Cisco Routers
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Cisco Routers models
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How to choose the appropriate Cisco router
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Router Initialization
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Router components
Router is typically like a computer which operates with
Two main components
–Hardware (Router physical components )
–Software (IOS)
• Internetworking operating system.
• configuration file
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Router hardware components
1. Power Supply
2. CPU
3. Memory (RAM , NVRAM ,ROM ,Flash )
4. System bus
5. Interfaces
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Router physical characteristics
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Router external connections
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Ports and Interfaces
Port - normally means one of the management ports used
for administrative access
Interface normally refers to interfaces that are capable of
sending and receiving user traffic.
Note: However, these terms are often used
interchangeably in the industry and even with IOS output.
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Management
Ports
Console port - Most common of the management ports
–Used to connect a terminal,
–Or most likely a PC running terminal emulator software,
No need for network access to that router.
The console port must be used during initial configuration of the router.
Auxiliary (AUX) port
Not all routers have auxiliary ports.
–At times, can be used similarly to a console port
–Can also be used to attach a modem.
Note: Auxiliary ports will not be used in this curriculum.
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Router
Interfaces
Interface on Cisco routers refers to a physical connector on the router whose main
purpose is to receive and forward packets.
Routers have multiple interfaces used to connect to multiple networks which may mean:
–Various types of networks
–Different types of media and connectors.
–Different types of interfaces.
For example, Fast Ethernet interfaces for connections to different LANs and also have
different types of WAN interfaces used to connect a variety of serial links, including T1,
DSL, and ISDN.
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Router Interfaces
Every interface on the router:
–Belongs to a different network
Cisco IOS will not allow two active interfaces on the
same router to belong to the same network.
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LAN Interfaces
Ethernet and Fast Ethernet interfaces.
Used to connect the router to the LAN, similar to how a PC’s Ethernet NIC.
–Layer 2 MAC address
–Participates in the Ethernet LAN the same way as any other hosts on that LAN.
•Example: Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):
–Maintains ARP cache for that interface
–Sends ARP requests when needed
–Responds with ARP replies when required
Typically an RJ-45 jack (UTP).
–Router to switch: straight-through cable.
–Router to router via Ethernet interfaces, or PC’s NIC to router’s Ethernet
interface: crossover cable.
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WAN Interfaces
Example: serial, ISDN, and Frame Relay interfaces.
Used to connect routers to external networks, usually over a larger geographical
distance.
The Layer 2 encapsulation can be different types including:
–PPP
–Frame Relay
–HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control).
Similar to LAN interfaces, each WAN interface has its own IP address and subnet
mask, making it a member of a specific network.
Note: MAC addresses are used only on Ethernet interfaces and are not on WAN
interfaces.
However, WAN interfaces use their own Layer 2 addresses depending on the
technology.
Layer 2 WAN encapsulation types and addresses are covered later in the course.
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Serial Connectors
Cisco routers support the EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, V.35, X.21,
and EIA/TIA-530 standards for serial connections,
Memorizing these connection types is not important.
Just know that a router has a DB-60 port that can support five
different cabling standards.
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Serial Connectors
DCE Cable
DTE Cable
Router is typically a DTE device.
The DTE cable is connected to the serial interface on
the router to a CSU/DSU device (DCE).
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Physically Connecting
a WAN Interface
Typically, the router is the DTE
device and is connected to a
CSU/DSU, which is the DCE
device.
–Serial interfaces require a clock
signal to control the timing of the
communications.
–In most environments, the service
provider (a DCE device such as a
CSU/DSU) will provide the clock.
–By default, Cisco routers are DTE
devices
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Serial Connectors
In our labs we will use serial DTE/DCE cables (no
CSU/DSU) with a DTE cable connected to one router
and a DCE cable connected to the other router.
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Ethernet Connectors
Straight-through
cables are used for:
–Switch-to-router
–Hub-to-router
–Switch-to-PC/server
–Hub-to-PC/server Crossover cables are used
for:
Switch-to-switch
PC/server-to-PC/server
Switch-to-hub
Hub-to-hub
Router-to-router
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Router-to-PC/server 20
Cisco Software components
• Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System)
It is the operating system that manages the hardware
platform it is working on.
• Configuration File
It is a program file that contains commands that
reflect how the router will react.
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