, NSET=pipe
1, <no_node>, 1

*NGEN is used to generate the set of nodes. NSET is an optional parameters equal to the
name of a node set to which the nodes will be assigned. The two end nodes will also be
included in the node set.

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1, <no_node>, 1

• The increment value between nodes along

the line. The default value is 1.
• Number of the second end node.
• Number of the first end node.

Remark: no_node and length represent a geometrical data respectively the number of
nodes and the beam length. These values should be defined by the user before the PART
definition step.
After we defined the nodes number and the coordinates, we need to define the elements
relating the nodes. This step is made using the keyword line *ELEMENT as follows:
*ELEMENT, TYPE=PIPE21
1, 1, 2
*ELGEN, ELSET=pipe
1, <no_elem>, 1, 1

*ELGEN is used to generate elements incrementally. *ELSET is an optional parameter

that is set equal to the name of the element set to which the elements, including the
master element, will be assigned. The data line for *ELGEN is written as follows:

1, <no_elem>, 1, 1

• Increment in element numbers.

• Increment in node numbers of
corresponding nodes from element to
element.
• Number of elements to be generated,
including the master element.
• Master element number.

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¾ Section assignment
*BEAM SECTION This option is used to define the cross-section for beam elements
when numerical integration over the section is required.
Required parameters:
• ELSET

Set this parameter equal to the name of the element set for which this section is defined.

• MATERIAL

Set this parameter equal to the name of the material to be used with this beam section
definition.

• SECTION

Set this parameter equal to the name of the section type. For our problem of a 1D beam,
type PIPE, for a hollow circular section. Further cross-sections are available for beam
elements (see “Beam cross-section library,” Section 23.3.9 of the Abaqus Analysis User's
Manual )
• TEMPERATURE
For beam elements set TEMPERATURE=GRADIENTS (default) to specify temperatures
and field variables as values at the origin of the cross-section, together with gradients
with respect to the 2-direction and, for beams in space, the 1-direction of the section.
*BEAM SECTION, ELSET=pipe, MATERIAL=steel, SECTION=PIPE,
TEMPERATURE=GRADIENTS
0.05, 0.005 First data line
0., 0., -1. Second data line.

Selecting the PIPE section requires the introduction the profile parameters as external
diameter and thickness in the first data line as follows:

0.05, 0.005

• Thickness.

• External radius value.

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Second data line is optional; the user can enter a blank line if the default values are to
be used:

0., 0., -1.

• First direction cosine of the first beam

section axis.
• Second direction cosine of the first beam
section axis.
• Third direction cosine of the first beam
section axis.

Remark: The entries on this line must be (0, 0, –1) for planar beams.

¾ Material Property:

The keyword line used to start a material definition is:

*MATERIAL

Required parameters:
• NAME

Set this parameter equal to a label that will be used to refer to the material in the element
property options. One material suboption, *ELASTIC, is required to define a linear
elastic material. The form of this option block is

*ELASTIC
<E>,<ν >

Where, E represents Young’s Modulus and ν is the Poisson’s ratio . Therefore, the
complete, isotropic, linear elastic material definition for the 1D beam example, which is
made of steel, should be entered into the input file as follows:

*MATERIAL, NAME=STEEL
*ELASTIC
200.E9, 0.3

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

3.2.3. Second Part

The second part of the input file contains the history data, which define the sequence of
events for the simulation. This loading history is divided into a series of steps, each
defining a different portion of the structure's loading. Each step contains the following
information:

• the type of simulation (static, dynamic, etc.);

• the loads and constraints; and
• the output required.

In this example we are interested in the static response of the 1D beam to a 10 kN load
applied at the right end of the beam, with the left end fully constrained and a free right
end. This is a single event, so only a single step is needed for the simulation.

¾ Step analysis

The *STEP option is used to mark the start of a step. Like the *HEADING option, this
option may be followed by data lines containing a title for the step. In the 1D beam model
use the following *STEP option block:

*STEP,GENERAL
10kN central load

Optional parameter

• NAME

Set this parameter equal to a label that will be used to refer to the step on the output
database. Step names in the same input file must be unique. The option for a static
simulation is *STATIC. For linear analysis this option has no parameters or data lines, so
add the following line to your input file:

*STATIC

Data line for a general static analysis:

First (and only) line:

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

1., 1., 1e-05, 1.

• Maximum time increment allowed.

• Minimum time increment allowed. A
default value of the smaller of the
suggested initial time increment or
10–5 times the total time period is
assumed.
• Time period of the step. A default
value of 1.0 is assumed.
• Initial time increment.

The remaining input data in the step defines the boundary conditions (constraints), loads,
and output required and can be given in any order that is convenient.

¾ Constraints

Constraints on nodes are defined by using the *BOUNDARY option and specifying the
constrained degrees of freedom. Each data line is of the form:

<node number>, <first dof>, <last dof>, <magnitude of displacement>

The first degree of freedom and last degree of freedom are used to give a range of
degrees of freedom that will be constrained. For example, the following statement
constrains degrees of freedom 1, 2, and 3 at node 101 to have zero displacement (the
node cannot move in either the global 1-, 2-, or 3-direction) written as follows:

101, 1, 3, 0.0

Rather than specifying each constrained degree of freedom, some of the more common
constraints can be given directly using the following named constraints:

*ENCASTRE, Constraint on all displacements and rotations at a node

Thus, another way to constrain all the active degrees of freedom at node 101 in the model
is:

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

101, ENCASTRE

*BOUNDARY

_Node1, ENCASTRE

¾ Loading

Loading is anything that causes the displacement or deformation of the structure,

including:

• concentrated loads,
• pressure loads,…

Concentrated loads are specified using the *CLOAD option. The data lines for this
option have the form:

*CLOAD

<node number>, <dof>, <load magnitude>

In this simulation a load of 10 kN is applied in the 2-direction to node 11 which
represents an applied load at the right end in the downward vertical direction. The option
block is:

*CLOAD

_node11, 2, -10.E3

¾ Output requests

Finite element analyses can create very large amounts of output. Abaqus allows you to
control and manage this output so that only data required to interpret the results of your
simulation are produced. Four types of output are available:

• Results stored in a neutral binary file used by Abaqus/Viewer for postprocessing.

This file is called the Abaqus output database file and has the extension .odb.

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

• Printed tables of results, written to the Abaqus data (.dat) file.

• Restart data, used to continue the analysis, written to the Abaqus restart (.res)
file.
• Results stored in binary files for subsequent postprocessing with third-party
software, written to the Abaqus results (.fil) file.

Generally, we will be interested only in the two first types of output.

*RESTART

It is used to save and reuse data and analysis results. At least one of the following
parameters is required:
READ

Include this parameter to specify that this analysis is a restart of a previous analysis. The
basic model definition data (elements, materials, nodes) cannot be changed at such a
restart.

WRITE

Optional parameters if the WRITE parameter is used:

FREQUENCY

This parameter specifies the increments at which restart information will be written. For
example, FREQUENCY=2 will write restart information at increments 2, 4, 6, etc. For a
direct cyclic analysis this parameter specifies the iteration numbers at which restart
information will be written; restart information will be written only at the end of an
iteration. When restart is requested in an analysis, restart information is always written at
the end of a step. Set FREQUENCY=0 to discontinue the writing of restart data.

In our example, the *RESTART parameter is used as follows:

*RESTART, WRITE, FREQUENCY=0

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

*OUTPUT
Define output requests to the output database. This option is used to write contact,
element, energy, nodal, or diagnostic output to the output database

One of the following mutually exclusive parameters is required:

• DIAGNOSTICS

Set DIAGNOSTICS=YES (default) to indicate that detailed diagnostic information

should be written to the output database. Set DIAGNOSTICS=NO to suppress the
output.

• FIELD

Include this parameter to indicate that the output requests used in conjunction with
the *OUTPUT option will be written to the output database as field-type output.

• HISTORY

Include this parameter to indicate that the output requests used in conjunction with
the *OUTPUT option will be written to the output database as history-type output.

The following parameter is optional and valid only if the FIELD or HISTORY
parameter is included:

• VARIABLE

Set VARIABLE=ALL to indicate that all variables applicable to this procedure and
material type should be written to the output database.

Set VARIABLE=PRESELECT to indicate that the default output variables for the current
procedure type should be written to the output database. Additional output requests can
be defined with the output options used in conjunction with the *OUTPUT option, listed
previously.

If this parameter is omitted, only the variables requested for output with the individual
output options will be written to the output database.

The output request step in the input file format will be written as follows:

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

*OUTPUT, FIELD, VARIABLE=PRESELECT

The history output request step will be written as follows:

*OUTPUT, HISTORY, VARIABLE=PRESELECT

Now the step definition part is complete.

We use the keyword line *END STEP to end the definition of the previous step.

*END STEP

The input file now has the following format:

*Heading
** 1D beam analaysis
*Preprint, echo=NO, model=NO, history=NO, contact=NO
**
** PARTS
**
*Part, name=Beam
*NODE
1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
11,1,0.0, 0.0
*NGEN, NSET=pipe
1, 11, 1
***********************************
*Element, type=B21
1, 1, 2
*ELGEN, ELSET=pipe
**1, <no_elem>, 1, 1
1, 10, 1, 1
***********************************
** Section: Section-1 Profile: Profile-1
*Beam Section, elset=pipe, material=STEEL, section=PIPE
0.05, 0.005
0.,0.,-1.
*End Part
**
**
** ASSEMBLY
**
*Assembly, name=Assembly
**
*Instance, name=Part-1-1, part=beam
*End Instance
**
*Nset, nset=_node1, internal, instance=Part-1-1
1,
*Nset, nset=_node11, internal, instance=Part-1-1
11,

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

*End Assembly
**
** MATERIALS
**
*Material, name=Material-1
*Elastic
2.09e+11, 0.3
** ----------------------------------------------------------------
**
** STEP: Step-1
**
*Step, name=Step-1
*Static
1., 1., 1e-05, 1.
**
** BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
**
** Name: BC-1 Type: Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre
*Boundary
_node1, ENCASTRE
**
** LOADS
**
** Name: Load-1 Type: Concentrated force
*Cload
_node11, 2, -100.
**
** OUTPUT REQUESTS
**
*Restart, write, frequency=0
**
** FIELD OUTPUT: F-Output-1
**
*Output, field, variable=PRESELECT
**
** HISTORY OUTPUT: H-Output-1
**
*Output, history, variable=PRESELECT
*End Step

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Session 8 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

References

1- Abaqus 6.8.1 Documentation, Abaqus Theory Manual, Abaqus Problems Manual,...

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Eigenvalue Analysis of
Pipelines

1. Introduction:

An eigenvalue analysis is performed on a given structure to extract the natural

frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of a system. Building on one of the
previous sessions, we will today proceed with a linear perturbation procedure on the
pipeline from the session “Free spanning of pipelines”. The pipeline will not be subjected
to any load. The natural frequency extraction procedure can be categorized under
dynamic analysis but there will be no loading applied to the structure so we can
appreciate the natural eigenmodes or modeshapes of vibrations of the structure.
The pipeline has a first horizontal section of 200 m and a second one starting at the
coordinates points (280,100) with a length of 100 m.

100

Pipeline
200 80 100

Figure1: Pipeline free spanning.

All units are in meter.

In order to appreciate the modeshapes of vibrations of the pipeline, we will not consider a
seabed in this analysis.
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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

2. Problem formulation:
A fixed-fixed ends pipeline is subjected to its own weight. The internal and external
diameters of the pipeline were respectively di = 0.36m and d e = 0.4m . The pipeline is

assumed to be at deep sea. At this stage, we will not be interested in the effect of internal,
external and hydrostatic pressure applied to the pipeline but still can be added in later
considerations.

2.1. Solving the problem on Abaqus:

Select File New from the main menu bar. In the Model Tree, double-click the Parts
container to create a new part.

Select all the surfaces and click Done. Select the brown
surfaces.

We will now create the pipeline.

In the same fashion, select Create Æ Part,

- Name the part Pipeline.

- Change the default settings to a 3D, deformable

body and a wire base feature.

- In the Approximate size text field, type 1000.

Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog
box

To sketch the profile of the Pipeline, you need to select the lines drawing tool . In the
viewport, sketch a first point and a far from second point or you can enter the first point

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

coordinates P1 (0, 0) , the second P2 (200, 0),

a third P3 (280, 100) and the last P4 (380, 100)
in the prompt area as shown in the next figure.

We will round the corner at the intersections

for the pipeline to approach a realistic
geometry using the fillet radius tool from the
toolbox. Choose the fillet radius value to be
20 in the prompt area.

Note: If you don't see the Done button in the prompt area, continue to click mouse
button 2 and cancel the procedure.
Abaqus/CAE displays a view of the new part, as shown in next figure.

Before you proceed further in this example, save your model in a model database file.
From the main menu bar, select File Save. The Save Model Database As dialog box
appears. Type a name for the new model database in the File Name field, and click OK.

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

For the eigenvlaue analysis of the pipeline, you will need to specify all the properties of
the material. In the Model Tree, double-click the Materials container to create a new
material. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Property module, and the Edit Material dialog
box appears. Name the material Steel, and then select General Æ Density from
Material Behaviors.

Enter the mass density value ρ = 7850 kg/m3

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In the same Edit Material box, select Mechanical Æ Expansion

Enter the value of the Expansion coefficient α = 1.1 × 10−5

Now, we need to specify the elastic material property. Select Mechanical Æ Elastic.

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Choose the elastic isotropic behavior. Enter the Young’s modulus E=210 GPa and the
Poisson’s ratio υ = 0.3

¾ Section assignment

From the model Tree double click Sections.

The Edit Section dialog box appears.

- Name the section Pipe_section.

- Select the Beam Category and Beam Type.

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Click Continue…

The Edit Beam Section dialog box appears.

- Click on Create in the Profile name.

The Create Profile editor appears.

- Choose Pipe from Shape list.
- Click Continue…
- The Edit Profile dialog box appears.
- Type the value 0.2 for the Radius and 0.02 for the Thickness.
- Click OK to exit the Edit Profile

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 Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now that the Profile is defined, in the Edit

Beam Section,
- Select Profile-1 in the Profile name.
- Select the Steel for the Material Name.
- Then Click OK.

¾ Section assignment

From the model tree, double click on Section

Assignments. In the prompt area, will appear:

Select the Pipe_set geometry to assign the section to the

pipeline.
Click Continue.

The Edit Section Assignment dialog box appears.

Select Pipe_section as Section.
- Click OK

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now, you need to assign beam orientation.

- Click on the tab .

In the Prompt Area you see :

Select the pipeline with the spool part and then click Done
In the Prompt Area you read:

Press Enter. In the Prompt Area click OK.

¾ Assembly

Expand the Assembly tree. Double click on Instances.

The Create Instance dialog box appears.

- Select Pipeline and Seabed.

- Choose Dependent from Instance Type.
- Then click OK.

¾ Steps

The analysis is a thermal expansion analysis. It can be performed as a static general

analysis with predefined temperature fields.
In the model tree, double click on Steps. The create Step dialog box appears.

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Specify the step name or accept the default

one, Step-1.
- Choose in the Procedure type Linear
PerturbationÆ - Frequency
- Click Continue…

The Edit Step dialog box appears. Enter a description to the step frequency
extraction.
9 Accept the default Eigensolver Lanczos.
9 Select the Minimum Frequency and type 1.
9 Type 10 for the Maximum Frequency.

You can click on the parallel Lanczos tab and the Other tab and accept the default value.

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click Ok

¾ Meshing Procedure

From the Module list select the

Mesh module.

- From the File Menu Select

MeshÆ Element Type.
- The Element Type dialog box appears.
In the Prompt area you see

Select the pipeline and click Done.

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Element Type editor appears.

In the dialog box, accept the following default selections that control the elements that
are available for selection:

• Standard is the default Element Library selection.

• Linear is the default Geometric Order.
• Choose Pipe from the Family section.
• Toggle on Hybrid formulation.

Click OK to exit the Element Type dialog box.

From the main menu bar, select Seed Edge by size.

Select the three linear parts of the pipeline and Click Done from the prompt area

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the Prompt Area enter the element size edge. Enter 20 as the seed number, and
press Enter.

In the same fashion select the two arched parts of the pipeline and Enter 5 as the seed
number by edge.

From the main menu bar, select Mesh Instance to mesh the part instance.

From the buttons in the prompt area, click Yes to confirm that you want to mesh the part

instance.

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Boundary conditions

Let’s assume that the pipeline is fixed at both ends.

In the model tree double click on BCs.

- From the list of steps, select Initial as the step in which the boundary condition
will be activated.

- In the Category list, accept Mechanical as

the default category selection.

- In the Types for Selected Step list, accept

Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre as the
default type selection, and click Continue.

In the prompt area you will see

Select the left end and click Done.

The Edit Boundary Condition dialog box

appears. In the dialog box:

- Toggle on ENCASTRE.

- Click OK to create the boundary condition

and to close the dialog box.

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the same fashion we will constraint the other end.

¾ Analysis

Now that all data was introduced, we need to create the job and run the analysis.

- From the Models tree, double-click the Jobs

container to create a job.

The Create Job dialog box appears.

- Name the job Frequency extraction, and click Continue. The job editor appears.

In the Description field, type frequency

extraction tutorial.

- Click the tabs to see the contents of the job editor,

and review the default settings.

- Click OK to accept all the default job settings.

- In the Model Tree, click mouse button 2 on the job named Frequency extraction and
select Submit from the menu that appears to submit your job for analysis.

The job is now submitted for analysis.

¾ Post- Processing

The main purpose of such analysis is to see the modeshapes of vibration of the
pipeline and to collect the natural frequencies corresponding to these modeshapes . To
this end we will be interested on the deformed shape.
- Plotting the deformed shape:
- From the main menu bar, select Plot Contours On Deformed Shape.

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Fig1: First mode of vibration.

Animation

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Step/Frame:

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Session 9 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

You can select the mode of vibration you want to appreciate from the list and then from
the File menu Æ Animate ÆScale factor.

Fig2: Second mode of vibration.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Multi-loading Analysis

1. Introduction:

This session will be a review and combination of all the previous sessions. We have
so far modeled the thermal expansion, the interaction seabed-pipeline, the upheaval
buckling and free spanning of pipelines. Building on the previous sessions, we will today
proceed with the free spanning of the pipeline which can occur when the seabed presents
a sudden difference of depth. The pipeline can not always be positioned on the seabed
and has therefore to be free spanned (Figure 1). In this direction, the density of the
pipeline is introduced and the gravity loading is taken into account. In the following, will
consider the internal and external pressure applied to the pipeline as well as a thermal
loading, which suggests the use of spools at the ends.
The pipeline has a first horizontal section of 250 m and a second one starting at the
coordinates points (350,200) with a length of 200 m.

50

Seabed 200
Pipeline

300 100 200

Figure1: Pipeline free spanning.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

2. Problem formulation:
A fixed-fixed ends pipeline is subjected to its own weight. The internal and external
diameters of the pipeline were respectively di = 0.36m and d e = 0.4m . The pipeline is
assumed to be at deep sea and benefits of spools at both ends. In this analysis, we will
apply the internal and external pressure acting on the pipeline. The seabed will be
modeled as a rectangular surface.

2.1. Solving the problem on Abaqus:

Select File New from the main menu bar. In the Model Tree, double-click the Parts
container to create a new part.

In the following, we will create the seabed part.

We will model the seabed as a rigid body.

- Name the part Seabed.

- Change the default settings to a 3D , Discrete

rigid Type and a Shell base feature with
extrusion Type

- In the Approximate size text field, type 2000.

Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog
box.

In the Prompt area you can read . To sketch the sweep

path of the seabed, you need to select the lines drawing tool . In the viewport, sketch a

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

first point coordinates P1 (-40, 0) in the prompt area as shown in the next figure. To
cancel the task, click the Cancel button.

Previous Prompt

Cancel
Then enter the coordinates of the second point P2 (260, 0). Enter the coordinates of the
third point and the forth point, P3 (360,200) and P4 (600,0). Click Done.

To approach the geometric behavior of the seabed, you will have to draw rounded corners.

Select from the tool box to create a fillet between the lines.
From the Prompt area enter the magnitude 20 for the fillet radius.

From the Prompt Area, click

Done.
Enter 50 for the value of the
depth.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click Done.

Abaqus displays a view of the seabed.

¾ Sets

From the model tree, under Seabed Part,

select Create Sets.
Name the Set: Seabed_Set.
Click Continue

Select all the geometries and Click Done from the Prompt Area.

¾ Surfaces

Since we will be dealing with contact between master surfaces and slave surfaces, we
need to create surface for the seabed.
From the Model tree, under Seabed Part,
create surfaces,
Name the surfaces: Seabed_surf

Selec
t all the surfaces and click Done. Select the

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

purple surfaces.

We will now create the pipeline.

In the same fashion, select Create Æ Part,

- Name the part Pipeline.

- Change the default settings to a 3D, deformable

body and a wire base feature.

- In the Approximate size text field, type 1000.

Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog
box

To sketch the profile of the Pipeline, you need to select the

lines drawing tool . In the viewport, sketch a first point and a far from second point or
you can enter the first point coordinates P1 (0, 0) , the second P2 (250, 0), a third P3 (350,
200) and the last P4 (550, 200) in the prompt area as shown in the next figure.

In the same manner, we will round the corner

at the intersections for the pipeline to
approach a realistic geometry.

Note: If you don't see the Done button in the prompt area, continue to click mouse
button 2 and cancel the procedure.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Abaqus/CAE displays a view of the new part, as shown in next figure. At this level we
will add the spools at the end which consists of two pipes of 10 m each. Create P5 (550,
210) , P6 (560, 210), P7 (0, 10) and P8
(-10, 10).

In the same fashion, create the fillet

radius for the spools. Choose the fillet
radius 2.0.

sClick Done. Abaqus displays a view of the pipeline.

¾ Sets

From the model tree, under Seabed Part,

select Create Sets.
Name the Set: Seabed_Set.
Click Continue
Select the pipeline and Click Done

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Before you proceed further in this example, save your model in a model database file.
From the main menu bar, select File Save. The Save Model Database As dialog box
appears. Type a name for the new model database in the File Name field, and click OK.

For the free spaning analysis of the pipeline, you will need to specify all the properties of
the material. In the Model Tree, double-click the Materials container to create a new
material. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Property module, and the Edit Material dialog
box appears. Name the material Steel, and then select General Æ Density from
Material Behaviors.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Enter the mass density value ρ = 7850 kg/m3

In the same Edit Material box, select Mechanical Æ Expansion

Enter the value of the Expansion coefficient α = 1.1 × 10−5

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now, we need to specify the elastic material property. Select Mechanical Æ Elastic.

Choose the elastic isotropic behavior. Enter the Young’s modulus E=210 GPa and the
Poisson’s ratio υ = 0.3

¾ Section assignment

From the model Tree double click Sections.

The Edit Section dialog box appears.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Name the section Pipe_section.

- Select the Beam Category and Beam Type.
- Click Continue…

The Edit Beam Section dialog box appears.

- Click on Create in the Profile name.

The Create Profile editor appears.

- Choose Pipe from Shape list.
- Click Continue…
- The Edit Profile dialog box appears.
- Type the value 0.20 for the Radius and 0.02 for the Thickness.
- Click OK to exit the Edit Profile

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 Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now that the Profile is defined, in the Edit Beam Section,

- Select Profile-1 in the Profile name.
- Select the Steel for the Material Name.
- Then Click OK.

¾ Section assignment

From the model tree, double click on Section

Assignments. In the prompt area, will appear:

You can click on sets from the prompt area.

The Region Selection dialog box appears.
Select the Pipe_set geometry to assign the section to the
pipeline.
Click Continue.

The Edit Section Assignment dialog box appears.

Select Pipe_section as Section.
- Click OK

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now, you need to assign beam orientation.

- Click on the tab .

In the Prompt Area you see :

Select the pipeline with the spool part and then click Done
In the Prompt Area you read:

Press Enter. In the Prompt Area click OK.

¾ Assembly

Expand the Assembly tree. Double click on Instances.

The Create Instance dialog box appears.

- Select Pipeline and Seabed.

- Choose Independent from Instance Type.
- Then click OK.

Remarks:

We remark that the pipeline needs to be translated to the midline of the seabed.
From the file menuÆInstanceÆTranslate
From the Prompt Area you can select the instance to translate.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Select the pipeline and click Done.

From the Prompt area type the starting point for the translation.

Accept the origin point, and enter the next point at a z-coordinate 25.0

From the Prompt Area, click Ok to accept the new position of the instance.

¾ Rigid body

To each rigid body defined in Abaqus we need to

attach a Reference Point that will govern the motion
of the Rigid Body.
From the File MenuÆToolsÆ Reference Point

From The Prompt Area, type the coordinates of the Refernce Point.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

You can also choose the Reference Point from the viewer.

Now that the Reference Point is created we need to attach it to the Rigid Body.
From the module Interaction, Select
ConstraintÆCreate

- The Create constraint dialog box appears.

- Select Rigid body Type and click Continue…

The Constraint editor appears.

- Select Rigid body and click on Edit.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Select the rigid body from the viewer.

- Click Done.

Next, you will have to pick in the same fashion the Reference Point.

¾ Interactions
At this stage, we need to define the interaction between the seabed and the pipeline.
We will assume at the first level that the
interaction is frictionless ie: the pipeline is
allowed to slide freely on the seabed.
From the Model tree double click on
Interactions.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Create Interaction properties dialog box

appears.
Name the interaction: Seabed_pipe_inter
Select Contact as Type of interaction
Click Continue…

The Contact Property Editor appears.

- Select MechanicalÆ Damping

- Select Linear, so that the damping

increases linearly from a value zero
when the surfaces are not in contact to
a specified maximum value.
Enter 10000 for the damping
coefficient and 0.05 for clearance or
distance between the two surfaces in
contact at which the damping is zero.
- Click OK.
To this end, we need to create the interaction it self between the seabed and the pipeline.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the FileÆ InteractionsÆ Create

The Create Interaction dialog box appears

- Select Surface-To-Surface Contact.

- Click Continue…

You will have to select the seabed as a master surface. From the Propmt Area you can
read

Select the seabed and Click Done.

Choose the purple side of the surface which

represents the seabed surface.
- You will have to select the pipeline as a node
region since its modeled as beam elements.
From the Prompt area choose node region and
select the pipeline

Click done.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Interaction editor appears.

Accept the defaut value for the Sliding Formulation as Finite formulation.
Choose the node to surface Discretization method.
Accept the default value for Degree of smoothing for master surface.
Select Adjust only to remove overclosure.
Contact interaction property is selected by default as the one introduced previously.
Click Ok.

¾ Steps

In this analysis, we would like to appreciate the stresses

produced by al the possible applied loadings, such as
thermal internal, external pressure. It can be performed as a
static general analysis with predefined temperature fields.
In the model tree, double click on Steps. The create Step
dialog box appears.
- Specify the step name or accept the default one, Step-1.
- Choose in the Procedure type GeneralÆ -Static,
General
- Click Continue…

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Step dialog box appears. Enter a description to the step thermal_loading.
9 Accept the time period default value.
9 Toggle on Nlgeom for large displacements.
9 Click OK.
You can click on the Incrementation tab and the Other tab and accept the default value.

Click Ok

¾ Predefined fields

The next step is to define the initial temperature as another initially applied thermal load
to the pipeline.
In the model tree expand + Steps and expand Initial.
Double Click on Predefined Fields.

The predefined field dialog box appears.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Enter a name: initial_temperature

- In category toggle Other.
- From Types for selected step choose temperature.
- Click Continue…

In the Prompt Area you see :

- Select the pipeline with the spool part and Click Done.

The Edit Predefined Field dialog box

appears.

- Type the Magnitude value of -2.0

which represents the temperature of the
seabed at deep sea.

- Click OK to exit.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the model tree double click on Predefined Fields.

The Create Predefined Field dialog box appears.

- Enter a name: internal_temperature.
- Select Step-1 from Step box.
- In Category toggle Other.
- In Types for Selected Step, choose temperature.
- Click Continue…

In the Prompt Area you see :

- Select the pipeline with the spool part and Click Done.

The Edit Predefined Field dialog box appears.

- Type the Magnitude value of 150 which represents the temperature of the internal
flowing fluid.

- Click OK to exit.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

To this end two predefined fields were activated for the initial and first step. This can
cause a convergence problem. You need to deactivate the initial field acting in the first
step.
In the Model Tree, expand Predefined
Fields, then expand initial temperature
and States.
Using mouse button 2, click on Step-1
(propagated).
Select Edit.

The Edit Predefined Field dialog box appears.

- From Status Select Reset to initial.
- Click OK, to exit.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Meshing Procedure

From the Module list select the

Mesh module.

- From the File Menu Select

MeshÆ Element Type.
- The Element Type dialog box appears.
In the Prompt area you see

Select the pipeline with the spool part and click Done.
The Element Type editor appears.

In the dialog box, accept the following default selections that control the elements that
are available for selection:

• Standard is the default Element Library selection.

• Linear is the default Geometric Order.
• Choose Pipe from the Family section.
• Toggle on Hybrid formulation.

Click OK to exit the Element Type dialog box.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the main menu bar, select Seed Edge by size

From the Prompt Area enter the element size edge. Enter 10 as the edge size.

Meshing the rigid body

By default the element type chosen for the rigid body will be the discrete rigid
body type of elements that you can still check.
From the File ÆmeshÆ Element Type

Click Ok.
In the same fashion seed the rigid body.

From the main menu bar, select Seed Edge by size

From the Prompt Area enter the element size edge.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

From the main menu bar, select Mesh Instance to mesh the part instance.

Select both instances (seabed and pipeline).

From the buttons in the prompt area, click Yes to confirm that you want to mesh the part

instance.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Boundary conditions

Let’s assume that the pipeline is fixed at one end and free at another.
In the model tree double click on BCs.

- From the list of steps, select Initial as the step in which the boundary condition
will be activated.

- In the Category list, accept Mechanical as

the default category selection.

- In the Types for Selected Step list, accept

Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre as the
default type selection, and click Continue.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the prompt area you will see

Select the left end and click Done.

The Edit Boundary Condition dialog box

appears. In the dialog box:

- Toggle on ENCASTRE.

- Click OK to create the boundary condition

and to close the dialog box.

In the same fashion we will constraint the Reference Point.

¾ Load

Since, we will be applying different type of loadings in this session; we will spread them
in different steps for a different loading and this to avoid erroneous results.
The thermal loading was applied from the initial step and first step. The gravity load will
be applied in the 2-step. So let’s create the second step:

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Specify the step name or accept the default

one, Step-2.
- Choose Category Mechanical.
- Select Gravity,
- Click Continue.

-Select the pipeline.

- Component2: enter -10.
- Click Ok.

To this end we will create two more steps

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

-Select the internal side of the pipeline.

- Effective diameter: enter -0.36.
- Enter 1000 N/m2 for the magnitude.
- Click Ok.

Abaqus displays the internal pressure applied to the

pipeline.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The last step will consist of applying the external hydrostatic pressure.

- Choose the external side.

- Effective diameter 0.4 m.
- Choose the hydrostatic distribution.
- Type 1000 for the magnitude.
- Zero pressure height 300.
- Reference pressure height 0.
- Click Ok to continue.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Analysis

Now that all data was introduced, we need to create the job and run the analysis.

- From the Models tree, double-click the Jobs

container to create a job.

The Create Job dialog box appears.

- Name the job Review, and click Continue. The job editor appears.

In the Description field, type review tutorial.

- Click the tabs to see the contents of the job editor,

and review the default settings.

- Click OK to accept all the default job settings.

- In the Model Tree, click mouse button 2 on the job named Free_spanning_pipeline
and select Submit from the menu that appears to submit your job for analysis.

The job is now submitted for analysis.

¾ Post- Processing

The main purpose of such analysis is to see the deflection of the pipeline under the
gravity loading and visualize the most stressed parts of the pipeline due to the applied
pressures. To this end we will be interested on the deformed shape.
- Plotting the deformed shape:
- From the main menu bar, select Plot Contours On Deformed Shape.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Steps
From the File menu, select Results Æ Step/Frame
You can select the step to analyze and appreciate the combination of loading acting at
that stage of the job.

Displacement distribution

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Spatial displacement at nodes from the Output Variable

From Invariant of the displacement choose Magnitude which represents the total
displacement at nodes.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the next figure, the contour plot of the displacement magnitude is shown.

From the contour plot of the displacements magnitude, we can see that the maximum
displacement is middle part of the pipeline that is not supported by the seabed.

Stress distribution

The stress that appears in the pipeline is a result of all the applied loads. To appreciate the
stress distribution:

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Stress components at integration points from the Output Variable

Choose S11 Component which represents the longitudinal stress..

Click OK to close the Field Output dialog box.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The S11 Component of the stress is given by the following contour plot:

You can check on other variables. By default, the contour plot displays the Von Mises
stresses in the model.
You can view other variables by selecting Result Field Output.

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Session 10 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Multi-loading Analysis(2)

1. Overview:

This session is a review and combination of all the previous sessions. We have so
far modeled the thermal expansion, the interaction seabed-pipeline, the upheaval buckling
and free spanning of pipelines. Building on the previous sessions, we will today proceed
with the free spanning of the pipeline which can occur when the seabed presents a sudden
difference of depth. The pipeline can not always be positioned on the seabed and has
therefore to be free spanned (Figure 1). In the following, will consider the internal and
external pressure applied to the pipeline as well as a thermal loading.
The pipeline has four horizontal sections of 200 m and a second one starting at the
coordinates points (330,100) with a length of 100 m and a last one starting (480,0) with a
length of 100 m

50

Seabed

Pipeline 100

100 50 100 80 100 50 100

Figure1: Pipeline free spanning.

2. Problem formulation:
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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

A fixed-fixed ends pipeline is subjected to its own weight. The internal and external
diameters of the pipeline are respectively di = 0.36m and d e = 0.4m . The pipeline is
assumed to be at deep sea. In this analysis, we will apply the internal and external
pressure acting on the pipeline. The seabed will be modeled as a rectangular surface.

2.1. Solving the problem on Abaqus:

Select File New from the main menu bar. In the Model Tree, double-click the Parts
container to create a new part.

In the following, we will create the seabed part.

We will model the seabed as a rigid body.

- Name the part Sea_bed.

- Change the default settings to a 3D , Discrete

rigid Type and a Shell base feature with
extrusion Type

- In the Approximate size text field, type 2000.

Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog
box.

To sketch the seabed, you need to select the lines drawing tool . In the viewport,
sketch a first point coordinates P1 (0, 0) in the prompt area as shown in the next figure.
To cancel the task, click the Cancel button.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Previous Prompt

Cancel
Then enter the coordinates of the second point P2 (100, 0). Enter the coordinates of the
following points P3 (125,-20), P4 (150,0), P5 (250,0) P6 (330,100), P7 (430,100), P8
(480,0) and P9 (580,0).

To approach the geometric behavior of the seabed, you will have to draw rounded corners.

Select from the tool box to create a fillet between the lines.
From the Prompt area enter the magnitude 20 for the fillet radius.

From the Prompt Area, click Done.

Enter 50 for the value of the depth.
Click Done.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Abaqus displays a view of the seabed.

¾ Sets

From the model tree, under Seabed Part,

select Create Sets.
Name the Set: Seabed_Set.
Click Continue

Select all the geometries and Click Done from the Prompt Area.

¾ Surfaces

Since we will be dealing with contact between master surfaces and slave surfaces, we
need to create surface for the seabed.
From the Model tree, under Seabed Part, create surfaces,

Name the surfaces: Seabed_surf

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Select all the surfaces and click Done. Select the purple surfaces.

We will now create the pipeline.

In the same fashion, select Create Æ Part,

- Name the part Pipeline.

- Change the default settings to a 3D, deformable

body and a wire base feature.

- In the Approximate size text field, type 1000.

Click Continue to exit the Create Part dialog
box

To sketch the profile of the Pipeline, you need to select

the lines drawing tool .

In the viewport, sketch a first point and a far from second point or you can enter the first
point coordinates P1 (40, 0) , P2 (240, 0), P3 (320, 100), P4 (440, 100), P5 (490, 0) and
P6 (590, 0) in the prompt area as shown in the next figure.

In the same manner, we will round the corner

at the intersections for the pipeline to
approach a realistic geometry.

Note: If you don't see the Done button in the prompt area, continue to click mouse
button 2 and cancel the procedure.
Abaqus displays a view of the pipeline.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Sets

From the model tree, under Seabed Part,

select Create Sets.
Name the Set: Seabed_Set.
Click Continue
Select the pipeline and Click Done

Before you proceed further in this example, save your model in a model database file.
From the main menu bar, select File Save. The Save Model Database As dialog box
appears. Type a name for the new model database in the File Name field, and click OK.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

For the free spanning part of the analysis of the pipeline, you will need to specify all the
properties of the material. In the Model Tree, double-click the Materials container to
create a new material. Abaqus/CAE switches to the Property module, and the Edit
Material dialog box appears. Name the material Steel, and then select General Æ
Density from Material Behaviors.

Enter the mass density value ρ = 7850 kg/m3

In the same Edit Material box, select Mechanical Æ Expansion

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Enter the value of the Expansion coefficient α = 1.1 × 10−5

Now, we need to specify the elastic material property. Select Mechanical Æ Elastic.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Choose the elastic isotropic behavior. Enter the Young’s modulus E=210 GPa and the
Poisson’s ratio υ = 0.3

¾ Section assignment

From the model Tree double click Sections.

The Edit Section dialog box appears.

- Name the section Pipe_section.

- Select the Beam Category and Beam Type.
- Click Continue…

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 Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Beam Section dialog box appears.

- Click on Create in the Profile name.

The Create Profile editor appears.

- Choose Pipe from Shape list.
- Click Continue…
- The Edit Profile dialog box appears.
- Type the value 0.20 for the Radius and 0.02 for the Thickness.
- Click OK to exit the Edit Profile

Now that the Profile is defined, in the

Edit Beam Section,
- Select Profile-1 in the Profile name.
- Select the Steel for the Material Name.
- Then Click OK.

¾ Section assignment

From the model tree, double click on Section

Assignments. In the prompt area, will appear:

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

You can click on sets from the prompt area.

The Region Selection dialog box appears.
Select the Pipe_set geometry to assign the section to the pipeline.

Click Continue.

The Edit Section Assignment dialog box appears.

Select Pipe_section as Section.
- Click OK

¾ Section assignment

Now, you need to assign a beam section orientation.

- Click on the tab .

In the Prompt Area you see:

Select the pipeline and then click Done

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the Prompt Area you read:

Press Enter. In the Prompt Area click OK.

¾ Assembly

Expand the Assembly tree. Double click on Instances.

The Create Instance dialog box appears.

- Select Pipeline and Seabed.

- Choose Independent from Instance Type.
- Then click OK.

Remarks:

We remark that the pipeline needs to be translated to the midline of the seabed.
From the file menuÆInstanceÆTranslate
From the Prompt Area you can select the instance to translate.

Select the pipeline and click Done.

From the Prompt area type the starting point for the translation.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Accept the origin point, and enter the next point at a z-coordinate 25.0

From the Prompt Area, click Ok to accept the new position of the instance.

¾ Rigid body

To each rigid body defined in Abaqus we need to

attach a Reference Point that will govern the motion
of the Rigid Body.
From the File MenuÆToolsÆ Reference Point

From The Prompt Area, type the coordinates of the Reference Point.

You can also choose the Reference Point from the viewer.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Now that the Reference Point is created we need to attach it to the Rigid Body.
From the module Interaction, Select ConstraintÆCreate

The Create constraint dialog box appears.

- Select Rigid body Type and click Continue…

The Constraint editor appears.

- Select Rigid body and click on Edit.

- Select the rigid body from the viewer.

- Click Done.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Next, you will have to pick in the same fashion the Reference Point.

¾ Interactions
At this stage, we need to define the interaction between the seabed and the pipeline.
We will assume at the first level that the
interaction is frictionless ie: the pipeline is
allowed to slide freely on the seabed.
From the Model tree double click on
Interactions.

The Create Interaction properties dialog box

appears.
Name the interaction: Seabed_pipe_inter
Select Contact as Type of interaction
Click Continue…

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Contact Property Editor

appears.
- Select MechanicalÆ
Damping

- Select Linear, so that the damping

increases linearly from a value zero
when the surfaces are not in contact to
a specified maximum value.
Enter 10000 for the damping
coefficient and 0.5 for clearance or
distance between the two surfaces in
contact at which the damping is zero.
- Click OK.
To this end, we need to create the interaction it self between the seabed and the pipeline.

From the FileÆ InteractionsÆ Create

The Create Interaction dialog box appears

- Select Surface-To-Surface Contact.

- Click Continue…

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

You will have to select the seabed as a master surface. From the Propmt Area you can
read

Select the seabed and Click Done.

Choose the purple side of the surface which

represents the seabed surface.
- You will have to select the pipeline as a node
region since its modeled as beam elements.
From the Prompt area choose node region and
select the pipeline

Click Done.

The Interaction editor appears.

Accept the defaut value for the Sliding
Formulation as Finite formulation.
Choose the node to surface Discretization method.
Accept the default value for Degree of smoothing for master surface.
Select Adjust only to remove overclosure.
Contact interaction property is selected by default as the one introduced previously.
Click Ok.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Steps

In this analysis, we would like to appreciate the stresses

produced by all the possible applied loadings, such as
thermal, internalband external pressure. It can be performed
as a static general analysis with predefined temperature
fields.
In the model tree, double click on Steps. The create Step
dialog box appears.
- Specify the step name or accept the default one, Step-1.
- Choose in the Procedure type GeneralÆ -Static,
General
- Click Continue…

The Edit Step dialog box appears. Enter a description to the step thermal_loading.
9 Accept the time period default value.
9 Toggle on Nlgeom for large displacements.
9 Click OK.
You can click on the Incrementation tab and the Other tab and accept the default value.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Click Ok
¾ Predefined fields
The next step is to define the initial temperature as another initially applied
thermal load to the pipeline.
In the model tree expand + Steps and expand Initial.
Double Click on Predefined Fields.

The predefined field dialog box appears.

Enter a name: initial_temperature
- In category toggle Other.
- From Types for selected step choose temperature.
- Click Continue…

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the Prompt Area you see :

- Select the pipeline and Click Done.

The Edit Predefined Field dialog box

appears.

- Type the Magnitude value of -2.0

which represents the temperature of the
seabed at deep sea.

- Click OK to exit.

In the model tree double click on Predefined Fields.

The Create Predefined Field dialog box

appears.
- Enter a name: internal_temperature.
- Select Step-1 from Step box.
- In Category toggle Other.
- In Types for Selected Step, choose
temperature.
- Click Continue…

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the Prompt Area you see :

- Select the pipeline and Click Done.

The Edit Predefined Field dialog box appears.

- Type the Magnitude value of 150 which represents the temperature of the internal
flowing fluid.

- Click OK to exit.

To this end two predefined fields were

activated for the initial and first step.
This can cause a convergence problem.
You need to deactivate the initial field
acting in the first step.
In the Model Tree, expand Predefined
Fields, then expand initial temperature
and States.
Using mouse button 2, click on Step-1
(propagated).
Select Edit.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The Edit Predefined Field dialog box appears.

- From Status Select Reset to initial.
- Click OK, to exit.

¾ Meshing Procedure

From the Module list select the Mesh

module.
From the File Menu Select MeshÆ
Element Type.
- The Element Type dialog box appears.
In the Prompt area you see

Select the pipeline and click Done.

The Element Type editor appears.

In the dialog box, accept the following default selections that control the elements that
are available for selection:

• Standard is the default Element Library selection.

• Linear is the default Geometric Order.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

• Choose Pipe from the Family section.

• Toggle on Hybrid formulation.

Click OK to exit the Element Type dialog box.

From the main menu bar, select Seed Edge by size

From the Prompt Area enter the element size edge. Enter 10 as the edge size.

Meshing the rigid body

By default the element type chosen for the rigid body will be the discrete rigid
body type of elements that you can still check.
From the File ÆmeshÆ Element Type

Click Ok.
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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the same fashion seed the rigid body.

From the main menu bar, select Seed Edge by size

From the Prompt Area enter the element size edge.

You can refine the curvy parts of the pipeline. From the main menu bar, select Seed
Edge by size. Enter the element size edge.

From the main menu bar, select Mesh Instance to mesh the part instance.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Select both instances (seabed and pipeline).

From the buttons in the prompt area, click Yes to confirm that you want to mesh the part

instance.

¾ Boundary conditions

Let’s assume that the pipeline is fixed at one end and free at another.
In the model tree double click on BCs.

- From the list of steps, select Initial as the

step in which the boundary condition will be
activated.

- In the Category list, accept Mechanical as

the default category selection.

- In the Types for Selected Step list, accept

Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre as the
default type selection, and click Continue.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the prompt area you will see

Select the left end and click Done.

The Edit Boundary Condition dialog box appears.

In the dialog box:

- Toggle on ENCASTRE.

- Click OK to create the boundary condition

and to close the dialog box.

In the same fashion we will constraint the Reference Point.

¾ Load

Since, we will be applying different type of loadings in this session; we will spread them
in different steps for a different loading and this to avoid erroneous results.
The thermal loading was applied from the initial step and first step. The gravity load will
be applied in the 2-step. So let’s create the second step:

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

- Specify the step name or accept the default

one, Step-2.
- Choose Category Mechanical.
- Select Gravity,
- Click Continue.

-Select the pipeline.

- Component2: enter -10.
- Click Ok.

To this end we will create two more steps

-Select the internal side of the pipeline.

- Effective diameter: enter -0.36.
- Enter 1000 N/m2 for the magnitude.
- Click Ok.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Abaqus displays the internal pressure applied to the pipeline.

The last step will consist of applying the external hydrostatic pressure.

- Choose the external side.

- Effective diameter 0.4 m.
- Choose the hydrostatic distribution.
- Type 1000 for the magnitude.
- Zero pressure height 300.
- Reference pressure height 0.
- Click Ok to continue.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

¾ Analysis

Now that all data was introduced, we need to create the job and run the analysis.

- From the Models tree, double-click the Jobs

container to create a job.

The Create Job dialog box appears.

- Name the job Review, and click Continue. The job editor appears.

In the Description field, type review tutorial.

- Click the tabs to see the contents of the job editor,

and review the default settings.

- Click OK to accept all the default job settings.

- In the Model Tree, click mouse button 2 on the job named Review and select Submit
from the menu that appears to submit your job for analysis.

The job is now submitted for analysis.

¾ Post- Processing

The main purpose of such analysis is to see the deflection of the pipeline under the
gravity loading and visualize the most stressed parts of the pipeline due to the applied
pressures. To this end we will be interested on the deformed shape.
- Plotting the deformed shape:
- From the main menu bar, select Plot Contours On Deformed Shape.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

Steps
From the File menu, select Results Æ Step/Frame
You can select the step to analyze and appreciate the combination of loading acting at
that stage of the job.

Displacement distribution

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Spatial displacement at nodes from the Output Variable

From Invariant of the displacement choose Magnitude which represents the total
displacement at nodes.

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

In the next figure, the contour plot of the displacement magnitude is shown.

From the contour plot of the displacements magnitude, we can see that the maximum
displacement is middle part of the pipeline that is not supported by the seabed.

Stress distribution

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

The stress that appears in the pipeline is a result of all the applied loads. To appreciate the
stress distribution:

From the File menu, select Results Æ Field Output

Select Stress components at integration points from the Output Variable

Choose S11 Component which represents the longitudinal stress..

Click OK to close the Field Output dialog box.

The S11 Component of the stress is given by the following contour plot:

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Session 11 Fundamentals of Pipeline Design

You can check on other variables. By default, the contour plot displays the Von Mises
stresses in the model.
You can view other variables by selecting Result Field Output.
You can also plot results in different viewports:
File menu Æ Tools Æ Customize , Select viewport from the Customize window.

From viewport toolbar, create a new viewport . Plot the results on the new viewport.

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