PHYSIOLOGICAL TOOTH MIGRATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR

THE DEVELOPMENT OF OCCLUSION

I. THE BIOGENETIC COURSE OF THE DECIDUOUS DENTITION
LOUIS J. BAUME
From the Division of Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, and the George Williams looper
Foundation for Medical Research, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
INTRODUCTION

A NY attempt to develop preventative methods in the field of orthodontics

must be based on adequate knowledge of normal growth and development
of the dentitions and the many modifying factors. A review of the literature
reveals little authentic information on which the present-day concept of the
development of occlusion is based.
Delabarre, in 1819, described for the first time the spacing of anterior
deciduous teeth between the ages of 4 and 6 years and suggested that the pur-
pose was to make allowance for the permanent ones.15 This concept prevails
among most writers of recent textbooks (Dewey-Anderson" 6 Korkhaus,14
MeCoy,20 Salzmann,26 Schour and Massler,'27 and Strang.35
Zsigmondy3' in 1890, was the first to measure the lengths of the dental
arches of three series of models of the same individual between 6 and 17 years
of age. After Angle39 published his Malocclusion of the Teeth in 1907, the main
interest turned from genetics to the systematics of malocclusion. Thus,
Angle's theory of the fixed position of the upper first molars became an estab-
lished law in orthodontics.
In 1910, Zielinsky37 concluded from measurements of four skulls and some
models of various individuals that, between the ages of 4 and 6 years, the upper
anterior deciduous teeth move forward and laterally. This spreading of the
upper dental arch would cause a spacing of the deciduous anteriors and si-
multaneously a forward migration of the mandibular deciduous teeth into
the enlarged maxillary arch. This concept is known as the so-called "physi-
ological mesial shift" of the mandibular teeth." 14, 20, 26, 35
In 1922, Franke,7 from numerous skull measurements, calculated a shorten-
ing of 3.7 mm. in the lower dental arch following the shedding of the decidu-
ous teeth. Simon,34 in 1924, presented his biometric law of the "orbit-cuspid
relationship" establishing the possibility of positional changes of the upper
permanent molars. Kantorowicz13 was the first to emphasize the necessity
for a genetic approach to the classification of dentofacial and ocelusal anom-
alies on the basis of a large number of serial models of development. In 1927
Schwarz28 reported a comprehensive anatomical study of the problem. He ac-
counted for ocelusal adjustment by means of tooth morphology. Friel's8 de-
Aided by grants from the Board of Research of the University of California, the American
Foundation for Dental Science, and the California State Dental Association.
Received for publication, June 4, 1949.
123
124 BAUME J. D. 1950
April, Res.

scription of the development of occlusion represented a synopsis of all the

contemporary studies. In 1929 Lewis17 measured the changes in width of the
dental arches during the periods of the deciduous and mixed dentitions on a
large number of serial models. He came to the conclusion that these measure-
ments offered no solution in diagnosis of developing malocclusion. In 1931,
Korkhaus and Neumann15 reported similar measurements of "Growth of the
Jaws During Eruption of the Permanent Incisors" based on a survey of 35
individuals with normal development thus laying the foundation for the bi-
ogenetic concept of orthodontics. The investigations by Goldstein and Stan-
ton"° 11 dealt with the same problem of arch development and the in-
cisal overbite. The studies of Cohen,5 in 1940, had to do with the changes of
the intercanine distances in the deciduous and succeeding dentitions separately
in boys and girls. Clinch4 and Sillman32 33 were the first to present develop-
mental series of dentitions from birth.
The histologic contributions of Brash,3 Reichborn,25 Meyer and Churchill,2'
Noyes and Schour,23 Orban,24 and Weinmann and Sicher3" 36 have clarified
much in the problems of growth and development of the dentition.
For the purpose of ascertaining more detailed information on the physi-
ological changes in the human dental arches, a clinical study of their growth
and development in 60 children was made over a period of 8 years. Through
careful recording an attempt was made to determine the biogenetic course of
the deciduous dentition as well as the biogenesis of the accessional and suc-
cessional teeth.*
I. THE BIOGENETIC COURSE OF THE DECIDUOUS DENTITION
In order to determine developmental changes in the deciduous dental
arches, plaster reproductions were made annually of 30 children; 29 of these
had their first impressions taken between 3 and 4½/2 years of age and one at birth.
A fine caliper was used on each cast to make the following measurements:
(a) The length in mm. of the deciduous arch, i.e., the perpendicular dis-
tance from a line connecting the two postlactea (pl), to the infradentale (id) or
prosthion (pr) (Figs. 1A, 2A).
(b) The width in mm. between the deciduous canines, i.e., intereanine dis-
tance (c-c). This was measured between the centers of the lingual einguli at the
gingival margin instead of between the cusp points, which flatten out as at-
trition progresses. The possible error by this procedure does not exceed ±0.2
mm. (Fig. 2B).
(c) The width in mm. between the two second deciduous molars, i.e., inter-
molar distance (m2-m2). This measurement was taken between the lingual de-
velopmental grooves at the gingival margin instead of between the changing
occlusal surfaces (Fig. 1B).
FINDINGS
Data of the above measurements of each case are presented in Table I
for a minimum of two different ages.
*These topics will be presented in four papers. The second paper deals with "The Bio-
genesis of Accessional Dentition ;" the third with "The Biogenesis of Successional Dentition,"
and the fourth paper with "The Biogenesis of Overbite."
 TABLE I
SHOWING LENGTH AND WIDTH OF UPPER AND LOWER DENTAL ARCHES IN MM. DURING
THE PERIOD OF THE DECIDUOUS DENTITION

A B
AGE LENGTH OF ARCH WIDTH OF MAXILLA WIDTH OF MANDIBLE
CASE (YEARS) MAX. MAND. C-C M2-m2 SPACES C-C M2-m2 SPACES
1 4-5 27 26 22.5 30.5 18 28
5-6 27 25 a 22.5 30.5 small 18 28 no
2 4-5 26 23 21.5 30.5 18 28
5-6 26 22.5 a 21.5 30.5 small 18 28 no
3 4-5 25 22 22 29.5 16 28
5-6 25 22 22 30 + 16 28 +
4 4-5 25 22.5 25 30 18 28
5-6 25 21.5 25 30 + 18 28 +
5 4-5 25 22.5 20 26 17.5 24.5
5-6 25 b 20.5 26.5 no 18 25 no
6 4-5 27 24.5 25.5 27 18 27
5-6 26 24.5 a 25.5 27 no 18 27 no
7 4-5 26 24 23.5 31 17.5 27
5-6 26 24 24 31 + 17.5 27 +
8 4-5 26 24.5 24.5 29.5 18 26.5
5-6 26 24.5 24.5 29.5 + 18 26.5 +
9 4-5 26 23 23 31 18 28
5-6 26 23 23 31 + 18 28 +
10 4-5 28.5 23 24.5 32 18 29
5-6 28.5 23 24.5 32 + 18 29 +
12 4-5 27.5 _ 22 29 18
5-6 27.5 22 29 18 +
13 4-5 25 22.5 23 29 19 26.5
5-6 25 22.5 b 23 29 + 19 27 +
16 5-6 29 25 24 34 20 30.5
6-7 29 25 b 24.5 34.5 + 20 31 +
17 5-6 24 21 31 20 29
6-7 23 b 21 31 no 20 29 no
18 5-6 25 21 19 27.5 17 27
6-7 24 21 b 20 27.5 + 17.5 27 +
19 5-6 22.5 26 17 25
6-7 22.5 26 no 17 25.5 no
24 5-6 28 25 26 30.5 18 30
6-7 28 25 26 30.5 no 18 30 no
26 4-5 25 23 17.5 27 18 28.5
5-6 25 23 17.5 27 no 18 28.5 no
27 4-5 26 24 23 29 19 26
5-6 26 24 23.5 29.5 + 19 26 +
31 4-5 26 23 20 29 16 27
5-6 26 23 20 29 no 16 27 no
32 3-4 25 23 21 28 17 26
5-6 25 23 21 28 small 17 26 small
33 5-6 25.3 23 23 30 18 27
6-7 25.3 23 23 30 + 18 27 +
40 4-5 29 24.5 21 30 17 26
5-6 29 24.5 21 30 no 17 26 no
42 3-4 27.5 23.5 21.5 *25 16.5 *25.5
5-6 26.5 23 * 21.5 26.5 small 16 26 no
43 3-4 26 * *20.5 28 19 28.5
5-6 25 21 28 + 19 28.5 +
48 4-5 26 24.5 23.5 31 21 31
5-6 26 24.5 23.5 31 + 21 31 +
50 4-5 25 22 22 33 20 32
6-7 25 22 22 33 + 20 32 +
57 3-4 (27) 24 *23.5 * *18 29
4-5 26 23 * 24.5 33 19.5 29
5-6 26 23 24.5 33 + 19.5 29 +
58 3-4 31 26 23 30.5 19 28
4-5 30 26 * *23.5 30.5 + 19 28 +
5-6 30 26 23.5 30.5 19 28
59 3-4 28 24.5 21 27 17 25.5
4-5 27 24.5 21 27 no 17 25 small
5-6 27 (24) 1-1 21 27 (18) 25 1-1
*
deciduous canine or second deciduous molar erupting.
a = interdental caries or restoration.
b = beginning eruption of lower first permanent molar.
+ = with interdental spaces, Type I.
no = without spacing, Type II.
126 BAUME J. D. Res.
April, 1950

Table I, Column A, reveals that during the period from 4 to 6 years the
length of the maxillary dental arches remains unchanged in 25 cases (89 per
cent) and that of the mandibular arches is constant in 23 cases (83 per cent).
A slight decrease in length is noted in 6 cases in the maxilla and in 8 cases in
the mandible, mainly between 3 and 4 years of age. In only 3 cases is this
shortening coincidental for both arches. The decrement ranges between 0.5
mm. and 1.5 mm. No increase in length is- observed in any of these cases.
Table I, Column B, shows the measurements of the transverse width of the
maxillary deciduous arches at different periods. No change in the inter-
canine width between 4 and 6 years is observed in 24 (80 per cent) of the cases.
Five cases reveal an increase in width of 0.5 mm. and one case of 1 mm. during
the same interval. The distance between the second deciduous molars is not
altered in 25 (83 per cent) of the cases. In 4 cases an increment of 0.5 mm.
and in one case of 1 mm. is noted. Twenty-one cases (70 per cent) show inter-
dental spaces between the upper anteriors, while 9 cases (30 per cent), exhibit
no spaces.
Table I, Column C, gives the corresponding data for the mandibular
deciduous dental arches. The lower intercanine width remains equal in 26
cases (86 per cent and similarly for the intermolar distance in 24 cases (80
per cent). An increment in intercanine width is found in 3 cases, and a de-
crement in one case. Nineteen cases (63 per cent) show spacing in the lower
anteriors and 11 cases (37 per cent) no spaces.
TABLE II
SHOWING THE AVERAGE INTERCANINE WIDTH IN DECIDUOUS DENTITIONS OF TYPE I WITH
INTERDENTAL SPACES AND TYPE II WITHOUT INTERDENTAL SPACES
MANDIBULAR ARCHi MAXILLARY ARCH
MINIMUM- MINIMUM-
NO. MAXIMUM AVERAGE NO. MAXIMUM AVERAGE
TYPE CASES VARIATION WIDTH CASES VARIATION WIDTH
I 28 16/21 18.9 32 19 /26 23.2
II 20 16/20 17.4 16 17.5/25 21.5
Difference between Type I and II: 1.5 mm. 1.7 mm

Table II presents the average intercanine width at the age of 51/2 years
noted separately for the cases with interdental spaces (Type I) and without
interdental spaces (Type II). It shows that in maxillary arches with spaces
the average value is 1.7 mm. higher than in arches without spaces. A similar
difference of 1.5 mm. is seen in the mandibular arches.
The comparison of the plaster reproductions of each case taken seriatim
at various ages revealed conclusions in the following respects:
1. The Length of the Deciduous Arches.-From about the age of 4 years un-
til the eruption of the permanent molars the sagittal dimensions of upper and
lower dental arches remained unchanged. A slight decrease in this dimension
can occur either as the result of mesial migration of the deciduous second
molars just after their eruption (Fig. 1, A and B) or following the develop-
ment of dental caries in proximal surfaces of molar teeth. Not a single case
substantiated the theory that there is a forward growth of the alveolar frontal
volumee 2() BIOGENET COURS 01' 1 -)EII01S )E1N TJTION 127
Number 2

sections during the I)erio(1 of the pruinary detitioii m 5lsrol)omlIleedl by almost

every textlbook author. Simila- results ace to 1)e seen ilil cidle IX of (Wfldstein
and Stanton'' on the average length otf primar-y (lentitions of (liffereiit a ges.
9. Tnhe bitc(m Intemia
e do[t aolar Waidth. Gal> minor cihanes in the
tranisverse (linleIlsiots of the upl)pic and lower deciduous rii-ches weire a)ppartelnt
duitn'g the per'-iod (of obser~va)-itioii. An inicireniienit of 0.5) mm. in less than 20 per
cent of these cases certainly cannott sustainl the general concept of coultillu-
ously illIcesing dinienesions of the deciduous a ret es. Il(lent icr I results wvithI
legarld to the relatively unchanging witith hetweeni the ag-es of almd 1/5 years-
can be found in the tables of I jevwis, 1 7whic,--h cnitaini the mieiisireiiiciits of 450
iiffeleliit deciduous (leiltitiols (if various aiges a(nd iln the tabhles o)'f Goldsteini
and Stantoln1 for 540 inldividiil (eases.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7

A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A4.... C.
Fig. 1.I)e\ elopuie~nt of a. dl ciduou{l dlntition o :ifa.s<cing.
ft T>-pe [r (Cli~te'iil).
A. Mr>(dJ rnica. lrced at 3 y-ears, 29 nzontlsi. .Note} eruptin t}f t(lie icond}t detlV~(uCoI nlctl(IS
and canlines.
B. Modntel nileacsured ~ct 4 earsl, 5 mlonth.s. No-ete tact ca.se in intt reaflniac aNiltli andl det-
crease in lengtli of arIIches clue to ttletial nalg to tion o~f thle sc concl dicluoilu.l itioh irs.
C7. Mod~el rnieauretel it 5 yearl s, m onthls. Nit change in i icitit mcil lengthl of thwe archz~es
occur
bet.. een B. a.nd. C.

3. Ph~ysiooica Spa(;t (ceings.AfS'=&ter' co1}nliete erupltion of the d1eciduou)vs

teeth no p~hysioloegical s~~acnig oeurr~en(l. Th'1ere ws no incrleeas~ein inlterdenetal
s<pace inl thIo~se arch']es ixith scl)arate(I teeths andl nl saiapg ;~l deveeloped in t he
arlches inl which these teeth weret inl conXtacft. rlhe aliovet find(inlgs alsot showv that
110 at~lequalte extensiontl orT exl)asioISi} of) thle d1eciduouls arches; took ])laee l~e-
tweenI 3) andl 51 2 yea isx. rphis; con>firis3 ( h1incth 's' ol seP aT(tn{Il thalt heA hals never0
seenl a ease int which the splacinlg (levellle~l a -fter full erupltionl of a1ll dleciduouts
teeth. r~l'e literaiture do>es iiost con>Stainl oiie illustratioii o)f the devlopt~iilent o)f
at physiolo~gical sl)acinig of- the (lecioluo-us (Icliltitionl inl the sani1e dix (i~il(lul bets
tween 3 andc 6 years. Culhe arrangeme;0n~t ofi the dleciduousli teeth is loundle to ex-
ist inl either onle of two Thrills; it is spzaed( Pluig. I) or closed (ig2)f.) anod oine
(toes noet develop fotl-z the other. rihe spaced form+l wil be referredl tos as Tyl)c
1, the closed as Type IT.
128 BAUME. J.
D. es.
R
59;0
Apri9,
The distribution of spaces itt Type I showed call possible variations; even
combinations with Type 11 in the opposing (arch occurred. In 1943 the author
reported two frequently observed tyles of spaces; those between the decidu-
ous. upper second incisors and canines and others betweeIl the deciduous lower
canines and first molars.9 Models taken front the time of eruption indicated
that these diasteniata were not the result of functional adaptation but rather
due to an inherent pattern. There were already present at the time of erup-
tion of the deciduous cuspids (Fig. 8). rihese diastemata were interpreted
as the so-called 'primate spaces'` in hunian deciduous dientition. The occur-
rence of interlocking long deciduuos canines was recognized as further evi-
dence of a primitive feature of the (lecilduolis set. This hals been confirmed
siiPe by Jonesl and Seipel.iC*

A. 1, c.
Fig. 2. Development of a deciduous dentition a ithoit spices, Type 1i (Case 40).
A. Model measured at 4 years, 2 months.
B. Model measured at 5 years, 6 inonths. iNo changes in dimension of the arches are
,seen.
C. Model measured at 6 y ears, a months. Note slight increase in the intercanine N idth
of both lower and upper upon eruption of the mandibular pei oianent first incisors and slight
secondary spacing between upper incisors.

It was not unusual to find cases of Type .11 which showed slightly crowded
anteriors (examples will be demonstrated in Part liT, Pigs. 2 and 3). As pre-
viously stated the deciduous arches without spacing were an average of 1.5
mnnm. narrower than those with spaces (Table IIT). Evidently the absence
of spaces was not always due only to a greater width of the deciduous an-
teriors but also to the lack of sufficient alveolar growth, or to a combination
of both. Thus most of the cases of TI'y}e II may fall under Angle's Class I of
malocclusion. A spacing of the upper, deciduous anteriors shortly after erup-
tion of the lower pernanent ones will be described later.
*Seipel,30 in 1946, in his study of 250 sets of 4-year-old boys quotes the average wsidths
of the interdental spaces. Hle found the highest averag-e value w as 0.85 mni. between the
upper II and III and 0.72 mni. between the lower III and IV and termed theiii "spaces of a
primate type."
Volume 29
Number 2
BIOGENETIC COURSE OF DECIDUOUS DENTITION 129

Etliologiealy it iniiay ble sted thazt tiie illu'stritiolIs of (d( eidluo011s detiti-
tiolls of twins and trip)lets by Korkhaius" (toldlber g,9 ind Ntwto27 suggest
that the presence or absence of o spaces in the d ecidnlous detititiot ma-y lbe a
heredita ry eharacteristin in th it m-nong ilentlticil twins 1)oth members have
either one form. or the otfilu

Fkig., 3.- Av. Pt imalte pact(ezs in1 t1e} malcxillarly arceh beta enet seconel inceisor and canine,
an<i inl the mlla~ndibulalr arch betv e-n canxrineE anld fir. t d~ecidluous molar- of a deciduous dentition.
No~te that the primnitix e chlaractert of the (lesci(Iulous dentition is accentualted hy thle fact that
the canines project throughE the plallne) o-f occlusionr yex io-larked~ly .
12 illustrates the malznifestation of mlandizbularl pr imxate spaces at th~e time of eruption
of the ileciduous canines (Ca-se 59}).

3 3/2 yis.

5 y/-1, S.
Speaks
a d

3 yrs.

5 3' rS.

e f (J h
Fig. 4.-Development of ocelusoion in the (leciluous dentition in 8 eases (Table I) at
the eagles of 3 1/2 and 51/tl years and 3 mnd 5 years, respectively. Note constancy of the terminal
plane -and the occlusal relationship of the dleciduous canines during the two-year interval.
(a)) Case I (.0) Case 42
(b) Case 27 (Ii) Case 57
(C) Case 7 T ype I a( d
(d) Case 32 Type II e f
() Case, 31 Distoclusion y I
(f) Case 4 0

4. A nteroposterior Rduottonshihp of the A1 richs. It is suiggestive from. the

results of these measuretIellets that -no essential changes ill occlusion can take
place during the period of the conipleted deciduous dentitioll. A comparative
130 BAUME J. D. 1950
April, Res.

study of the models also showed no indication of a physiological mesial shift

of the mandible or a forward adjustment of the mandibular teeth after the
age of 4. The relationship of the opposing deciduous canines, as well as the
position of the distal surfaces of the upper and lower second molars, remained
unchanged throughout the period of completed deciduous dentition (Fig. 4).
While the terminal plane of the arches was found to be straight in 26 cases
(76 per cent) and showed a mesial step in the other 4 cases (14 per cent) this
did not develop from one pattern into the other except under environmental
influences. The mesial step can be due to a morphological variation in size of
the opposing second molars as in instances in which the upper and lower
molars are approximately of the same mesiodistal length. Generally the up-
per molar is shorter mesiodistally than the lower which effects a straight ter-
minal plane.14 29 5 In cases of malocclusion also, there was no change in in-
termaxillary relationship. The distal terminal step and a cusp-to-cusp
occlusion of the deciduous canines in distoclusion remained constant (Fig. 4,g
and h). The distal terminal step is found when the upper deciduous molar
occludes mesially to the lower one.

b)
Fig. 5.-Vertical growth of the alveolar processes as shown by transverse diagraphic pro-
jections taken at two different ages through the center of the deciduous molars and super-
imposed on the palate.
a. Case 1 at 31/2 and 5y2 years through center of the second molars.
b. Case 50 at 2 1/2 and 5 years through center of first molars.

Although the deciduous dental arches were not involved in any growth
changes after their formation, there was, however, vertical growth of the
alveolar processes. This increase in height of the alveolar process is demon-
strated on diagraphic reproductions (Fig. 5). Sagittal growth of the jaws, as
described by Sicher,31 produced the retromolar areas which develop posteriorly
to the arches to make allowance for accessional teeth. Environmental influ-
ences such as compression (thumb sucking, etc.), as well as attrition may
affect the deciduous dentition. It is possible to misinterpret the attrition of
the upper deciduous anteriors as increase in dental height as described by
Lewis.'7
Volume 29
Number 2
BIOGENETIC COURSE OF DECIDUOUS DENTITION 131

SUMMARY
A study was made to learn the extent and rate of physiological tooth
migration and the mechanism which determines the development of occlusion.
This is the first of four papers and deals with the development of the decidu-
ous dentition from 3 to 51/2 years. Plaster reproductions of the deciduous
dental arches of 30 children taken seriatim at various developmental stages
were measured and examined for changes in morphology. The findings may
be summarized as follows:
1. After the deciduous dental arches were completely formed, their sagit-
tal and transversal dimensions were not altered except when subjected to in-
adequate environmental influences.
2. Two consistent morphological arch forms of deciduous dentures were
found; the arches were either continuously spaced or continuously closed.
Spaces in the deciduous denture were not developmental, but congenital.
Closed arches were on an average narrower transversally- than spaced ones.
3. The spaced arches frequently exhibited two distinct diastemata; one
between the mandibular deciduous canine and first deciduous molar and the
other between the maxillary second deciduous incisor and deciduous canine.
These were interpreted as "primate spaces."
4. The terminal plane of the arches in occlusion remained constant.
5. Vertical growth of the alveolar processes concomitant with the develop-
ment of the successional tooth germs and sagittal growth concomitant with the
development of the accessional tooth germs was observed.
6. The present concept of physiological changes of the deciduous dental
arches through spacing and through mesial shifting of the mandibular teeth
was not confirmed by the above observations.
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1. Anderson, G. M.: Practical Orthodontics, St. Louis, 1948, The C. V. Mosby Company.
2. Baume, L. J.: On the Biology of the Deciduous and Mixed Dentition, Schweiz. Monatschr.
f. Zahn. 53: 927, 1943.
3. Brash, J. C.: The Growth of the Jaws and Palate (Dental Board Lecture), London,
1924, Dental Board of the United Kingdom, Publishers.
4. Clinch, Lilah: Serial Models of Two Cases of Normal Occlusion Between Birth and Four
Four Years, D. Record 60: 323, 1940.
5. Cohen, J. T.: Growsth and Development of the Dental Arches in Children, J. A. D. A. 27:
1250, 1940.
6. Dewey, M., and Anderson, G. M.: Practical Orthodontia, ed. 6, St. Louis, 1942, The C.
V. Mosby Company.
7. Franke: Ueber Wachstum und Verbildungen des Kiefers auf Grund vergleichender
Kiefermessungen, Leipzig, 1921, Curt Kabitzsch.
8. Friel, S.: Occlusion, Observations on Its Development From Infancy to Old Age,
Ortho. 45 Oral Surg., Int. Jnl. 13: 322, 1927.
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363, 1929.
10. Goldstein, M. S., and Stanton, F. L.: Changes in Dimensions and Form of the Dental
Arches With Age, Orthodontia and Dent. for Children, Int. Jnl. 21: 357, 1935.
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Overbite in Normal and Abnormal Occlusion Between Two and Twelve Years,
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12. Jones, H. G.: The Primary Dentition in Homo Sapiens and the Research for Primitive
Features, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 5: 251, 1947.
13. Kantorowicz, A.: Klinische Zahnheilkunde, Vol. 2, Berlin, 1924, Hermann Meusser.
14. Korkhaus, G.: Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde, Vol. IV, Miinchen, 1939, J. F. Bergmann.
132 BAUME J. D. Res.
April, 1950

15. Korkhaus, G., and Neumann, F.: Das Kieferwachstum wihrend des Schneidezahn-
wechsels und die orthodontische Friihdehnung, Fortschr. d. Orthodont. 1: 32, 1931.
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Int. Jnl. 18: 1015, 1932.
19. Lewis, S. J.: Some Aspects of Dental Arch Growth, J. A. D. A. 23: 277, 1936.
20. McCoy, J. D.: Applied Orthodontics, Philadelphia, 1946, Lea & Febiger.
21a. Meyer, W.: Normal Histology and Histogenesis of the Human Teeth and Associated
Parts, translated and edited by Churchill, H. R., Philadelphia, 1935, J. B. Lippincott
Co.
21b. Churchill, H.: Human Odontography and Histology, Philadelphia, 1932, Lea &
Febiger.
22. Newton, S. B.: On the Mouth of Triplets, D. Record 57: 364, 1947.
23. Noyes, F. B.: Dental Histology and Embryology, revised by Schour, I., and Noyes, H.,
Philadelphia, 1938, Lea & Febiger.
24. Orban, Balint: Oral Histology and Embryology, St. Louis, 1944, The C. V. Mosby Com-
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