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THEORY OF STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 2 : DEFLECTION
(UNIT LOAD METHOD)
PART 2
by
Saffuan Wan Ahmad
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources
[email protected]

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Chapter 2 : Part 2 – Unit Load
Method
• Aims
– Determine the slope and deflection by using Unit Load Method

• Expected Outcomes :
– Able to analyze determinate beam – deflection and slope by Unit Load
Method

• References
– Mechanics of Materials, R.C. Hibbeler, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall
– Structural Analysis, Hibbeler, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall
– Structural Analysis, SI Edition by Aslam Kassimali,Cengage Learning
– Structural Analysis, Coates, Coatie and Kong
– Structural Analysis - A Classical and Matrix Approach, Jack C. McCormac
and James K. Nelson, Jr., 4th Edition, John Wiley

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Principle of Virtual Work

• The internal work in transversely loaded beams is

taken equal to the strain energy due to bending
moment
• The virtual force Fi in the ith mass element in
∆=F*iei may be taken equal to the bending
moment mij in the ith mass element due to a unit
load at coordinate j

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Principle of Virtual Work
(Displacement)
• Sometimes referred as the Unit-Load Method
• Generally provides of obtaining the displacement and slope
at a specific point on structure i.e. beam, frame or truss
• In general, the principle states that:
Work of Internal Loads

 P   u

Work of External Loads

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Principle of Virtual Work
(Displacement)
• Consider the structure (or body) to be of arbitrary
shape
• Suppose it is necessary to determine the
displacement  of point A on the body caused by
the “real loads” P1, P2 and P3

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Principle of Virtual Work
(Displacement)
• Since no external load acts on the body at A and
in the direction of the displacement , the
displacement can be determined by first placing
on the body a “virtual” load suc that this force
P’ acts in the same direction as , (see Figure)

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Principle of Virtual Work
(Displacement)
• We will choose P’ to have a unit magnitude, P’ =1
• Once the virtual loadings are applied, then the body is
subjected to the real loads P1, P2 and P3, (see Figure)
• Point A will be displaced an amount  causing the element to
deform an amount dL

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Principle of Virtual Work
(Displacement)
• As a result, the external virtual force P’ & internal load u “ride
along” by  and dL and therefore, perform external virtual work
of 1.  on the body and internal virtual work of u.dL on the
element
Virtual loadings

1.   u.dL
Real displacement

• By choosing P’ = 1, it can be seen from the solution for  follows

directly since  = udL

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Principle of Virtual Work (Slope)
• A virtual couple moment M’ having a unit
magnitude is applied at this point
• This couple moment causes a virtual load u in
one of the elements of the body

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Principle of Virtual Work (Slope)
• Assuming that the real loads deform the element
an amount dL, the rotation  can be found from
the virtual-work equation

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Principle of Virtual Work (Slope)

Virtual loadings

1.θ   u.dL
Real displacement

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

PRINCIPLE OF UNIT LOAD METHOD
VIRTUAL LOAD
REAL LOAD

V M

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

• The element deform or rotate dθ = (M / EI) dx
• The external virtual work done by the unit load is 1.
• The internal virtual work done by the moment, m

m dθ = m(M/EI) dx

L
mM
1 .   dx
0
EI

L
Similarly mM
1 .   dx
0
EI
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
 Example 1
Determine the displacement at point B of the steel beam
shown in figure.
Take E = 200GPa, I = 500x 106 mm4

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Real Moment, M
Solution…

LHS RHS

M M

V
V
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
Real Moment, M

RHS
M x  0 (clockwise  ve)
12 kN/m 12 x 2
M M 0
2
x M  6 x 2

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Virtual Moment, m

1 kN

A
B

LHS RHS
1 kN

M M

V
V
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
Virtual Moment, m

Considered RHS 0<x<10

1 kN
M x  0 (clockwise  ve)

M m  1.x  0
m  1.x
x

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Virtual-Work Equation
mM
L
1 kN .   dx
0 EI

2
10 (  x )( 6 x )
 dx
0 EI
15 103 kN .m 3

EI
OR
15 103 kN .m3
B 
200(10 6 )kN / m 2 (500(10 6 )mm 4 )(10 12 m 4 / mm 4 )
 0.150m  150mm
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
 Example 2

Determine the displacement at D of the steel beam in

figure. Take E = 200GPa, I = 300E6 mm4

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Solution…
Real Moment, M

M1 M2 M3

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Determine the reaction at
support…

VA VB

M A  0 (clockwise  ve)
F y  0 (upward  ve)
120  30(3)  VB (6)  0  V A  35  30  0
VB  35kN VA  5kN

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Member AB : LHS 0 x3
120 kN.m

M1 M x  0 (clockwise  ve)
5 kN  M 1  5( x)  120  0
x
M 1  120  5 x

Member BC : RHS 0 x3

M2
M x  0 (clockwise  ve)

35 kN M 2  35( x)  0
x M 2  35( x)

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Member CD : RHS 0  x  4.5

M3
M x  0 (clockwise  ve)
M3  0
x

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Virtual moment, m

1 kN

m1 m1 m1

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Determine the reaction at support
1 kN

VA VB

M A  0 (clockwise  ve) F y  0 (upward  ve)

1(10.5)  VB (6)  0  V A  1.75  1  0
VB  1.75kN VA  0.75kN

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Member AB : LHS 0 x3

m1 M x  0 (clockwise  ve)
0.75 kN  m1  0.75( x)  0
x
m1  0.75 x

Member BC : RHS 0 x3

1 kN
m2 M x  0 (clockwise  ve)
m2  1.75( x)  1( x  4.5)  0
1.75 kN
m2  0.75( x )  4.5
x

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Member CD : RHS 0  x  4.5

m3
1 kN M x  0 (clockwise  ve)
m3  1.x  0
x m3   x

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Virtual-Work Equation

LmM
1 kN . d   dx
0 EI

3m M 3m M 4.5 m M
1 1 2 2 3 3
 dx   dx   dx
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
3 ( 0.75 x )(120  5 x ) 3 (0.75 x  4.5)(35 x )
 dx   dx
0 EI 0 EI
4.5 (  x )(0)
 dx
0 EI

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 371 . 25 472 . 5 0
D    
EI EI EI
843 . 75 kN .m 3

EI
 843 . 75 kN .m 3
D 
200 (10 6 ) kN / m 2 ( 300 (10 6 ) mm 4 )(10 12 m 4 / mm 4 )
  0 . 0141 m   14 . 1mm

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Example 3

Determine the slope at A and deflection at C in the

beam shown below

9 kN
12 kN/m

A B
C D

3m 1m 2m

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Solution 9 kN
12 kN/m

Real Load (M) A B

C D

3m 1m 2m

1
2
Generalized coordinates

1 unit load
Virtual Load (m): Slope

1 unit load

Virtual Load (mΔ): Deflection

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Real Load  M ?
1. Support reaction, 12 kN/m 9 kN
B
A
C D

3m 1m 2m

 M A  0 (clockwise  ),
 Fy    0,
3 R A  12(3)  9  15  0
 RB (6)  9(4)  12(3)   0
2  RA  30kN
 RB  15kN

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 12kN/m
Real Load (M) : 0  x  3 ( segment AC )
Mx  M x  0 (clockwise ),
30kN
x  x2 
M x  30 x  12 
 2
 M x  30 x  6 x 2 ..........(i )

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 12kN/m
Real Load (M) : 3  x  4 ( segment CD )

3m
Mx  M x  0 (clockwise ),
30kN
x M x  30 x  12(3)( x  3 )
2
M x  30 x  36 x  54
 M x  6 x  54 ..........(ii )

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Real Load (M) : 0  x  2 ( segment BD)
Mx 15  M x  0 (clockwise ),
x
 M x  15 x
 M x  15 x..........(iii )

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Virtual Load, m for deflection
Apply point load P= 1 1

C D
RA RB
3m 1m 2m

 M A  0 (clockwise ),  Fy    0,
 RB (6)  1(3)  0 R A  RB  1  0
1 1
 RB   RA 
2 2

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Virtual Load (m) : 0  x  3 ( segment AC )
Mx
1/2
 M x  0 (clockwise ),
x 1
M x  x ..........(i )
2

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 3m 1
Virtual Load (m) : 3  x  4 ( segment CD )
Mx
1/2  M x  0 (clockwise ),
x
 M x  0.5 x  3 ..........(ii )

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Virtual Load (m) : 0  x  2 ( segment BD)

Mx 1/2
 M x  0 (clockwise ),
x 1
Mx   x
2
1
 M x  x..........(iii )
2

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Deflection at C ,  D :

Mm
D   dx
EI
1 3 2 1 4
   (6 x  54)(0.5 x  3)dx
EI 0
( 30 x 6 x )( 0 . 5 x ) dx 
EI 3

1 2
EI 0 (15 x)(0.5 x)dx

135.75

EI

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Virtual Load, m for rotation

Apply mθ= 1 1

C D
RA RB
3m 1m 2m

 M A  0 (clockwise ),  Fy    0,
 RB (6)  1  0 RA  RB  0
1 1
 RB   RA  
6 6

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 1 Virtual Load (m) : 0  x  3 ( segment AC )
Mx
-1/6  M x  0 (clockwise ),
x
1
 M x  1  x ..........(i )
6

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 1 Virtual Load (m) : 3  x  4 ( segment CD )
Mx
-1/6
 M x  0 (clockwise  ),
x 1
 M x  1  x ..........(ii )
6

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Virtual Load (m) : 0  x  2 ( segment BD )
Mx 1/6  M x  0 (clockwise ),
x
1
Mx   x
6
1
 M x  x..........(iii )
6

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Slope at A,  A :

Mm
A   dx
EI
1 3
2 x 1 4  x
  (30 x  6 x )1  dx   (6 x  54)1  dx
EI 0
 6 EI 3
 6
1 2  x
(15 x) dx
EI 0 6
76.75

EI

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Example 4

Determine the slope and deflection at B in the beam shown below. Given
E=200 kN/mm2

5 kN/m

A IAB = 4x106 mm4

IBC = 8x106 mm4
D
B C
8 kN

0.5m 0.5m 2m

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Moment equation (deflection):

Segment Condition I mm4 m (deflection) M

AD 0<x<0.5 4 x 106 0 8x

DB 0.5<x<1 4 x 106 0 8x – 2.5 (x – 0.5)2

BC 1<x<3 8 x 106 x–1 8x – 2.5 (x- 0.5)2

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Deflection,  B

mM
B   dx
EI
2
3 ( x  1)( 2.5 x  10.5 x  0.625)
 6  6
dx
1 (200 10 )(8  10 )
4 3 2 3
1  2.5 x 13 x 11.125 x 
      0.625 x 
1600  4 3 2 1
 0.012m
 12mm

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Moment equation (slope):

Segment Condition I mm4 m (slope) M

AD 0<x<0.5 4 x 106 0 8x

DB 0.5<x<1 4 x 106 0 8x – 2.5 (x – 0.5)2

BC 1<x<3 8 x 106 –1 8x – 2.5 (x- 0.5)2

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Slope,  B

mM
B   dx
EI
2
3 (1)( 2.5 x  10.5 x  0.625)
 6  6
dx
1 (200 10 )(8 10 )
3 2 3
1  2.5 x 10.5 x 
    0.625 x 
1600  3 2 1
19.1

1600
 0.0119rad

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

THANKS

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Author Information

Mohd Arif Bin Sulaiman

Mohd Faizal Bin Md. Jaafar
Mohammad Amirulkhairi Bin Zubir
Rokiah Binti Othman
Norhaiza Binti Ghazali
Shariza Binti Mat Aris

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad