AM21a: Section 9
TF: Casey Fleeter
November 19, 2014
Concepts
Section 13.3: The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
• Theorem: With C a smooth curve parametrized by r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b and f a
differentiable function with gradient vector ∇f continuous on C, we have:
Z
∇f · dr = f (r(b)) − f (r(a))
C
• Path independence: This mean that for conservative vector fields (the vector
field can be written as the gradient of a scalar function), line integrals between
two points are independent of path, i.e. they depend only on the endpoints.
• Theorem II: C ∇f · dr is independent of path in D if and only if C ∇f · dr = 0
R R
for every closed path C in D.
• Theorem III: If C ∇f · dr is independent of path in D (an open connected
R
interval), then F is a conservative vector field on D (so there is a function f
such that ∇f = F).
• Types of Regions
– Open - D contains no boundary points
– Connected - any two points in D can be joined by a path that lies in D
– Simple curve - doesn’t interect itself anywhere between its endpoints.
– Simply-connected - plane in D such that every simple closed curve in D
encloses only points in D (so no holes/one piece).
• Theorem IV: If F = P i+Qj is a vector field on an open simply-connected region
D and ∂P∂y
= ∂Q
∂x
through D, then F is conservative. The converse is also true
(conservative vector field has the partial derivatives equal to each other).
2
Section 13.4: Green’s Theorem
• Theorem: Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed curve
in the plane and let D be the region bounded by C. If P and Q have continuous
parital derivatives on an open region that contains D, then
Z ZZ
∂Q ∂P
P dx + Qdy = − dA
C D ∂x ∂y
• TO NOTE:
1. Positively oriented means counterclockwise - the region D will always be
on the left as you traverse C.
2. This is similar to the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for double inte-
grals: we evaluate the integral of the derivative of a function on a region
as the function at the boundary only.
3. Easily extendable to unions of simple regions (and thus can be used even
for some regions with holes).
Section 13.5: Curl and Divergence
• curl F = ∇ × F = ∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
∂y
− ∂z
i+ ∂z
− ∂x
j+ ∂x
− ∂y
k
• Theorem I: If F = ∇f is conservative, then curl F = 0.
• Theorem II: If F is a vector field defined on all of R3 whose component functions
have continuous partial derivatives and curl F = 0, then F is a conservative
vector field.
• Conceptual curl: rotations (at a point) about the axis formed by the curl vec-
tor at the point, with speed proportional to the magnitude of the curl vector.
Irrotaional if curl F = 0.
• Divergence: div F = ∇ · F = ∂P
∂x
+ ∂Q
∂y
+ ∂R
∂z
• Theorem III: If F=P i + Qj + Rk is a vector field on R3 and P, Q, R have
continuous second-order partials, then div curl F = 0.
• Conceptual divergence: With F representing velocity of a fluid, div F is the net
rate of change of the mass of fluid flowing from the point per unit volume (so
the tendency of the fluid to diverge from a point). Divergence is positive if net
flow is away from the point. Incompressible if F = 0.
• Vector form of Green’s Theorem:
Z ZZ Z ZZ
F · dr = (curl F) · k dA or F · n ds = div F dA
C D C D
AM21a
3
Problems
R
1. Find a function f such that F =
∇f and use it to evaluate C
F · dr for
1 1
2 2
F = xy i + x yj and C : r(t) = t + sin 2 πt, t + sin 2 πt , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
2. RShow that the line integral is independent of path and evaluate the integral:
C
tan ydx + x sec2 ydy and C is any path from (1, 0) to (2, π4 ).
3. Show that is the vector field F = P i + Qj + Rk is conservative and P, Q, R have
continuous first-order partial derivatives, then
∂P ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂R
= , = , =
∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
AM21a
4
R
4. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate C F
·√dr. (Check the orientation of the curve
3 2 √
before applying the theorem). F = x + y , x + y , C is the arc of the
curve y = sin x from (0,0) to (π, 0) and the line segment from (π, 0) to (0,0).
5. Use Green’s Theorem
R to
√
evaluate the line integral along the given positively
oriented curve C (y + e x dx + (2x + cos y 2 )dy, C is the boundary of the region
enclosed by the parabolas y = x2 and x = y 2 .
6. Find the curl and divergence of the vector field F(x, y, z) = hln x, ln(xy), ln(xyz)i.
AM21a
