Name:

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America’s  History:  Chapter  1  Video  Guide  
 
 
Big  Idea   Guided  Notes   Areas  of  Concern  
Questions  
  The  Native  American  Experience    
   
  ž The  First  Americans:  
  — Many  people  came  to  the  Americas  via  the  __________  Straight  
  — 6000  B.C.E.  –  Indians  began  raising  crops  –  ________  
  ○ Helped  encourage  population  growth,  especially  in  
  present-­‐day  ______________________  
  ž American  Empires:  
  — Aztec  Empire  –  Tenochtitlán  was  the  capital  
  ○ Established  trading  routes  throughout  the  empire  
  ○ Used  _______________  –  payment  (taxes)  
  ž Chiefdoms  and  Confederacies:  
  — Maize  became  a  major  crop  throughout  Central  and  North  
  America  
  ○ Mississippi  Valley  
  ○ Eastern  Woodlands  –  villages  were  built  around  maize  
  fields;  also  ______________________________  
  ž ________________  were  in  charge  of  crops  and  
  played  instrumental  roles  in  community  affairs  
  ž Iroquois  were  a  __________________________  
  society  –  power  based  on  female  families  
  ○ Great  Plains  and  Rockies  -­‐  hunted  __________________;  
  lack  of  natural  resources  made  many  Indians  nomadic  
  ž The  _________________  (introduced  by  Europe)  
  drastically  changed  life  of  Plains  Indians  
  ○ Arid  Southwest  –  based  on  agriculture  (maize)  and  built  
  elaborate  irrigation  systems  (Pueblo  Indians  –  see  video  
  in  description)  
  ○ Pacific  Coast  –  Chinooks  were  strong  warriors,  relied  
  heavily  on  _________________;  built  elaborate  canoes  
  ž Patterns  of  Trade:  
  — Many  Indians  traded  with  each  other  throughout  the  Americas  
  ○ Trade  fairs  between  nomadic  Navajos  and  Pueblos  in  the  
  Southwest  
  ○ Maize  would  be  traded  for  meat,  furs,  and  other  
  supplies  
  ž Sacred  Power:  
  — ________________  –  religion  associated  with  nature  
  ○ Indians  respected  animals  they  hunted  by  performing  
  rituals  
   
 
Western  Europe:  The  Edge  of  the  Old  World  
 
 
 
ž Hierarchy  and  Authority:  
 
— European  families  were  ________________________  –  property  
 
and  wealth  was  based  on    male  families  
 
   —Females  gave  up  many  rights  when  married  –  name,  
Why  would   __________________________,  expected  to  submit  to  husband  
primogeniture   — Primogeniture  –  eldest  son  inheriting  most  of  _______________  
encourage   ○ Later  encouraged  immigration  to  colonies  
migration  to   ž Peasant  Society:  
colonies?   — Poor  individuals,  mostly  farmers;  made  up  most  of  the  
  immigrants  to  Americas  
  — Half  of  the  children  died  before  __________!  
  ž Expanding  Trade  Networks:  
  — Merchant  cities  began  to  grow  drastically  
  — Guilds  helped  regulate  trade  
  ž Myths,  Religions,  and  Holy  Warriors  
  — Roman  Catholic  Church  had  tremendous  power  in  Western  
  Europe  
  — Individuals  involved  in  ______________  (ideas  inconsistent  with  
  Christianity)  were  persecuted  
  — Reformation:  
  ○ Martin  Luther  and  his  95  Theses  –  protested  the  sale  of  
  ___________________  
  ○ John  Calvin  and  Predestination  
  ○ England  became  a  Protestant  nation  
  ○ The  Reformation  weakened  the  strength  of  Catholicism  
  in  Europe  
   
  West  and  Central  Africa:  Origins  of  the  Atlantic  Slave  Trade  
   
  ž Empires,  Kingdoms,  and  Ministates:  
  — Most  of  the  African  Slave  Trade  was  based  out  of  West  Africa  
  — Kings  and  Princes  were  regarded  as  divine  
  — Ghana,  Mali,  and  Songhai  Empires  –  used  extensive  trade  routes  
  ○ Used  the  military  to  control  trade  routes  –  __________!  
  ž The  Spirit  World:  
  — ________________  spread  over  trade  routes  in  Africa  
  — Many  Africans  still  practiced  versions  of  Animism  and  were  
  polytheistic  
   
 
 
Exploration  and  Conquest  
 
 
ž Portuguese  Expansion:  
 
— Portugal  had  an  extensive  role  in  exploration  and  ____________  
 
______________________________________  
 
— Trading  posts  were  established  in  ________________________  
 
— Europeans  had  little  luck  exploring  the  interior  of  the  African  
 
Continent:  
 
○ Disease  –  malaria,  the  interior  was  well  defended  
 
ž The  African  Slave  Trade:  
 
— Slavery  was  widespread  throughout  Europe  and  Africa  
 
— Slaves  were  used  on  ________________  plantations  
 
— In  the  mid-­‐16th  century,  the  African  Slave  Trade  expanded  
 
drastically  and  used  in  South  America  
 
ž Sixteenth-­‐Century  Incursions:  
 
— Reconquista  –  Spanish  Catholics  tried  to  get  rid  of  Muslims  in  
 
Europe  
   — Inquisition  against  alleged  Christian  heretics  
  ž Spain  in  the  Western  Hemisphere:  
  — ____________________________  –  Spanish  conquerors  
  ○ Hernán  Cortés:  led  600  men  to  defeat  the  Aztecs  at  
  Tenochtitlán  
  ž Many  of  the  Aztecs  were  defeated  due  to  
  disease,  especially  smallpox  
  ○ Francisco  Pizarro:  defeated  the  ____________________  
  — Effects  of  the  Spanish  Invasions:  
  ○ _______________  and  war  killed  many  Indians  
  ž 20  million  Indians  in  1500  -­‐>  3  million  in  1650  
  ž Portugal  focused  on  conquering  ______________