CRITICAL BOOK REVIEW

Score:

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
( Prof. Dr. Edi Syahputra, M.Pd)

NAME : Eklesya Bonita S

IDN : 4163312008
LECTURER : Prof. Dr. Edi Syahputra, M.Pd
SUBJECT : Descriptive Statistics

MATHEMATICS DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2018
 EXCECUTIVE SUMMARY

The term statistics has a different meaning from the statistical data. Statistics is a
collection of data, numbers or non-numbers presented in such a way (usually in the
form of tables or graphs) that describe a problem or state. While statistics is knowledge
related to the ways of collecting, presenting, processing and data analysis, as well as
various techniques of data analysis. Statistics are used as scientific ways to collect,
compile, summarize and present research data. Furthermore statistics is a way to
process the data and draw a careful conclusion and a logical decision from the data
processing. While more statistics are used to describe the situation or problems such as
the recording of the population, agricultural products in an area, and the like.

The word 'statistics' is taken from the Latin word Statiscium Collegium (state
council) or from the Italian statista (statesman). This means that from the beginning,
the data processing of a territory is aimed entirely for the benefit of the state and the
people. Therefore, the state always conducts censuses annually to obtain data. In this
sense, statistics are only defined as very limited, ie, a set of data or numbers on the
condition of the population.

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 FOREWORD

Praise Gratitude authors say the presence of God Almighty, because of the
blessing and grace so that authors can complete the task "Critical Book Report". The
author is grateful to the lecturer who has given his guidance. Making this paper aims as
an individual task in Elementary Statistics.

The author also realizes that this task is far from perfection and still many
shortcomings, both the content and the preparation of the writer therefore apologize if
there is a mistake in writing and the authors also expect criticism and suggestions that
build for perfection this task.

Finally, the authors say thank you and author hope this paper will be useful and
can increase knowledge of readers and generally the students.

Medan, March 7th 2018

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages
EXCECUTIVE SUMMARY i
Foreword ii
Table of Contents iii
Chapter 1 Preliminary
A. The Importance of CBR
B. The Benefits of CBR
C. The Purpose of CBR
D. Book’s Review Identity

Chapter II Summary of Book

A. Summary Chapter 1
B. Summary Chapter 2
C. Summary Chapter 3
D. Summary Chapter 4
E. Summary Chapter 5
F. Summary Chapter 6

Chapter III Discussion

A. Discussion of Books
1. Discussion Chap 1
2. Discussion Chap 2
3. Discussion Chap 3
4. Discussion Chap 4
5. Discussion Chap 5
6. Discussion Chap 6
B. Advantages & Disadvantages Books

Chapter IV Closing
A. Conclusion
B. Suggestion

References

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 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

1.1 The Importance of CBR Rationalization

By completing this critical book report task, the student can gain new
knowledge from what he has read that he may never have known before. By
criticizing some books, the reader will know the similarities and differences,
advantages and disadvantages of the book that reader has read. So this paper is
expected to help the reader to sort out which books are suitable and good to
serve as a reference.
1.2 Purpose of Writing
The purpose of writing Critical Book Report, ie:
1. Finding and knowing the information contained in the book.
2. Train yourself to think critically in searching for information provided by
each chapter of the first book, the second book, and the third book.
3. Compare the contents of the first book, the second book, and the third
book.
4. Criticize the subject matter of descriptive statistics in three different
books.
1.3 Benefits of Writing
The benefits of writing Critical Book Report, ie:
1. To add insight on basic statistics
2. To know the advantages and disadvantages of the three books
3. To improve skills in understanding the contents of the book
1.4 Book Identity
1. Title : Elementary Statistics ( A Step by Step Approach)
2. Edition : Seventh Edition
3. Author : Allan G. Bluman
4. Publishers : Mc Graw Hill
5. City Rising : Boston
6. Year of Publication : 2009
7. ISBN : 978–0–07–353497–8

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 CHAPTER II
SUMMARY OF THE BOOK CONTENTS

2.1 CHAPTER I: The Nature of Probability and Statistics

A. Understanding
Statistics is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize,
summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. To gain knowledge
about seemingly haphazard situations, statisticians collect information for
variables, which describe the situation. A variable is a characteristic or
attribute that can assume different values. Data are the values
(measurements or observations) that the variables can assume. Variables
whose values are determined by chance are called random variables.
Data can be used in different ways. The body of knowledge called
statistics is sometimes divided into two main areas, depending on how
data are used. The two areas are:
1. Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics consists of the collection, organization,
summarization, and presentation of data.
2. Inferential statistics
Inferential statistics consists of generalizing from samples to
populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests,
determining relationships among variables, and making
predictions.
B. Variables and Types of Data
Statisticians gain information about a particular situation by
collecting data for random variables. Variables can be classified as
qualitative or quantitative.
1. Qualitative variables are variables that can be placed into
distinct categories, according to some characteristic or
attribute.
2. Quantitative variables are numerical and can be ordered or
ranked. For example, the variable age is numerical and people
can be ranked in order according to the value of their ages.

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 C. Data Collection and Sampling Technique
In research, statisticians use data in many different ways. As stated
previously, data can be used to describe situations or events. Data can be
collected in a variety of ways, there are:
1. Random Sampling
By used chance methods or random numbers. One such
method is to number each subject in the population.
2. Systematic Sampling
By numbering each subject of the population and then selecting
every kth subject.
3. Stratified Sampling
By divided the population into groups (called strata) according
to some characteristic that is important to the study, then
sampling from each group.
4. Cluster Sampling
By divided into groups called clusters by some means such as
geographic area or schools in a large school district, etc.

2.2 CHAPTER II: Frequency Distributions and Graphs

To describe situations, draw conclusions, or make inferences about
events, the researcher must organize the data in some meaningful way. The most
convenient method of organizing data is to construct a frequency distribution.
The most useful method of presenting the data is by constructing statistical
charts and graphs.
1. Organize data using a frequency distribution
 Determine the classes
Find the highest and lowest values, find the range, select
the number of classes desired, find the width by dividing
the range by the number of classes and rounding up,
select a starting point (usually the lowest value or any
convenient number less than the lowest value); add the
width to get the lower limits, find the upper class limits,
then find the boundaries.

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  Tally the data.
 Find the numerical frequencies from the tallies, and find
cumulative frequencies.
2. Represent data in frequency distributions graphically using
histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives.
 The histogram is a graph that displays the data by using
contiguous vertical bars (unless the frequency of a class
is 0) of various heights to represent the frequencies of
the classes.
 The frequency polygon is a graph that displays the data
by using lines that connect points plotted for the
frequencies at the midpoints of the classes. The
frequencies are represented by the heights of the points.
 The ogive is a graph that represents the cumulative
frequencies for the classes in a frequency distribution.

2.3 CHAPTER III: Data Description

Statisticians use samples taken from populations; however, when
populations are small, it is not necessary to use samples since the entire
population can be used to gain information. The measure of central tendency is
the value that becomes the center of a quantity. Which includes the size of the
central tendency, among others, is:
A. Average (mean)
The arithmetic average, is found by adding the values of the data
and dividing by the total number of values.

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B. Median
What is meant by the median of a set of numbers is a number
whose position is in the middle after the number is sorted. To
determine the median of a set of numbers performed the following
procedure:
1. For Single Data
a) If the number of odd data the procedure is:
 Sort the number
 Determine the most middle-numbered number as the
median
b) If the number of data is seven numbered the procedure is:
 Sort the numbers
 The median is the average of the two middle numbers
2. For weighted data
The principle used for weighted data is similar to a single data.
3. For data in frequency distribution tabel
To determine the median of the data in the frequency
distribution table can be done using the following formula:
1
𝑁−𝑓𝑠𝑏
Me = Bb + 2 𝑓 i
𝑚𝑒

C. Modus
The mode of a set of numbers is the most commonly occurring
number or the value with the most frequencies. The modes of the data
arranged in the frequency distribution table can be determined using
the formula:
𝑑𝑠𝑏
Mo = Bb + 𝑑 i
𝑠𝑏+ 𝑑𝑏𝑟

D. Variance and Standard Deviation

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 E. Percentiles
Percentiles are position measures used in educational and health-
related fields to indicate the position of an individual in a group.
Percentiles divide the data set into 100 equal groups.

F. Quartiles & Deciles

Quartiles divide the distribution into four groups, separated by Q1,
Q2, Q3. Note that Q1 is the same as the 25th percentile; Q2 is the same as
the 50th percentile, or the median; Q3 corresponds to the 75th
percentile.
DK = 1⁄2 (K3 - K1 )

2.4 CHAPTER IV: The Normal Distribution

A. Understanding
In mathematics, curves can be represented by equations. For example,
the equation of the circle shown in Figure 6–3 is x2 + y2 = r2, where r is the
radius. A circle can be used to represent many physical objects, such as a
wheel or a gear.
Even though it is not possible to manufacture a wheel that is perfectly
round, the equation and the properties of a circle can be used to study
many aspects of the wheel, such as area, velocity, and acceleration. In a
similar manner, the theoretical curve, called a normal distribution curve,
can be used to study many variables that are not perfectly normally
distributed but are nevertheless approximately normal.

B. The Standard Normal Distribution

Since each normally distributed variable has its own mean and
standard deviation, as stated earlier, the shape and location of these
curves will vary. In practical applications, then, you would have to have a

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 table of areas under the curve for each variable. To simplify this situation,
statisticians use what is called the standard normal distribution. The
standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with a mean of 0
and a standard deviation of 1.

C. Finding Areas Under the Standard Normal Distribution Curve

D. Applications of the Normal Distribution

The standard normal distribution curve can be used to solve a wide
variety of practical problems. The only requirement is that the variable be
normally or approximately normally distributed. There are several
mathematical tests to determine whether a variable is normally distributed.
To solve problems by using the standard normal distribution, transform the
original variable to a standard normal distribution variable by using the
formula:

2.5 CHAPTER V: HYPOTHESES TESTING

Hypotheses in statistics mean conjectures that are expressed by statements
of statements about population parameters. These statements are written in
standardized statistical symbols used throughout the world. This statistical

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hypothesis is generally derived from the research hypothesis. In statistical
hypothesis known symbol H0 and symbol of H1 or Ha or HT.
In testing the hypothesis known 2 types of testing that is:
1. One-sided/one-talled test
Also called a directional test. The general form of the statistical
hypothesis
H0 :  = 0 or H0 :  = 0
H1 :   0 or H1 :  = 0
2. Two-sided/two-talled test
Also called non directional test. The general form of the statistical
hypothesis:
H0 :  = 0
H1 :   0
Note:
Hypothesis (H0) is always written using the "=" sign (given a certain value).
In this way, the chance of making a Type I error can always be controlled.
There are several steps that must be passed when going to test statistical
hypothesis, that is:
1. Write and formulate the null hypothesis (H0)
2. Formulate alternative hypotheses that match the hypothesis of research
and place on H1, or on HT
3. Set the level of significance () for example  = 5%
4. Select the appropriate statistical tests and sketch the normal curve and set
the critical area (the rejection area H0).
5. Calculate the statistical value of the data sample data.
6. Make a decision / conclusion.
Testing the significance of the average population
1. Population variance is known
𝑥̅ − 0
𝑍= 
√𝑛
Tests of Two-Age Population Differences
1. For uncorrelated samples

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 When 1 2 and 2 2 known, obtained :
(𝑥
̅̅̅1 − ̅̅̅)
𝑥2
𝑍= , 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 2
√ 1
2 2
𝑛1 + 𝑛2
If 1 2 and 2 2 unknowns and assumptions1 2 = 2 2 = 2 , then we estimate
2 with 𝑠 2 , where :
𝑠1 2 (𝑛1 −1)+𝑠2 2 (𝑛2 −1)
𝑠2 = 𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2
(𝑥
̅̅̅1̅−𝑥
̅̅̅2̅)
𝑡= 1 1
, 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑉 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
𝑠√ +
𝑛1 𝑛2

Hypothesis Testing for Correlated Samples (Paired Data)

∑(𝐷 − ̅̅
𝐷)̅̅2 𝑛 ∑ 𝐷2 − (∑ 𝐷)2 ∑𝐷
𝑆𝐷 = √ =√ ̅=
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷
𝑛−1 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛

∑𝐷
𝑡=
√(𝑛 ∑ 𝐷2 − (∑ 𝐷)2 )/(𝑛 − 1)

2.6 CHAPTER VI : Correlation and Regression

A. Understanding
Correlation is a statistical method used to determine whether a
relationship between variables exists. Regression is a statistical method used to
describe the nature of the relationship between variables, that is, positive or
negative, linear or nonlinear. There are two variables;
1. An independent variable, also called an explanatory variable or a
predictor variable
2. A dependent variable, also called a response variable.
In simple correlation and regression studies, the researcher collects data
on two numerical or quantitative variables to see whether a relationship exists
between the variables. The determination of the x and y variables is not always
clear-cut and is sometimes an arbitrary decision. The independent and
dependent variables can be plotted on a graph called a scatter plot. The
independent variable x is plotted on the horizontal axis, and the dependent
variable y is plotted on the vertical axis.

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 The scatter plot is a visual way to describe the nature of the relationship
between the independent and dependent variables. The scales of the variables
can be different, and the coordinates of the axes are determined by the smallest
and largest data values of the variables.
B. Correlation
The correlation coefficient computed from the sample data measures the
strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables. The
symbol for the sample correlation coefficient is r. The symbol for the population
correlation coefficient is p (Greek letter rho).
The range of the correlation coefficient is from -1 to +1. If there is a strong
positive linear relationship between the variables, the value of r will be close to
+1. If there is a strong negative linear relationship between the variables, the
value of r will be close to -1. When there is no linear relationship between the
variables or only a weak relationship, the value of r will be close to 0.

C. Regression
In studying relationships between two variables, collect the data and then
construct a scatter plot. The purpose of the scatter plot, as indicated
previously, is to determine the nature of the relationship. The possibilities
include a positive linear relationship, a negative linear relationship, a
curvilinear relationship, or no discernible relationship. After the scatter plot
is drawn, the next steps are to compute the value of the correlation
coefficient and to test the significance of the relationship.
If the value of the correlation coefficient is significant, the next step is to
determine the equation of the regression line, which is the data’s line of best
fit. (Note: Determining the regression line when r is not significant and then
making predictions using the regression line are meaningless.) The purpose
of the regression line is to enable the researcher to see the trend and make
predictions on the basis of the data.

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D. Regression and correlation relationship
If the correlation between x and y, 1 or -1, then the regression of x and the
regression of x against y is identical. In this case there will be "perfect
prediction".
E. Interpret correlation coefficient
 r value is used to measure "degree of correlation" between two variables
 correlation coefficient is not a proportion
 in predicting y by using x, a score in y can be written as follows : y = y1 + (y
– y1) where y1 is the prediction of the y score.

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 CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
3.1 Book Discussion
A. Discussion Chapter I : The Nature of Probability and Statistics
In the 1st book reviewed Elementary Statistics by Allan G Bluman explain that
statistics is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize,
analyze, and draw conclusions from data and data are the values
(measurements or observations) that the variables can assume. In the 2nd
book reviewed Elementary Statistics by Ron Larson and Betsy Farber explain
that statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and
interpreting data in order to make decisions, and data consist of information
coming from observations, counts, measurements, or responses. In the 3rd
book reviewed Elementary Statistics by Raja Almukkahal, dkk explain how to
understanding the statistics by giving an example of what the sample,
population, data, intervals, variables, etc., then summarizes the statistics is
data measured at different levels, depending on the type of variable and the
amount of detail that is collected.

B. Discussion Chapter II : Frequency Distributions and Graphs

In the 1st book, explain the most convenient method of organizing data is to
construct a frequency distribution. The most useful method of presenting the
data is by constructing statistical charts and graphs. In the 2nd and 3rd book
explain that data can be grouped into data presentation for qualitative data
and data presentation for quantitative data. This division is based on the
determination of the variable scale. There are four different scales, namely
nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The presentation of data with nominal
and ordinal scale is more qualitative. While the presentation of data with
interval and ratio scale will be more quantitative.

C. Discussion Chapter III : Data Description

In the 1st book, statistical data can be presented in various ways, including
tables and graphs. Presentation of data by using tables or using graphics will
make it easier for readers to interpret the data presented. In 2nd book, a

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 measure of central tendency is a value that represents a typical, or central,
entry of a data set and this book just include three most commonly used
measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode. In the
3rd book, the presentation of data with the graph is said to be more
communicative because in a short time someone will be able to easily get the
picture and conclusion about a keaadaan.

D. Discussion Chapter IV : The Normal Distribution

For each books that have reviewed explain in a similar manner, the
theoretical curve, called a normal distribution curve, can be used to study
many variables that are not perfectly normally distributed but are
nevertheless approximately normal. Since each normally distributed variable
has its own mean and standard deviation, as stated earlier, the shape and
location of these curves will vary. In practical applications, then, you would
have to have a table of areas under the curve for each variable. To simplify
this situation, statisticians use what is called the standard normal
distribution. The standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with a
mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

E. Discussion Chapter V : Hypothesis Test

In the main book, hypothesis testing is an assumption or question, which may
be true or false, concerning one or more populations. And also discuss how
the statistical hypothesis testing procedure, the significant test of pupolasi
average, testing the difference of two mean of pupolation and hypothesis
testing for correlated sample. In the comparative book, the authors include
the description of the theory hypothesis and application. If an engineer has to
decide on the basis of samples of the data, the true value of a certain kind of
tire is at least 22,000 miles, which is a fertilizer produces a higher yield of
soybeans than another.

F. Discussion Chapter VI : Correlation and Regression

In the main book, explain the regression is studying relationships between
two variables, collect the data and then construct a scatter plot. The purpose

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 of the scatter plot, as indicated previously, is to determine the nature of the
relationship. The possibilities include a positive linear relationship, a
negative linear relationship, a curvilinear relationship, or no discernible
relationship. In the first comparison book, regression analysis is one method
to determine the cause-effect relationship between one variable with another
variable. In the second comparator book, there is a linear regression and
some open linear form. The independent variable X is called a predictor,
which is a variable used to predict the value of Y. The variable Y is often
referred to as the predicted variable or dependent variable.

3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of The Book

On the cover of the main book or book in the review has a cover that can
attract the interest of the readers. This book also has good layout and layout and
the size of the writing used in this book is out of date, and can make the readers
not confused with the contents of this book. In the language used for the book
statistics applied can also be easily in the phami by the reader, because the use of
language and words in this book is very suitable for easy to understand.
This book also provides examples of applications from each sub-chapter
and many practice questions that are expected to make it easier for readers to
understand the material or topics discussed. But in this book has a few
weaknesses, namely in this book many reviewers find a new vocabulary that
reviewer have never read before. It would be nice for the future of this book can
be made with more interesting, and if necessary add more vocabulary columns
to more and more growing interest mebaca for students or students.

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 CHAPTER IV
CLOSING

4.1 Conclusion
From the criteria that I have done and I have analyzed that the book
Elementary Statistics by Allan G. Bluman is a book that is easy to understand and
there are many practice questions and examples of problems that can guide us if
there is material that has not been understood. This book also has a complete
teaching material and can be used as a main book or a companion book for the
ongoing learning process.

4.2 Suggestion
 The first book is a book statistics apply is recommended, because this
book is very simple, solid, and clear for us to learn
 It is hoped that by reading this book, we can increase or improve the
science of statistical learning

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 REFERENCES

Bluman, G., Allan . 2009. Elementary Statistics (A Step by Step Approach). Boston : Mc
Graw Hill

Larson,Ron and Farber, Betsy. 2012. Elementary Statistics (Picturing the World). Boston :
Pearson Education,Inc

Almukkahal, dkk. 2012. Elementary Statistics. -: PT Remaja Rosdakarya Offset Bandung

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